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El Nino Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate cover with an image of the Pacific Ocean and the US with a red band along the equator and along the US Southwest Coastline representing warmer than normal temperatures.

Satellite sea surface temperature departure for October 2015 over the Pacific. Orange-red colors indicate above normal temperatures, indicative of an El Niño condition. The 2015-16 El Niño was the first extreme El Niño of the 21st century and among the three strongest El Niños on record. Credit: NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS)