TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN (TAO) PROGRAM

Draft

CRUISE INSTRUCTIONS

FOR

KA-05-05 (GP5-05-KA)

August 25 – October 3, 2005

TAO Program Director

Dr. Michael J. McPhaden

PMEL, TAO Project Office

7600 Sand Point Way NE

Seattle, WA 98115

Area: Equatorial Pacific

Itinerary:

KA-04-05 Honolulu, Hawaii DEP August 25, 2005

Nuku Hiva, Marquises ARR September 17, 2005

Nuku Hiva, Marquises DEP September 20, 2005

Honolulu, Hawaii ARR October 3, 2005

CRUISE DESCRIPTION

General guidelines are contained in the TAO Program Standard Operating Instructions for NOAA Ship KA’IMIMOANA dated December 8, 2004.

Cruise Objective and Plan:

The objective of this cruise is the maintenance of the TAO Array along the 125°W and 140°W meridians. The scientific complement for the cruise will embark in Honolulu, Hawaii, on August 24, 2005. The ship will depart on August, 2005, to commence operations as listed in Appendix A. The ship will stop in Nuku Hiva, Marquises, on or about September 17-20, 2005. After completion of operations, NOAA Ship KA’IMIMOANA will return to Honolulu on October 3, 2005. All dates and times referred to in these cruise instructions are in Pacific Standard Time (PST).

MOP Operations: TAO Operations Manager:

Larry Mordock LCDR Brian Lake, NOAA

NOAA/MOC-Pacific (MOC-P1x3) PMEL, TAO, R/E/PM

1801 Fairview Avenue East 7600 Sand Point Way NE

Seattle, Washington 98102-3767 Seattle, Washington 98115-0070

(206) 553-4764 (206) 526-6403

Larry.Mordock@noaa.gov Brian.Lake@noaa.gov

1.0 PERSONNEL

1.1 CHIEF SCIENTIST AND PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS:

Chief Scientist: TBA

The Chief Scientist is authorized to revise or alter the scientific portion of the cruise plan as work progresses provided that, after consultation with the Commanding Officer, it is ascertained that the proposed changes will not: (1) jeopardize the safety of personnel or the ship; (2) exceed the overall time allotted for the cruise; (3) result in undue additional expenses; (4) alter the general intent of these instructions. A list of participating scientists follows. All participating scientists will submit a medical history form and be medically approved before embarking.

Participating Scientists:

Name	Gender	Nationality	Affiliation
TBA		US	NOAA/PMEL
Sonya Noore	F	US	NOAA/PMEL
Tim Nesseth	M	US	NOAA/PMEL
Whiley Evans	M	US	Oregon State University
Julie Arrington	F	US	Oregon State University
Rois Langner	M	US	Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
Monique Messié	F	France	Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS)
Kendall Michel	M	US	SAIC/NDBC
David Parrett	M	US	SAIC/NDBC

2.0 OPERATIONS

Mooring Operations are scheduled to be conducted as shown in Appendix A. Operations will be conducted from 09°N – 140°W to 05°S – 140°W and 08°S – 125°W to 08°N – 125°W. The following mooring operations are anticipated, though the work may be changed by direction of the Chief Scientist, in consultation with the Commanding Officer.

*Location*	*Mooring Type*	*Operation*	*Status*
08°N 125°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
05°N 125°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
02°N 125°W	ATLAS	Visit
00° 125°W	ATLAS/CO₂	Visit	CO₂ Mooring w/ load cell
02°S 125°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
05°S 125°W	ATLAS	Visit
08°S 125°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
08.5°S 125°W	DART	Recover/Deploy
Nuku Hiva
05°S 140°W	ATLAS	Visit
02°S 140°W	ATLAS	Visit
00° 140°W	ATLAS/CO₂	Recover/Deploy	CO2 Mods. Moum microstructure expt.
00° 140°W	ADCP	Recover/Deploy
02°N 140°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
05°N 140°W	ATLAS	Recover	Test mooring
05°N 140°W	ATLAS	Visit
09°N 140°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy

2.01 CTD

At a minimum, 1,000 meter CTD casts shall be conducted at each mooring site between 08(09)°N and 08(05)°S for sensor inter‑comparison purposes. As time permits, additional or deeper CTD’s should be conducted whenever addition of the CTD’s will not impact scheduled mooring work. For example, if the ship would arrive at the next mooring site in the middle of the night, it is preferable to do CTD’s on the way, rather than remain hove to waiting for daylight. Another example would be when mooring operations are significantly ahead of schedule. Beyond those at mooring sites, CTD’s should be conducted in the following order of priority:

· 1,000m CTD’s at one degree latitude intervals between 12°N and 08°S, along the ship’s trackline.

· Extend 1,000m CTD’s at mooring sites to a minimum of 3,000m or a maximum depth of 200m from bottom. Four to six deep casts are optimal, occurring at the beginning and end of the cruise as well as at both equatorial sites.

· 1,000m CTD’s every one‑half degree of latitude between 03°N and 03°S.

· Additional calibration CTD’s to be determined by Chief Scientist.

The CTD Rosette should have 24 Niskin bottles available for use by ancillary projects.

2.02 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Surface Drifters

The Global Drifter Center at NOAA/AOML requests drifter deployments on an ancillary basis. The drifters are small, easily deployed devices that are tracked by ARGOS and provide Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and mixed layer currents. The global array of drifters provides SST ground truth for NOAA’s polar orbiting satellite AVHRR SST maps. They also provide data to operational meteorological and ocean models, and research ocean current data sets.

AOML drifters are scheduled at the following positions:

TBA

Craig Engler, NOAA/AOML

Global Drifter Center,

Tel: (305) 361‑4439

Fax: (305) 361‑4392

E-mail: Craig.Engler@noaa.gov

URL: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/

2.03 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Argo Profiling CTD Floats

Ten Argo floats are scheduled for deployment on this cruise. Individual deployment positions can be shifted by a degree or so along the ship track if more convenient. Each float weighs about 56 lbs. The boxes weigh about 200 lbs. full and are 82” long x 17” high x 23” long. Boxes cannot be stored or transported on their small ends. The floats are sensitive to high temperatures, so as space for a pair of floats becomes available on the computer lab rack, it will be desirable to move floats from the next box to the rack at the earliest convenient time. A manual for float testing and deployment has been sent to the ship. Float deployment locations are as follows:

Float number deployment positions will be determined prior to sailing by the Argo Program.

Argo float questions should be directed to:

Gregory Johnson, NOAA/PMEL or Elizabeth Steffen, NOAA/PMEL

Tel: (206) 526-6806 Tel: (206) 526-6747

E-mail: pmel_floats@noaa.gov E-mail: pmel_floats@noaa.gov

2.04 Discreet Gas Sampler

Whole air samples are cryogenically dried and pumped into glass flasks by an automated system in the computer lab. Following the cruise, the flasks are returned to Princeton University for analysis by prepaid FEDEX. Pairs of flasks are collected while the ship is underway at 08°N, 04°N, 00°, 04°S, and 08°S along the 125°W and 140°W lines. Automated sampling cycle is approximately five hours. It is anticipated that the Survey Technician will perform the maintenance tasks. The Survey Technician will be shipping the samples back to Princeton University.

The contact for this project is:

Michael Bender

Princeton University

Tel: (609) 258-2936

E-mail: bender@geo.princeton.edu

2.05 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) Analysis

A 0.5 liter sea water sample from surface CTD casts will be taken and stored for later dissolved inorganic carbon analysis. Sample jars and Scripps Institute of Oceanography will provide sample jars and mercury chloride solution. It is anticipated that the Survey Technician, together with embarked scientific personnel will take the samples. A small bench-top drill press is installed on the ship to assist with the bottle capping process. Samples will be collected when the ship docks in San Diego, California.

The contacts for this project are:

Dr. Andrew Dickson Dr. Richard Feely

Scripps Institution of Oceanography NOAA/PMEL

University of California, San Diego 7600 Sand Point Way NE

Room 203 – Vaughan Hall Seattle, Washington 98115

8675 Discovery Way

La Jolla, California 92037

Tel: (858) 534-2582 Tel: (206) 526-6214

Email: adickson@ucsd.edu E-mail: Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov

2.06 TAO-CO₂ Moorings

The carbon group at PMEL has mounted sensors on moored buoys within the TAO Array to provide high-resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂). These data are used to evaluate the temporal variability in air-sea CO₂ fluxes and to assist in examining the mechanisms controlling CO₂ fluxes. The pCO₂ systems will be replaced at 00° 140°W.

Project contacts:

Chris Sabine, NOAA/PMEL Richard Feely, NOAA/PMEL

7600 Sand Point Way NE 7600 Sand Point Way NE

Seattle, Washington 98115 Seattle, Washington 98115

Tel: (206) 526-4809 Tel: (206) 526-6214

E-mail: Chris.Sabine@noaa.gov E-mail: Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov

2.07 Nitrate N and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

At 00° 125°W and 00° 140°W, a 50-ml seawater sample from surface CTD casts will be taken and stored for later Nitrate N and Oxygen isotope analysis. Sample jars will be provided by Scripps Institute of Oceanography. It is anticipated that the Survey Technician, together with other embarked scientific personnel will take the samples. Samples will be frozen in the MBARI freezer and will be collected at the conclusion of this cruise in San Diego, California.

The contact for this project is:

Patrick Rafter

Scripps Institute of Oceanography – UCSD

9500 Gilman Drive

Dept 0208

La Jolla, California 92093

E-mail: prafter@insci14.ucsd.edu

2.08 Equatorial Box Project

Equatorial Box Project (Behrenfeld)

The overall objective of this effort is to utilize the mooring observations along the 125 and 140 TAO lines along with additional cruise measurements to define a 3-dimesional ‘box’ in which and through which inherent and advective properties can be defined and used as input constraints for testing and developing carbon-focused satellite ‘conversion’ models and coupled ecosystem-circulation models. An emphasis during this 3 year project will be on characterizing mixed layer and euphotic zone properties, and thus much of the measurement suite is focused on samples collected by the ship’s flow-through system, thus minimizing impacts on ship operations and scheduling. Additional discrete samples will also be collected from the CTD during scheduled casts. Core measured variables will be: (1) variable fluorescence (using a benchtop Fast Repetition Rate fluorometer (FRRf)), (2) beam attenuation (using two beam transmissometers (553 and 660 nm)), (3) particulate backscattering (using a ECO vsf and ECObb), (4) particle abundance and size spectrum (using a LISST), (5) particulate Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen analysis (CHN), (6) pigment concentration (HPLC & Turner), (7) macronutrient concentration, (8) dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (9) dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), (10) colored dissolved organic carbon (using an AC-9), (11) sample location (GPS), (12) downwelling surface solar irradiance (PAR) (using a Licor), (14) submarine irradiance (using a ctd mounted light sensor), (15) photosynthesis-irradiance measurements (using ¹⁴C), (16) profile inherent optical properties (with a deployable optics package), and (17) sea surface ocean color (using a hyperspectral TSRB).

(1) FAST REPETITION RATE FLUOROMETER/PRODUCTIVITY

The FRRf measures variable fluorescence parameters in phytoplankton and provides information on photosynthetic performance. The FRRf measurements will be conducted on flow through samples from the ship’s seawater system. These measurements require approximately 1 L of seawater per hour. The instrument is automated and requires no assistance from ship’s personnel. These measurements will begin as soon as possible during the cruise and will continue to the end.

(2) IN-LINE BEAM TRANSMISSOMETERS

Two beam transmissometers will be used to study variability in particle scattering properties and for comparison with CHN data. These transmissometers will be run in continuous flow through mode in the laboratory using the ship’s seawater system (approximately 100 ml per minute). No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(3) BACKSCATTERING

Backscattering measurements will be conducted using the ship’s flow through seawater system (approximately 100 ml per minute). Backscattering provides another optical index of particle concentration, but is sensitive to a different size fraction of the particle distribution than the transmissometers. The backscattering measurements will be conducted in a bucket in a sink in the ship’s laboratory area. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(4) PARTICLE ABUNDANCE AND SIZE SPECTRUM

Particle size and abundance will be measured using a Sequoia Instruments LISST sensor. The LISST is very much like the beam transmissometers, but detected light from the source beam is separated into discrete forward scattering angles, which is subsequently inverted to provide information on particle size distribution. The LISST will be run in continuous flow through mode in the laboratory using the ship’s seawater system (approximately 100 ml per minute). No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(5) PARTICULATE CARBON-HYDROGEN-NITROGEN ANALYSIS

CHN measurements involve filtration of seawater (2.8 L) through a Whatmann GFF filter, preservation of the filter by freezing, and later analysis at Oregon State University. Seawater will be collected from the ship’s flow through system at every degree of latitudes (total volume approximately 3 L). Filters will then be packaged and stored in liquid nitrogen for post-cruise analysis. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(6) PIGMENTS

Phytoplankton pigment concentrations will be determined using a Turner fluorometer and by HPLC. Equipment for Turner-based pigment measurements is being provided by MBARI. Turner fluorometer measurements will be conducted on CTD water samples at 0, 10, 25, 40, 60, 100, 150 and 200m. The total volume used from each bottle, including rinses is approximately one liter; except for the surface bottle, which will require approximately three liters. Samples will be vacuum filtered and the filters placed in glass scintillation vials with 10 ml of 90% acetone and frozen. Turner measurements will be made 24 to 48 hours after collection. HPLC measurements will involve collection of 3 to 6 L of seawater from the ship’s flow through system approximately 6 times a day, filtering samples onto GFF filters, preservation in liquid nitrogen, and subsequent analysis after the cruise at MBARI. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(7) MACRONUTRIENT CONCENTRATION

20 ml nutrient samples will be collected from the CTD at 0, 10, 25, 40, 60, 100, 150 and 200m. The total volume used from depth, including rinses, is approximately 100 ml. Samples will then be frozen in plastic scintillation vials for later analysis at MBARI. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(8-10) DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC), DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN (DON), & COLORED DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (cDOC)

Water samples (40 ml and 100 ml, for the DOC/DON and cDOC, respectively) will be collected from the CTD at 0, 10, 25, 40, 60, 100, 150 and 200m. The total volume used from depth, including rinses, is approximately 200 ml. Samples will then be frozen in amber glass bottles for later analysis at Bigelow Laboratory. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

Colored dissolved organic carbon (cDOC) is measured using an in-line ac9 with a 0.2 mm filter placed on the inflow. The ac9 is very much like the beam transmissometers, but it has two flow-through tubes and nine spectral channels. The detected light from one source beam is a beam transmissometer (narrow angle detection) while the other source beam is an absorption meter (wide angle detection). The ac9 will be run in continuous flow through mode in the laboratory using the ship’s seawater system (approximately 100 ml per minute). No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(12-13) SAMPLE LOCATION and SOLAR IRRADIANCE

A hand-held GPS will be used to log ship location at 15 s intervals. Simultaneously, a Licor Data Logger (LDL) will be used to log daily changes in solar irradiance. After consultation with the Field Operations Officer the solar sensor will be mounted in an acceptable exterior location free of shading. The LDL recorder will be enclosed from the weather, while the sensor itself is water resistant and will be exposed to the elements. The sensor is very small (1" x 7/8") and the LDL recorder is 9" x 5".

(14) SUBMARINE IRRADIANCE.

A Biospheric light sensor (cosine collector) will be mounted on the CTD frame and data logged on the CTD recorder to determine light attenuation coefficients through the water column. Oregon State University will provide the necessary cable to connect the light sensor to the CTD. The sensor is water tight to 5000 m. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(15) PHOTOSYNTHESIS-IRRADIANCE (PvE) MEASUREMENTS

Samples for PvE incubations will be collected from the flow through system at every latitude and at 9:00, 12:00, and 15:00 along the 125 and 140 lines at 8^o, 5^o, 2^o North and South and at the equator. Samples from 3 depths at these stations would also be desirable (one time during the day corresponding to a scheduled bottle cast). For each time and location, 25 10-ml samples will be collected and place in a 25 ml glass scintillation vial in a PvE incubator (an aluminum box ~18 inches on a side that has 100 slots for vials, a light source and flow through tubing connected to a floor-mounted temperature controller –LXWXH = 24”X12”X18”) Each sample is spiked with ¹⁴C, and incubated in the wet lab in a hood provided by C. Roesler at Bigelow for 1 – 2 hrs. Samples will then be killed with concentrated HCl and allowed to degas in the ventilated hood for 24 hrs. Scintillation fluor will then be added to each sample and the total activity determined by liquid scintillation counting (both on board and post-cruise at Bigelow). Stock ¹⁴C will be kept refrigerated in a sealed vial stored in a lock-box. All solid and liquid ¹⁴C waste, as well as samples, will be stored in well marked containers and removed by Bigelow scientists immediately following the cruise. Regular swipe tests will be conducted during the cruise to ensure against ¹⁴C contamination. Space for waste disposal containers during the cruise is required. No assistance from ship’s personnel is required.

(16) DEPLOYABLE OPTICS PACKAGE

A small, framed deployable optics package will be used to characterize particle abundance and composition and phytoplankton fluorescence. The package can be hand lowered or lowered with an accessory winch. Deployment and recovery requires about 15 minutes. If a winch is used, assistance from ship’s personnel would be required. Deployments would be made any of the planned stations (corresponding to TAO moorings) along the 125 and 140 lines when the ship’s schedule permits. These deployments can be made at any time, day or night. The optical package will include a WetLabs AC9plus, backscattering sensor, digital chlorophyll fluorometer, and a battery pack (these measurements are optional and at the discretion of the TAO program, but are highly desirable).

(17) HYPERSPECTRAL TSRB

When permitted by the ships schedule, deployments of a hyperspectral TSRB (radiometer buoy) would be desired on any of the planned stations. The measurement requires about 5-10 minutes for deployment and recovery and would be done when time allows during daylight hours (9-3 local time). The sensor is all hand deployable, floats away from the ship, and can be accomplished by a single person. No assistance from ship’s personnel would be required.

(18) LAB BENCH SPACE

Lab bench space is needed for the the flow through instrumentation (FRRf, beam transmissometers, backscattering sensors and bucket, and LISST), the PvE incubator (and adjacent floor space for the water chiller), and for filtrations (pigment, CHN, DON, DOC). The benchspace required for all these measurements is easily accommodated in the wet lab of the Ka’imimoana.

(19) CHEMICALS

For our suite of measurements, the following chemicals will be required and provided by OSU and Bigelow (MSDS sheets will be provided):

2 L of 6 N Hydrochloric Acid

35 L of liquid nitrogen in a single dewar

12 L of 90% acetone

1 L of 90% rubbing alcohol

5 mCi of ¹⁴C as bicarbonate in water

(20) Participants.

Julie Arrington from M. Behrenfeld’s lab at OSU and Margaret Rois Langner from Collin Roesler’s lab at Bigelow will be participating in the Aug – Oct 2005 cruise. M. Behrenfeld will be assisting Julie and Rois with equipment loading and setup in Hawaii prior to departure.

Project contact:

Michael Behrenfeld

Oregon State University

behrenfm@science.oregonstate.edu

2.08 Ancillary Measurements on CTD Package

ANCILLARY MEASUREMENTS ON THE KA’IMIMOANA CTD PACKAGE

Pete Strutton, Assistant Professor

College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University

104 Ocean Admin Building, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503

Ph: 541 737 2065, Fax: 541 737 2064, strutton@coas.oregonstate.edu

Rationale

The CTD data currently collected by the Ka’imimoana provide and excellent picture of equatorial Pacific physical oceanographic properties. The addition of two optical instruments will provide data on three important biological parameters related to upper ocean productivity and carbon cycling.

Proposed instruments

The instruments, both manufactured by WET Labs, Philomath, OR are (1) a C-Star transmissometer, and (2) an FLNTU combined fluorescence/turbidity sensor.

The C-Star is approximately rectangular in shape, dimensions 3.7 in × 2.5 in × 18.5 in (19.5 in including bulkhead connector), 8 lbs in air, 6 lbs in water, rated to 6000m. The FLNTU is a cylinder, 2.48 in diameter × 5.0 in length (plus bulkhead connector), 0.9 lbs in air, 0.05 lbs in water, rated to 6000m.

The C-Star measures beam attenuation, aka beam-c or Cp, by shining a light source (660nm) through an open path (25cm) to a detector. The amount of light reaching the detector is related to the particle concentration in the water, specifically the concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC). The FLNTU measures two parameters:

(1) chlorophyll fluorescence by shining a light source (470 nm) into the small volume at the end of the cylinder (of the order of a few cubic centimeters) and measuring the emitted red fluorescence (685nm) from phytoplankton chlorophyll.

(2) turbidity or backscatter by shining a light source (660 nm) into the same small volume at the end of the cylinder and measuring the scattered light. This measurement is similar, but complimentary to the C-Star measurement.

These parameters are of interest because they tell us the concentration of phytoplankton (chlorophyll), the concentration of carbon, and something about the nature of the particles present. Some of these measurements are similar to the samples that have been taken by MBARI and others since 1997, but the optical instruments will give us full profiles instead of 8 discrete depths.

CTD requirements

Each instrument will occupy one connector on the SeaBird 911 unit. The C-Star will draw 30 mA and return one channel of analog data (0 to 5 volts), while the FLNTU will draw 80 mA and return 2 channels of analog data (0 to 5 volts), one for fluorescence and another for turbidity (aka backscatter, bb). The sampling frequency of the instruments will likely be 8 Hz (subject to confirmation with SeaBird). Pete Strutton will supply two cables for each instrument (ie one

Rationale

Proposed instruments

CTD requirements

Mounting and interfacing the instruments on the CTD

Care and feeding of the instruments

Instrument calibration

Trouble shooting