National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
United States Department of Commerce

Curriculum Vitae

Curriculum Vitae

Last updated: March 1, 2021

ABBREVIATED CURRICULUM VITAE

Click here for complete CV

Michael James McPhaden

NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
7600 Sand Point Way NE
Seattle, Washington 98115

Email: michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov
Phone: (206) 526-6783
Fax: (206) 526-6744

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

  • 2007-present Director, Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array (GTMBA) Project Office, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA
  • 1998-present Senior Scientist, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington
  • 1993-present Affiliate Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
  • 1992-2007 Director, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array Project Office, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington
  • 1990-present Senior Fellow, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington
  • 1990-1993 Affiliate Associate Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
  • 1988-1990 Affiliate Assistant Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
  • 1987-present Senior Fellow, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii
  • 1986-1998 Oceanographer (various ranks), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington
  • 1984-1986 Research Assistant Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
  • 1982-1984 Visiting Research Scientist, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington
  • 1980-1982 Research Scientist, Oceanography Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research

EDUCATION

  • 1980 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Ph.D., Physical Oceanography; Dissertation title: "Models of the Equatorial Ocean Circulation"
  • 1973 State University of New York at Buffalo, B.S., Physics, magna cum laude

HONORS, AWARDS, and CITATIONS

  • Listed in Web of Science as Highly Cited Researcher in Cross-Field (Interdisciplinary) Science, 2019, 2020
  • Editors' Citation for Excellence in Refereeing, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 1995, 2016
  • Sverdrup Gold Medal, American Meteorological Society, 2016
  • Fellow, American Geophysical Union, 2014
  • Priestley Lecture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia, 2012
  • President, American Geophysical Union, 2010 - 2012
  • Fridtjof Nansen Medal, European Geosciences Union, 2010
  • Nobel Peace Prize (shared) for contributions to Assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007
  • Fellow, American Meteorological Society, 2007
  • Guest Professor, Ocean University of China, 2006
  • Fellow, The Oceanography Society, 2005
  • Scientific American "Science & Technology Web Awards" for El Niño Theme Page, 2005
  • Presidential Rank Award for Meritorious Federal Service, 2004
  • Listed in Web of Science as Highly Cited Researcher in Geosciences, 2004
  • Grace Hopper Government Technology Award ("Gracie Award") for TAO Project Leadership in the Innovative Application of Information Technology, 2003
  • American Geophysical Union, Frontiers of Geophysics Lecturer, 2002 Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting
  • American Meteorological Society, Walter Orr Roberts Lecturer, 2002
  • Public Service Award, Federal Executive Board, Seattle, 1999
  • American Meteorological Society, Special Award for Completing and Maintaining the TAO Array, 1999
  • American Geophysical Union, Sverdrup Lecturer, Fall 1998 Meeting
  • Department of Commerce, Gold Medal, 1997
  • NOAA/OAR Outstanding Publication Award, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004
  • NOAA/PMEL Outstanding Publication Award, 1989-1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2007
  • Phi Beta Kapa

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

  • The Oceanography Society, 1988-present
  • American Geophysical Union, 1979-present
  • The American Meteorological Society, 1978-present
  • The European Geosciences Union, 2005-present

RECENT PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES

  • Member, Scientific Organizing Committee, WCRP-CLIVAR Workshop on Climate Interactions Among the Tropical Basins, 2021
  • Co-convenor, AGU Fall Meeting Special Session on ENSO in a Changing Climate, 2020
  • Member, International CLIVAR ENSO Conceptual Models Focus Group, 2020-present
  • Session co-chair, International Indian Ocean Science Conference (IIOSC-2020), Goa, India, 2020
  • Member, International CLIVAR Tropical Basin Interaction Research Focus Group, 2019-present
  • Member, The Oceanography Society Honors Nomination Committee, 2019-Present
  • Co-convenor, ENSO Science Symposium, Hobart, Australia, January 2019
  • Guest Editor, Ocean Dynamics (50th anniversary Liege Colloquium edition), 2018
  • Co-convenor, Second workshop on the Korea-US Indian Ocean Scientific (KUDOS) Research Program, San Diego, CA, 2018
  • Chair, Oceanographic Research Awards Committee, American Meteorological Society, 2019
  • Member, Awards Oversight Committee, American Meteorological Society, 2019
  • Member, Oceanographic Research Awards Committee, American Meteorological Society, 2017-2018
  • Member, Suomi Technology Medal Award Committee, American Meteorological Society, 2018-2019
  • Co-chair, Scientific Organizing Committee, Fourth International ENSO Conference, Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2018
  • Member, International review committee for the Tropical Atlantic Observing System, 2017- 2018
  • Member, Advisory Committee, Centre for Southern Hemisphere Ocean Research (CSHOR), Hobart, Australia, 2017-present
  • Co-convenor, First workshop on the Korea-US Indian Ocean Scientific (KUDOS) Research Program, Seoul, South Korea, 2017
  • Member, The Oceanography Society Fellows Evaluation Committee, 2017-2019
  • Member, US IIOE-2 Scientific Steering Committee, 2016-present
  • Member, AGU Bowie Medal Committee, 2015-2018
  • Member, Committee on Researcher Involvement in the AMS, 2015-2017
  • Member, International CLIVAR ENSO Diversity Task Team, 2015-2018
  • Vice-Chair, AGU Development Board, 2015 - 2019
  • Chair, AGU Ethics Committee, 2015 - 2019
  • Member, Scientific Organizing Committee, International CLIVAR ENSO Workshop, Paris, France 2015
  • Member, Scientific Organizing Committee, International Workshop on ENSO Extremes, Sydney, Australia, 2015
  • Member, Science Planning Committee, International Symposium on the Indian Ocean, Goa, India, 2015
  • Convenor, AMS Annual Meeting Special Session on ENSO, Tropical Ocean -Atmosphere Interactions, and Global Climatic Impacts: 20 Years after TOGA, 2015
  • Member, International CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 2003-present
  • Member, International CLIVAR Pacific Ocean Panel, 2001-present
  • Chairman, Tropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel, 2001-present
  • Member, International CLIVAR/OOPC OceanSITES Working Group, 2001-present
  • Editorial Board, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001-present
  • Member, PIRATA Steering Group, 1995-present

RECENT REFEREED PUBLICATIONS

Yu, J-Y., E. Campos, Y. Du, T. Eldevik, S.T. Gille, T. Losada, M.J. McPhaden, and L.H. Smedsrud, 2021: Variability of the Oceans.  In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins (C.R. Mechoso, Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 358pp.

Beal, L.M., J. Vialard, M.K. Roxy, J. Li, M. Andres, H. Annamalai, M. Feng, W. Han, R. Hood, T. Lee, M. Lengaigne, R. Lumpkin, Y. Masumoto, M.J. McPhaden, M. Ravichandran, T. Shinoda, B.M. Sloyan, P.G. Strutton, A.C. Subramanian, T. Tozuka, C.C. Ummenhofer, A.S. Unnikrishnan, J. Wiggert, L. Yu, L. Cheng, D.G. Desbruyères, and V. Parvathi, 2020: A roadmap to IndOOs-2: Better observations of the rapidly-warming Indian Ocean.  Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101. E1891-E1913.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0209.1.

Cai, W., M.J. McPhaden, A.M. Grimm, et al., 2020: Climate impacts of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on South America. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 1, 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0040-3.

Cai, W., B. Ng, T. Geng, L. Wu, A. Santoso, and M.J. McPhaden, 2020 Butterfly effect and a self-modulating El Niño response to global warming. Nature, 585, 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2641-x.

Capotondi, A., A..T. Wittenberg, J.-S. Kug, K. Takahashi, and M.J. McPhaden, 2020: ENSO Diversity. In El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate (eds M.J. McPhaden, A. Santoso and W. Cai).  AGU Monograph, doi:10.1002/9781119548164.ch4

Chikamoto, Y., Z.F. Johnson, S.-Y. Simon Wang, M.J. McPhaden, and T. Mochizuki, 2020: El Niño Southern Oscillation evolution modulated by Atlantic forcing.  J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2020JC016318. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016318.

Girishkumar, M.S., K. Ashin, M.J. McPhaden, B. Balaji, and B. Praveenkumar, 2020: Estimation of vertical heat diffusivity at the base of the mixed layer in the Bay of Bengal.  J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2019JC015402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015402.

Hu, Z.-Z., A. Kumar, B. Huang, J. Zhu, M. L'Heueux, M.J. McPhaden, and J.-Y. Yu, 2020: The Interdecadel Shift of ENSO Properties in 1999/2000: A Review. J. Climate, 33, 4441-4462. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0316.1.

Hu, Z.-Z., M.J. McPhaden, A. Kumar, J.-Y. Yu and N.C. Johnson, 2020: Uncoupled El Niño Warming.  Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL08762. DOI:10.1029/2020GL087621.

Hu, S., J. Sprintall, C. Guan, M.J. McPhaden, F. Wang, D.Hu, and W. Cai, 2020: Deep-reaching acceleration of global mean ocean circulation over the past two decades, Sci. Adv., 6. eaax7727.

Johnson, Z.F., Y. Chikamoto, S.S. Wang, M.J. McPhaden, and T. Mochizuki, 2020: Pacific decadal oscillation remotely forced by the equatorial Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. Clim.Dyn. 55, 789-811 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05295-2.

Joseph, J., M.S. Girishkumar, M.J. McPhaden, and E. Pattabhi Rama Rao, 2020: Diurnal variability of atmospheric cold pool events and associated air-sea interactions in the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon.  Clim. Dyn., 56, 837-853.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05506-w.

Karamperidou, C., M.F. Stuecker, A. Timmermann, K.-S. Yun, S.-S. Lee, F.-F.Jin, A. Santoso, M.J. McPhaden, and W. Cai, 2020: ENSO in a Changing Climate: Challenges, Paleo-Perspectives, and Outlook.  In El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate (eds M.J. McPhaden, A. Santoso and W. Cai).  AGU Monograph, doi:10.1002/9781119548164.ch21.

McPhaden, M.J., A. Santoso, and W. Cai, 2020: Introduction to El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate.  In El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate (eds M.J. McPhaden, A. Santoso and W. Cai). AGU Monograph, doi: 10.1002/9781119548164.ch1.

McPhaden, M.J., T. Lee, S. Fournier, and M.A. Balmaseda, 2020: ENSO Observations. In El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate (eds M.J. Mcphaden, A. Santoso and W. Cai).  AGU Monograph, doi:10.1002/9781119548164.ch3.

Planton, Y. Y., and Coauthors, 2020: Evaluating climate models with the CLIVAR 2020 ENSO metrics package. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0337.1.

Pujiana, K. and M.J. McPhaden, 2020: Intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Indian Ocean and their propagation into the Indonesian Seas. J. Geophys. Res, 25. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015839.

Pujiana, K. and M.J. McPhaden, 2020: Biweekly mixed Rossby-Gravity waves in the equatorial Indian Ocean.  J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Rubino, A., D. Zanchettin, F. De Rovere and M.J. McPhaden, 2020: On the interchangeability of sea-surface and near-surface air temperature anomalies in climatologies.  Sci. Rept., 10, 7433. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64167-1.

Bourlès, B.M. Araujo, M.J. McPhaden, P. Brandt, G. Foltz, R. Lumpkin, H. Giordani, F. Hernandez, N. Lefèvre, P. Nobre, E. Campos, R. Saravanan, J. Trotte-Duhà, M. Dengler, J. Hahn, R. Hummels, J. Lübbecke, M. Rouault, L. Corim, A. Sutton, M. Jochum, and R. Perez, 2019: PIRATA: A sustained observing system for tropical Atlantic Climate research and forecasting.  Earth Space Sci., 6, 577-616. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000428.

Cai, W.L. Wu, M. Lengaigne, Tim Li, S. McGregor, J.-S. Kug, J.-Y. Yu, M.F. Stuecker, A. Santoso, X. Li, Y.-G. Ham, Y. Chikamoto, B. Ng, M.J. McPhaden, Y. Du, D. Dommenget, F. Jia, J.B. Kajtar, N. Keenlyside, X. Lin, J.-J. Luo, M. Martín del Rey, Y. Ruprich-Robert, G. Wang, S.-P. Xie, Y. Yang, S.M. Kang, J.-Y. Choi, B. Gan, G.-I. Kim, C.-E. Kim, S. Kim, J.-H. Kim, P. Chang, 2019: Pan-tropical climate interactions. Science, 36(6430), eaav4236, DOI: 10.1126/science.aav4236.

Cyriac, A., M.J. McPhaden, H.E. Phillips, N.L. Bindoff, and M. Feng, 2019: Seasonal evolution of the surface layer heat balance in the eastern subtropical Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 6459-6477. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014559.

Davis, R.E., L.D. Talley, D. Roemmich, W.B. Owens, D.L. Rudnick, J. Toole, R. Weller, M.J. McPhaden, and J.A. Barth, 2019: 100 Years of Progress in Ocean Observing Systems.  Am. Meteorol. Soc., Meteorological Monographs, 59, 3.1-3.46, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-18-0014.1.

Foltz, G.R., et al, 2019: The Tropical Atlantic Observing System. Front. Mar. Sci., doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00206.

Guan, C., S. Hu, M.J. McPhaden, F. Wang, S. Gao, and  Y. Hou, 2019: Dipole structure of mixed layer salinity in response to El Niño-La Niña asymmetry in the tropical Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 46, 12,165-12,172.  https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084817.

Guan, C., M.J. McPhaden, F. Wang, and S. Hu, 2019: Quantifying the role of oceanic feedbacks on ENSO asymmetry. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2140-2148. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081332.

Hermes, J.C., et al, 2019: A sustained ocean observing system in the Indian Ocean for climate related scientific knowledge and societal needs. Front. Mar. Sci., doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00355.

Hu, Z.-Z., B. Huang, J. Zhu, A. Kumar, and M.J. McPhaden, 2019: On the variety of coastal El Niño Events. Clim. Dyn., 52(12),7537-7552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4290-4.

Lasitha Perera, G., G. Chen, M.J. McPhaden, T. Priyadarshana, K. Huang, and D. Wang, 2019: Meridional and zonal eddy-induced heat and salt transport in the Bay of Bengal and their seasonal modulation. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 8079-8101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015124.

Leung, S., L. Thompson, M.J. McPhaden, and K.A.S. Mislan, 2019: ENSO drives near-surface oxygen and vertical habitat variability in the tropical Pacific. Environ. Res. Lett., 14 (6), 064020.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1c13.

Lim, E.-P., H.H. Hendon, P. Hope, C. Chung, F. Delage, and M.J. McPhaden, 2019: Continuation of tropical Pacific Ocean temperature trend may weaken extreme El Niño and its linkage to the Southern Annular Mode. Scientific Reports, 9, 17044. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53371-3.

McPhaden, M.J., A. Santoso, and W. Cai, 2019:  Understanding ENSO in a Charging Climate. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 100, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EO124159.

Pujiana, K., M.J. McPhaden, A.L. Gordon, and A.M. Napitu, 2019: Unprecedented response of Indonesian throughflow to anomalous Indo-Pacific climatic forcing in 2016. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 3737-3754. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014574.

Puy, M., J. Vialard, M. Lengaigne, E. Guilyardi, A. Voldoire, M. Balmaseda, G. Madec, C. Menkes, and M.J. McPhaden, 2019: Influence of Westerly Wind Events Stochasticity on El Niño amplitude: the case of 2014 vs. 2015. Clim. Dyn., 52, 7435-7454. DOI 10.1007/s00382-017-3938-9

Roxy, M.K., P. Dasgupta, M.J. McPhaden, T. Suematsu, C. Zhang, and D. Kim, 2019: Twofold expansion of the Indo-Pacific warm pool warps the MJO life cycle.  Nature, 575, 647-651. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1764-4.

Sutton, A.J., et al., 2019: Autonomous seawater pCO2 and pH time series from 40 surface buoys and the emergence of anthropogenic trends, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 421-439. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-421-2019.

Cai, W., G. Wang, B. Dewitte, L. Wu, A. Santoso, K. Takahashi, Y. Yang, A. Carréric and M.J. McPhaden, 2018: Increased variability of eastern Pacific El Niño under greenhouse warming. Nature. 564, 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0776-9.

Dong, L. and M.J. McPhaden, 2018: Unusually warm Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures help to arrest development of El Niño in 2014. Science Reports, 8, 2249, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20294-4.

Huang, K., M.J. McPhaden, W. Wang, Q. Xie, J. Chen, Y. Shu, Q. Wang, J. Li, J. Yao, D. Wang, 2018: Vertical propagation of mid-depth zonal currents associated with surface wind forcing in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 123, 7290-7307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013977.

Levine, A.F.Z., D.M.W. Frierson, M.J. McPhaden, 2018: AMO forcing of Multidecadal Pacific ITCZ variability. J. Climate, 31, 5749-5764.

McPhaden, M.J., 2018: Understanding and Predicting El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. In: Chassignet, E.P., A. Pascual, J. Tintoré, and J. Verron (Eds.). New Frontiers in Operational Oceanography. GODAE OceanView, 815pp, https://doi.org/10.17125/gov2018.

Nagura, M. and M.J. McPhaden, 2018: The Shallow Overturning Circulation in the Indian Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 413-434.

Pujiana, K. and M.J. McPhaden, 2018: Ocean's response to the convectively coupled Kelvin waves in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 123, 5727-5741. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013858.

Scannell, H.A. and M.J. McPhaden, 2018: Seasonal mixed layer temperature balance in the southeastern tropical Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 123, 5557-5570. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014099.

Timmermann, A., et al, 2018: El Niño Southern Oscillation Complexity. Nature, 559, 535-545. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41586-018-0252-6.

Yeh, S.-W., W. Cai, S.-K. Min, M.J. McPhaden, D. Dommenget, B. Dewitte, M. Collins, K. Ashok, S.-I. An, B.-Y. Yim, and J.-S. Kug, 2018: ENSO atmospheric teleconnections and their response to greenhouse gas forcing. Rev. Geophys., 56, 185-206. doi:10.1002/2017RG000568.

Zhang, Y., M. Feng, Y. Du, H. Philips, N. Bindoff, and M.J. McPhaden, 2018: Strengthened Indonesian Throughflow drives decadal warming in the southern Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 6167-6175. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078265.

Brainard, R.E., T. Oliver, M.J. McPhaden, A. Cohen, R. Veneers, A. Heenan, B. Vargas-Angel, R. Rotjan, S. Mangubhai, E. Flint, and S.A. Hunter, 2017: Ecological Impacts of the 2015-2016 El Niño in the Central Equatorial Pacific. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, S21-S26.

Chen, G., W. Han, Y. Li, M.J. McPhaden, J. Chen, W. Wang, and D. Wang, 2017: Strong Intraseasonal Variability of Meridional Currents near 5ºN in the Eastern Indian Ocean: Characteristics and Causes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 47, 979-998.

Cuypers, Y., P. Bouruet-Aubertot, J. Vialard, and M.J. McPhaden, 2017: Focusing of internal tides by near-inertial waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, doi:10.1002/2017GL072625.

Dong, L. and M.J. McPhaden, 2017: The effects of external forcing and internal variability of the formation of interhemispheric sea surface temperature gradient trends in the Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 30, 9077 - 9095.

Dong, L. and M.J. McPhaden, 2017: Why has the relationship between Indian and Pacific Ocean decadal variability changed in recent decades? J. Climate, 30, 1971-1983.

Dong, L. and M.J. McPhaden, 2017: The role of external forcing and internal variability in regulating global mean surface temperatures on decadal timescales. Environ, Res. Lett., 12, 034011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5dd8.

Girishkumar, M.S., J. Joseph, N.P. Thangaprakash, P. Vijay and M.J. McPhaden, 2017: Mixed layer temperature budget for the northward propagating summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) in the central Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res., 122,8841 - 8854. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013073

Khodri, M., T. Izumo, J. Vialard, C. Cassou, M. Lengaigne, J. Mignot, E. Guilyardi, N. Lebas, Y. Ruprich-Robert, A. Robock, and M.J. McPhaden, 2017. How tropical explosive volcanic eruptions trigger El Niño events by cooling tropical Africa. Nature Comm., 8, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00755-6.

Levine, A.F.Z., M.J. McPhaden, and D.M.W. Frierson, 2017: The impact of the AMO on multidecadal ENSO variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3,877-3,886, doi:10.1002/2017GL072524.

Lübbecke, J.F., and M.J. McPhaden, 2017: Symmetry of the Atlantic Niño mode, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 965-973, doi:10.1002/2016GL071829.

McGregor, S., A. Sen Gupta, D. Dommenget, T. Lee, M.J. McPhaden, and W.S. Kessler, 2017: Factors influencing the skill of synthesized satellite wind products in the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, doi:10.1002/2016JC012340.

Santoso, A., M.J. McPhaden, W. Cai, 2017: The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/16 El Niño. Rev. Geophys., 55, 1079-1129. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000560.

Wang, G., W. Cai, B. Gan, L. Wu, A. Santoso, X. Lin, Z. Chen and M.J. McPhaden, 2017: Continued increase of extreme El Niño frequency long after 1.5ºC warming stabilizaton. Nature Climate Change, DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE3351.

Wang, Y. and M.J. McPhaden, 2017: Seasonal Cycle of Cross-Equatorial Flow in the Central Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 122, doi:10.1002/2016JC012537.

Dong, L. and M.J. McPhaden, 2016: Interhemispheric SST gradient trends in the Indian Ocean prior to and during the recent global warming hiatus. J. Climate, 29, 9077-9095.

Guan, C. and M.J. McPhaden, 2016: Ocean processes affecting the 21st century shift in ENSO SST variability. J. Climate, 29, 6861-6879.

Levine, A.F.Z., F.F. Jin, M.J. McPhaden, 2016: Extreme Noise-Extreme El Niño: How State-Dependent Noise Forcing Creates El Niño-La Niña Asymmetry. J. Climate, 29, 5483-5499. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0091.1

Levine, A.F.Z., and M.J. McPhaden, 2016: How the July 2014 Easterly Wind Burst Gave the 2015-6 El Niño a Head Start. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 6503-6510. DOI:10.1002/2016GL069204.

Nagura, M. and M.J. McPhaden, 2016: Zonal propagation of near surface zonal currents in relation to surface wind forcing in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3623-3638.

Sutton, A.J., C.L. Sabine, R.A. Feely, W.-J. Cai, M.F. Cronin, M.J. McPhaden, J.M. Morell, J.A. Newton, J.-H. Noh, S.R. Ólafsdóttir, J.E. Salisbury, U. Send, D.C. Vandemark, 2016: Using present-day observations to detect when anthropogenic change forces surface ocean carbonate chemistry outside pre-industrial bounds. Biogeosci., 13, 5065-5083.

Wenegrat, J.O. and M.J. McPhaden, 2016: A simple analytical model of the diurnal Ekman layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 2877-2894.

Wenegrat, J.O. and M.J. McPhaden, 2016: Wind, waves, and fronts: Frictional effects in a generalized Ekman Model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 371-394.

Amaya, D. J., S.-P. Xie, A. J. Miller, and M. J. McPhaden, 2015: Seasonality of tropical Pacific decadal trends during the 21st century global warming hiatus. J. Geophys. Res., 120, doi:10.1002/2015JC010906.

Cai, W. A. Santoso, G. Wang, S.-W. Yeh, S.-I. An, K. Cobb, M. Collins, E. Guilyardi, F.-F.Jin, J.-S. Kug, M. Lengaigne, M. J. McPhaden, K. Takahashi, A. Timmermann, G. Vecchi, M. Watanabe, L. Wu, 2015: ENSO and global warming. Nature Climate Change, 5, 849-859.

Cai, W., G. Wang, A. Santoso, M.J. McPhaden, L. Wu, F.-F. Jin, A. Timmermann, M. Collins, G. Vecchi, M. Lengaigne, M.H. England, D. Dommenget, K. Takahashi, and E. Guilyardi, 2015: Increasing frequency of extreme La Niña events induced by greenhouse warming. Nature Climate Change, 5, 132-137, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2492.

Chen, G., W. Han, Y. Li, Dongxiao Wang, M. J. McPhaden, 2015: Seasonal-to-Interannual Time Scale Dynamics of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1532-1553.

Legler, D.M., H.J. Freeland, R. Lumpkin, G. Ball, M.J. McPhaden, S. North, R. Crowley, G.J. Goni, U. Send & M.A. Merrifield, 2015: The current status of the real-time in situ Global Ocean Observing System for operational oceanography. J. Operational Oceanogr., 8, Suppl. 2, s189-s200.

Levine, A. F. Z., and M. J. McPhaden, 2015: The annual cycle in ENSO growth rate as a cause of the spring predictability barrier. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5034–5041, doi:10.1002/2015GL064309

McPhaden, M. J., 2015: Playing hide and seek with El Niño. Nature Climate Change, 5, 791-795.

McPhaden, M. J., A. Timmermann, M. J. Widlansky, M. A. Balmaseda and T. N. Stockdale, 2015: The Curious Case of the El Niño that Never Happened: A Perspective from 40 Years of Progress in Climate Research and Forecasting. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 1647-1665, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00089.1

McPhaden, M. J., Y. Wang, and M. Ravichandran, 2015: Volume transports of the Wyrtki Jets and their Relationship to the Indian Ocean Dipole. J. Geophys. Res., 120, 5302-5317, doi:10.1002/2015JC010901.

Strutton, P. G., V. J. Coles, R. R. Hood, R. J. Matear, M. J. McPhaden and H. E. Phillips, 2015: Biogeochemical variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean during the monsoon transition. Biogeochem., 12, 2367-2382, doi:10.5194/bg-12-1-2015.

Wenegrat, J. O. and M. J. McPhaden, 2015: Dynamics of surface layer diurnal cycle in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (0°, 23°W), J. Geophys. Res.,120, 563-81, doi: 10.1002/2014JC010504.

Cai, W., S. Borlace, M. Lengaigne, P. van Rensch, M. Collins, G. Vecchi, A. Timmermann, A. Santoso, M. J. McPhaden, L. Wu, M. England, E. Guilyardi, and F.-F. Jin, 2014: Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming. Nature Climate Change, 4, 111–116. doi:10.1038/nclimate2100.

England, M. H., S. McGregor, P. Spence, G. A. Meehl, A. Timmermann, W. Cai, A. Sen Gupta, M. J. McPhaden, A. Purich, and A. Santoso, 2014: Recently intensified Pacific Ocean wind-‐driven circulation and the ongoing warming hiatus, Nature Climate Change, 4, 222–227. doi:10.1038/nclimate2106.

Han, W., J. Vialard, M.J. McPhaden, T. Lee, Y. Masomoto, M. Feng, and W. de Ruijter, 2014: Indian Ocean decadal variability: a review. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1679-1703.

Hood, R. R., M. J. McPhaden, and E. Urban, 2014: New Indian Ocean program builds on scientific legacy. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 95, 349-60.

Kumar, B. P., J. Vialard, M. Lengaigne, V.S.N. Murty, G. R. Foltz, M. J. McPhaden, S. Pous, and C. D. Montegut, 2014: Processes of interannual mixed layer temperature variability in the thermocline ridge of the Indian Ocean. Clim. Dyn., 43, 2377-2397.

Lee, T., G. Lagerloef, H.-Y. Kao, M. J. McPhaden, J. Willis, and M. M. Gierach, 2014: The influence of salinity on tropical Atlantic instability waves and eddies. J. Geophys. Res., 41, 7933–7941.

Lü̈bbecke, J. F. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Assessing the 21st century shift in ENSO variability in terms of the Bjerknes stability index. J. Climate, 27, 2577-2587. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00438.1.

Lü̈bbecke, J. F. N. L. Burls, C. J. C. Reason, and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Variability in the South Atlantic anticyclone and the Atlantic Niño mode. J. Climate, 27, 8135-8150. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00202.1

McPhaden, M. J. and M. Nagura, 2014: Indian Ocean Dipole interpreted in terms of Recharge Oscillator theory. Clim. Dyn., 42, 1569–1586. doi 10.1007/s00382-013-1765-1.

Nagura, M. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Zonal momentum budget along the equator in the Indian Ocean from a high resolution ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 4444-4461, doi:10.1002/2014JC009895.

Nyadjro, E. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Variability of zonal currents in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean on seasonal to interannual time scales. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 7969-7986, doi:10.1002/2014JC010380.

Praveen Kumar, B., J. Vialard, M. Lengaigne, V.S.N. Murty, G.R. Foltz, M.J. McPhaden, S. Pous, and C. de Boyer Montégut, 2014: Processes of interannual mixed layer temperature variability in the thermocline ridge of the Indian Ocean. Clim. Dyn., 43, 2377-2397, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2059-y.

Rodrigues, R. R. and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Why did the 2011-12 La Niña cause a severe drought in the Brazilian Northeast? Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1012–1018. DOI: 10.1002/2013GL058703.

Servain, J., G. Caniaux, Y. K. Kouadio, M. J. McPhaden, and M. Araujo, 2014: Recent Climatic Trends in the Tropical Atlantic. Clim. Dyn., 41, 3071-3089, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2168-7.

Sutton, A. J. R. A. Feely, C. L. Sabine, M. J. McPhaden, T. Takahashi, F. P. Chavez, G. E. Friederich, and J. T. Mathis, 2014: Natural variability and anthropogenic change in equatorial Pacific surface ocean pCO2 and pH. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 28, 131–145. doi:10.1002/2013GB004679.

Wen, C., A. Kumar, Y. Xue, and M. J. McPhaden, 2014: Understanding Causes for Change in ENSO Characteristics after 1999: An oceanic perspective. J. Climate, 27, 7230-7249.

Wenegrat, J. O., M. J. McPhaden, and R.-C. Lien, 2014: Wind Stress and Near-Surface Shear in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1226-1231, doi:10.1002/2013GL059149.

Zhang, D., M. J. McPhaden, and T. Lee, 2014: Observed Interannual Variability of Zonal Currents in the Equatorial Indian Ocean Thermocline and Their Relation to Indian Ocean Dipole. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7933-7941, doi: 10.1002/2014GL061449.

Cuypers, Y., X. Le Vaillant, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, J. Vialard and M. J. McPhaden, 2013: Tropical storm-induced near-inertial internal waves during the Cirene experiment: energy fluxes and impact on vertical mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 358-380, doi: 10.1029/2012JC007881.

Feng, M., M. J. McPhaden, S.-P. Xie, and J. Hafner, 2013: La Niña forces unprecedented Leeuwin Current warming in 2011. Nature Sci. Repts., 3, 1277, doi 10.1038/srep01277.

Foltz, G. R., A. T. Evan, H. P. Freitag, S. Brown, and M. J. McPhaden, 2013: Dust accumulation biases in PIRATA shortwave radiation records. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 1414-1432, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00169.1.

Girishkumar, M. S., M. Ravichandran and M. J. McPhaden, 2013: Temperature inversions and their influence on the mixed layer heat budget during the winters of 2006-07 and 2007-08 in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res.,118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20192.

Luebbecke, J. and M. J. McPhaden, 2013: A comparative stability analysis of Atlantic and Pacific Niño modes. J. Climate,26, 5965-5980. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00758.1.

McGregor, S., N. Ramesh, P. Spence, M. H. England, M. J. McPhaden, and A. Santoso, 2013: Meridional movement of wind anomalies during ENSO events and their role in event termination, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, doi:10.1002/grl.50136.

McGregor, S., N. Ramesh, P. Spence, M. H. England, M. J. McPhaden, and A. Santoso, 2013: Meridional movement of wind anomalies during ENSO events and their role in event termination, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, doi:10.1002/grl.50136.

McPhaden, M. J., and G. R. Foltz, 2013: Intraseasonal variations in the surface layer heat balance of the central equatorial Indian Ocean: The importance of zonal advection and vertical mixing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1-5, doi:10.1029/GL056092.

Moum, J. N., A. Perlin, J. D. Nash, and M. J. McPhaden, 2013: Ocean mixing controls seasonal sea surface cooling in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue. Nature, 500, 64-67.

Praveen Kumar, B., J. Vialard, M. Lengaigne, V.S.N. Murty, M.J. McPhaden, M.F. Cronin, F. Pinsard and K. Gopala Reddy, 2013: TropFlux wind stresses over the tropical oceans: evaluation and comparison with other products. Clim. Dynamics, 40, 2049-2071, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1455-4.

Santoso, A., S. McGregor, F.-F. Jin, W. Cai, M. H. England, S.-I. An, M. J. McPhaden, and E. Guilyardi, 2013: Late 20 Century Emergence of El Niño Propagation Asymmetry and Future Projections. Nature, 504, 126-130.

Bingham, F. M., G. R. Foltz, and M. J. McPhaden, 2012: Characteristics of the seasonal cycle of surface layer salinity in the global ocean. Ocean Science, 8, 915-929.

Cai, W., M. Lengaigne, S.Borlace, M. Collins, T.Cowan, M. J. McPhaden, A. Timmermann, S. Power, J. Brown, C. Menkes, A. Ngari, E. M. Vincent, and M. Widlansky, 2012: More extreme swings of the South Pacific Convergence Zone due to greenhouse warming. Nature, 488, 365-370.

Foltz, G.R., M.J. McPhaden, and R. Lumpkin, 2012: A strong Atlantic Meridional Mode event in 2009: The role of mixed layer dynamics. J. Climate, 25, 363-380, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00150.1.

Gierach, M. M, T. Lee, D. Turk, and M. J. McPhaden, 2012: Biological Response to the 1997-98 and 2009-10 El Niño events in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10602, doi:10.1029/2012GL051103.

Gnanaseelan, C., A. Deshpande, and M. J. McPhaden, 2012: Impact of Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño/Southern Oscillation forcing on the Wyrtki jets. J. Geophys. Res.,117, C08005, doi:10.1029/2012JC007918.

Luebbecke, J. and M. J. McPhaden, 2012: On the inconsistent relationship between Atlantic and Pacific Niños. J. Climate, 25, 4294-4303.

Maneesha, K., V. S. N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, T. Lee, Weidong Yu, and M. J. McPhaden, 2012: Upper ocean variability in the Bay of Bengal during the tropical cyclones Nargis and Laila. Prog. Oceanogr., 106, 49-61.

McPhaden, M. J., 2012: A 21st Century Shift in the Relationship between ENSO SST and Warm Water Volume Anomalies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L09706, doi:10.1029/2012GL051826.

Morrissey, M. L., H. J. Diamond, M. J. McPhaden, H. P. Freitag, and J. S. Greene, 2012: An Investigation of the Consistency of TAO/TRITON Buoy-mounted Capacitance Rain Gauges. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 29, 834-845, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00171.1.

Nagura, M., and M. J. McPhaden, 2012: The dynamics of wind-driven intraseasonal variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C07009, doi:10.1029/2011JC007405.

Praveen Kumar, B., J. Vialard, M. Lengaigne, V.S.N. Murty and M.J. McPhaden, 2012: TropFlux: Air-Sea Fluxes for the Global Tropical Oceans: Description and evaluation. Clim. Dynamics, 38, 1521-1543, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1115-0.

Wu, L., W. Cai, L. Zhang, H. Nakamura, A. Timmermann, T. Joyce, M. J. McPhaden, M. Alexander, B. Qiu, M. Visbeck, P. Chang, and B. Giese, 2012: Enhanced Warming over the Global Subtropical Western Boundary Currents. Nature Climate Change, 2, 161–166, doi: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1353.

Delcroix T., G. Alory, S. Cravatte, T. Corrége, and M. J. McPhaden, 2011: A gridded sea surface salinity data set for the tropical Pacific with sample applications (1950-2008). Deep-Sea Res. Part I, 58, 38-48.

Girishkumar, M. S., M. Ravichandran, M. J. McPhaden, and R. R. Rao, 2011: Intraseasonal variability in barrier layer thickness in the south central Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03009, doi:10.1029/2010JC006657.

Iskandar, I., and M. J. McPhaden, 2011: Dynamics of wind-forced intraseasonal zonal current variations in the equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C06019, doi:10.1029/2010JC006864.

McPhaden, M. J., T. Lee, and D. McClurg, 2011: El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L15709, doi:10.1029/2011GL048275.

Turk, D., C. S. Meinen, D. Antoine, M. J. McPhaden, and M. R. Lewis, 2011: Implications of changing El Niño patterns for biological dynamics in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23603, doi: 10.1029/2011GL049674.

Yu, L. and M. J. McPhaden, 2011: Ocean pre-conditioning of Cyclone Nargis in the Bay of Bengal: Interaction between Rossby waves, surface fresh waters, and sea surface temperatures. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 1741-1755.

Zhang, D., R. Msadek, M. J. McPhaden, and T. Delworth, 2011: Multidecadal variability of the North Brazil Current and its connection to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C04012, doi:10.1029/2010JC006812.

Balmaseda, M.A., Y. Fujii, O. Alves, T. Lee, M. Rienecker, T. Rosati, D. Stammer, Y. Xue, H. Freeland, M.J. McPhaden, L. Goddard, and C. Coelho, 2010: Role of the Ocean Observing System in an end-to-end seasonal forecasting system. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 1); ", Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Bingham, F., G. R. Foltz, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Seasonal Cycles of Surface Layer Salinity in the Pacific Ocean. Ocean Sci., 6, 775-787.

Chang, Y.-T., T. Yung Tang, S.-Y. Chao, M.-H. Chang, D. S. Ko, Y. J. Yang, W.-D. Liang, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Mooring observations and numerical modeling of thermal structures in the South China Sea, J. Geophys., 115, C10022, doi:10.1029/2010JC006293.

Feng, M., M. J. McPhaden, and T. Lee, 2010: Decadal variability of the Pacific subtropical cells and their influence on the southeast Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09606, doi:10.1029/2010GL042796.

Foltz, G. R., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Abrupt equatorial wave-induced cooling of the Atlantic cold tongue in 2009. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24605, doi:10.1029/2010GL045522.

Foltz, G. R., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Interaction between the Atlantic meridional and Nino modes. Geophys. Res. Lett., L18604, doi:10.1029/2010GL044001.

Foltz, G. R., J. Vialard, P. Kumar, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Seasonal mixed layer heat balance of the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 23, 947-965.

Gulev, S.K., S.A. Josey, M. Bourassa, L.-A. Breivik, M.F. Cronin, C. Fairall, S. Gille, E.C. Kent, C.M. Lee, M.J. McPhaden, P.M.S. Monteiro, U. Schuster, S.R. Smith, K.E. Trenberth, D. Wallace, and S.D. Woodruff, 2010: Surface Energy and CO2 fluxes in the global ocean-atmosphere-ice system. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 1)", Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Huang, B., Y. Xue, D. Zhang, A. Kumar, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: The NCEP GODAS Ocean Analysis of the Tropical Pacific Mixed Layer Heat Budget on Seasonal to Interannual Time Scales. J. Climate, 23, 4901-4925.

Lampitt, R. S., P. Favali, C. R. Barnees, M. J. Church, M. F. Cronin, K. L. Hill, Y. Kaneda, D. M. Karl, A. H. Knap, M. J. McPhaden, K. A. Nittis, I. G. Priede, J.-F. Rolin, U. Send, C.-C. Teng, T. W. Trull, D. W. R. Wallace, R. A. Weller, 2010: In situ sustained Eulerian observatories. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 1), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, Hall, J. Harrison, D. E., and Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Lee, T., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central-equatorial Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14603, doi:10.1029/2010GL044007.

Masumoto, Y., W. Yu, G. Meyers, N. D'Adamo, L. Beal, W.P.M. de Ruijter, M. Dyoulgerov, J. Hermes, T. Lee, J.R.E. Lutjeharms, J.P. McCreary, Jr., M.J. McPhaden, V.S.N. Murty, D. Obura, C.B. Pattiaratchi, M. Ravichandran, C. Reason, F. Syamsudin, G. Vecchi, J. Vialard, and L. Yu, 2010: Observing systems in the Indian Ocean. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.60.

McPhaden, M.J., K. Ando, B. Bourlès, H.P. Freitag, R. Lumpkin, Y. Masumoto, V.S.N. Murty, P. Nobre, M. Ravichandran, J. Vialard, D. Vousden, and W. Yu, 2010: The global tropical moored buoy array. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306. doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.61.

McPhaden, M. J., A. J. Busalacchi, and D. L. T. Anderson, 2010: A TOGA retrospective. Oceanography, 23, 86-103.

Nagura, M., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Wyrtki Jet dynamics: Seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C07009, doi:10.1029/2009JC005922.

Nagura, M. and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Dynamics of zonal current variations associated with the Indian Ocean dipole. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C11026, doi:10.1029/2010JC006423.

Radenac, M.-H, P. E. Plimpton, A. Lebourges-Dhaussy, L. Commien, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Impact of environmental forcing on the acoustic backscattering strength in the equatorial Pacific: diurnal, lunar, intraseasonal, and interannual variability. Deep-Sea Res., 57, 1314-1328.

Rienecker, M.M., T. Awaji, M. Balmaseda, B. Barnier, D. Behringer, M. Bell, M. Bourassa, P. Brasseur, J. Carton, J. Cummings, L.-A. Breivik, E. Dombrowsky, C. Fairall, N. Ferry, G. Forget, H. Freeland, S.M. Griffies, K. Haines, D.E. Harrison, P. Heimbach, M. Kamachi, E. Kent, T. Lee, P.-Y. Le Traon, M. McPhaden, M.J. Martin, P. Oke, M.D. Palmer, E. Remy, T. Rosati, A. Schiller, D.M. Smith, D. Snowden, D. Stammer, K.E. Trenberth, and Y. Xue, 2010: Synthesis and assimilation systems—Essential adjuncts to the Global Ocean Observing System. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 1), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Send, U., R. A. Weller, D. Wallace, F. Chavez, R. Lampitt, T. Dickey, M. Honda, K. Nittis, R. Lukas, M. McPhaden, and R. Feely, 2010: OceanSITES. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, 10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.79.

Xue, Y., O. Alves, M.A. Balmaseda, N. Ferry, S. Good, I. Ishikawa, T. Lee, M.J. McPhaden, K.A. Peterson, and M. Rienecker, 2010: Ocean state estimation for global ocean monitoring: ENSO and beyond ENSO. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Zhang, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 2010: Interannual surface layer heat balance in the eastern equatorial Pacific and its relationship with local atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 23, 4375–4394.