Cruise Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cruise Location Map ( Fig.1)................................................................................................. 3
NeMO 98 Scientific Party..................................................................................................... 4
1.0 CRUISE OVERVIEW........................................................................................................ 5
1.0.2 Background........................................................................................................................... 5
1.0.3 New Eruption Site................................................................................................................. 6
1.0.4 Mooring Searches.................................................................................................................. 7
1.0.5 Seafloor Experiments............................................................................................................ 7
1.0.6 Studies of ASHES and other Vents....................................................................................... 7
1.0.7 Other Operations................................................................................................................... 8
1.0.8 Outreach................................................................................................................................ 8
NeMO'98 ROPOS Tracks ( Fig. 2)........................................................................................ 10
SE Caldera SRZ, Vent Names and Locations ( Fig. 3).......................................................... 11
Instruments Placed Summer'98 ( Fig. 4)............................................................................... 12
ASHES Vent Field, Vent Names and Locations ( Fig. 5)...................................................... 13
DISCIPLINE SUMMARIES.............................................................................................. 14
2.0 VOLCANOLOGY............................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Principal Findings................................................................................................................. 14
2.2 Acoustic Extensometers........................................................................................................ 15
3.0 CHEMISTRY...................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Vent Fluid Sampling............................................................................................................. 16
3.1.1 Description of Hot Fluid Sampler......................................................................................... 16
3.1.2 Samples Recovered............................................................................................................... 17
3.1.3 Preliminary Results............................................................................................................... 17
3.2 SUAVE Studies..................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.1 Description of Operations..................................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 SUAVE Summary for Project NeMO (Station List and Preliminary Results)..................... 19
3.3 OsmoSampler and OsmoAnalyzer Operations..................................................................... 20
3.4 Gas Sampling........................................................................................................................ 22
3.5 H2 and CH4 Oxidation........................................................................................................... 22
3.6 Determination of Sulfide, Nitrate and Salinity Concentrations
Without the Use of Reagents................................................................................................. 22
4.0 MICROBIOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Non-Mat Microbial Ecology................................................................................................. 23
4.2 Microbiological Sampling for Molecular Microbial Ecology Analysis............................... 24
4.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.2 Shipboard Processing and Storage of Samples..................................................................... 25
4.2.3 Laboratory Processing and Molecular Biological Analysis.................................................. 25
4.3 Biomineralization/Lava Mats................................................................................................ 26
5.0 MACROBIOLOGY............................................................................................................ 27
5.1 High Temperature Chimney Biology.................................................................................... 27
5.2 Stable Isotope Food Web Analyses....................................................................................... 27
5.3 Biology of Low Temperature Sites....................................................................................... 28
5.3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 28
5.3.2 Colonization.......................................................................................................................... 28
5.3.3 Regional Character................................................................................................................ 28
5.3.4 Local Variation...................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.5 Ridgeia piscesae.................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.6 A Final Comment.................................................................................................................. 29
5.3.7 MacroBiological Sample List from Low Temperature Sites................................................ 29
6.0 HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION...................................................................... 30
7.0 NON-ROPOS OPERATIONS............................................................................................ 31
7.1 CTD Operations.................................................................................................................... 31
7.1.1 NeMO'98 CTD Casts............................................................................................................ 31
7.1.2 NeMO'98 CTD Cast Locations and Stations Table.............................................................. 32
7.2 Rock Sampling...................................................................................................................... 33
7.2.1 Operations............................................................................................................................. 33
7.2.2 Rock Core Sample List......................................................................................................... 33
7.3 SeaBeam 2100 Survey of Brown Bear Seamount................................................................. 35
8.0 NeMO '98 New Millennium Observatory WEB SITE.................................................... 35
9.0 NAVIGATION.................................................................................................................... 36
9.1 Navigation Overview............................................................................................................ 36
9.2 Final Calibrated Transponder Positions................................................................................ 37
9.3 Vents/Markers/Targets Location Table................................................................................ 38
9.4 NeMO Observatory Instruments in Place, September'98 Table........................................... 41
10.0 NeMO'98 OPERATIONS - ROPOS DIVES R460 - R480............................................. 42
10.1 ROPOS Dive Dates and Locations Table............................................................................. 42
10.2 NeMO'98 Markers/Experiments Deployed and Recovered
(also includes ALVIN 3245-3247 deployments).................................................................. 44
10.3 Sample Types (Total and per Dive)...................................................................................... 46
10.4 ROPOS Samples, Dives R460 - R480.................................................................................47
10.5 Dive Map Nomenclature....................................................................................................... 57
10.6 ROPOS Dive Logs, Dives R460 - R480 (Dive Log follows Dive Map)............................. 59
R460 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 58
R461 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 68
R462 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 84
R463 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 89
R464 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 94
R465 Dive Map......................................................................................................................105
R466 Dive Map ..................................................................................................................... 110
R467 Dive Map ..................................................................................................................... 116
R468 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 122
R469 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 126
R470 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 132
R471 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 134
R472 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 138
R473 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 142
R474 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 150
R475 Dive Log (no dive map)............................................................................................... 157
R476 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 158
R477 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 163
R478 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 166
R479 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 172
R480 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 179
GEOLOGY
Bob Embley, Chief Scientist (PMEL)
Bill Chadwick (CIMRS)
Steve Scott (U. Toronto)
Susan Merle (CIMRS)
Julia Getsiv (Vanderbilt U.)
John Chadwick (U. Florida, Gainesville GS*)
Mike Stapp (PMEL)
CHEMISTRY
Dave Butterfield (JISAO-U. Washington)
Gary Massoth (PMEL)
Kevin Roe (JISAO-U. Washington)
Betsy McLaughlin-West (Rutgers U.)
Stacey Maenner (PMEL)
Jim Gendron (PMEL)
Geoff Wheat (U. Alaska)
Elizabeth Guenther (Moss Landing GS*)
Leigh Evans (CIMRS)
MACROBIOLOGY
Verena Tunnicliffe (U. Victoria)
Jean Marcus (U. Victoria GS*)
Maia Tsurumi (U. Victoria GS*)
Kim Juniper (U. Quebec)
Damien Grelon (U. Quebec GS*)
Christian Levesque (U. Quebec GS*)
MICROBIOLOGY
Jon Kaye (U. Washington GS*)
Julie Huber (U. Washington GS*)
Craig Moyer (Western Washington U.)
Karen Pelletreau (Western Washington U.)
EDUCATION
Gene Williamson
ROPOS CREW
Keith Shepherd
Bob Holland
Keith Tamburri
Kim Wallace
Ian Murdock
Mike Dempsey
*GS = Graduate Student
1.0 CRUISE OVERVIEW (R. Embley)
1.0.1 General Overview
This report details the results of the operations that occurred during the NeMO98 cruise on the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown from August 25th to September 20th, 1998. The team of 33 chemists, biologists, geologists, and engineers used the scientific remotely operated vehicle ROPOS (Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Sciences) (Shepherd and Juniper, 1997) to investigate in detail the aftermath of the diking event and its effect on hydrothermal chemistry and on the seafloor and subseafloor biological communities. This was a highly leveraged expedition, with substantial operational support coming from several portions of NOAA (WCNURC, Sea Grant, PMEL VENTS) and from the Canadian National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Twelve principal investigators and eight graduate students from the U.S. and Canada participated in the expedition. Support for the research of the investigators and graduate students came from a variety of sources, including the NOAA Sea Grant Program, the National Science Foundation, NSERC, the NOAA VENTS Program, and MBARI (the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute). More than 200 samples were collected, 40 experiments were deployed (most for a year deployment), and 15 experiments were recovered during the 252 hours (over 21 dives) of bottom time with ROPOS. The extraordinary amount of bottom time (about 100 hours more than an equivalent length submersible dive program) allowed the entire scientific party to participate in a careful exploration of the new eruption site and the other hydrothermal systems on the summit of Axial Volcano.
1.0.2 Background
A major focus of the cruise was the NeMO (New Millennium Observatory) project. The primary goal of NeMO is to investigate the effect of dike intrusions and eruptions on the chemistry and micro- and macrobiology of hydrothermal systems (Haymon et al., 1993; Holden et al., 1998; Tunnicliffe et al., 1997; Butterfield, 1997; Delaney et al., 1998). NeMO was conceived in 1996 as a multiyear effort to perform chemical, biologic, hydrographic (plume), and geologic time series studies of Axial Volcano on the central Juan de Fuca Ridge (Fig. 1) (Johnson and Embley, 1990). Axial was chosen for this study because: (1) its shallow depth and large mass of Axial Volcano implies a long-term frequency and volume of volcanic activity significantly higher than the adjacent mid-ocean ridge [Baker, 1992 #60], and (2) hydroacoustic monitoring using SOSUS (Dziak and Fox, 1997) and an ocean floor pressure gauge (Fox, 1990; Dziak and Fox, 1997) showed that the summit of Axial is the most seismically active site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (Embley et al., 1990), and (3) intensive seafloor surveys by camera and submersible in the 1980s showed extensive evidence for recent volcanism and hydrothermal activity at its summit.
The approach of NeMO is to combine baseline in situ sampling and high resolution mapping with continuous monitoring of the hydrothermal systems over several years with the expectation of several magmatic perturbations occurring within that interval. Extensive seafloor investigations using deep-towed cameras and submersibles took place in the 1980s (CASM, 1985; Johnson and Embley, 1990) and renewed investigations in 1995-97 provided an excellent baseline for the NeMO program. The continuous monitoring aspect of NeMO reached a critical level by 1997, when the instrument suite was expanded to three complementary components: (1) Volcano System monitors (VSMs) to measure vertical crustal motion and seismic tremor, (2) an array of current meter/temperature recorder moorings along the shallowest portion of the south rift zone within the caldera, and (3) deployment of an array of acoustic extensometers (from the R/V Sonne in 1996) capable of recording horizontal strain over a 400-500 meter distance across the north rift zone (Fig. 2). Long-baseline-navigated towed camera surveys and CTD casts and tows from the Sonne (P. Herzig, Chief Scientist) in 1996 and the Brown in 1997 (G. Massoth, Chief Scientist) and several dives with ROPOS in the caldera in 1997 (V. Tunnicliffe, Chief Scientist) provided important baseline data and set the stage for the extensive surveys and sampling planned for NeMO-98.
On January 28, 1998, an intense earthquake swarm lasting 11 days began on the summit of Axial. Migration of the seismicity 50 km southward during the first few days revealed the similarity of the event to Icelandic and Hawaiian diking/eruptive events (Dziak and Fox, 1998). After the first two days, virtually all of the events located either on the southwestern part of the summit or at the extreme end of the southern rift zone. In mid-February, a rapid response cruise on the Wecoma by NSF and NOAA investigators (J. Cowen, Chief Scientist) found enormous increases in the hydrothermal discharge from the summit of Axial (Baker et al., 1998). In July, 1998, Alvin made four dives into the caldera during a combined NSF and NOAA effort (J. Cowen, Chief Scientist), confirming an area of new hydrothermal activity within a zone of young lavas in the SE part of the caldera. The Brown completed an extensive plume survey in early August and recovered one VSM (Volcano System Monitor) and two of the three temperature sensor moorings deployed in 1997. Temperature data from two of the water column moorings (Fig. 3) recovered by the Brown showed a large heat pulse coincident with the onset of the earthquake swarm and a pressure gauge on the VSM recovered from the center of the caldera showed a 3 meter subsidence of the seafloor (Fox, 1998). The high probability of a summit eruption indicated from these data set the stage for NeMO-98.
1.0.3 New Eruption Site
Much of the bottom time was used to investigate the eruptive site of a new lava flow in the southeast portion of the caldera which erupted along a fissure system at least 3 km long (Figs. 2 and 3). We had an excellent, state-of-the-art set of tools on ROPOS to accomplish this. These included: (1) an in situ chemical scanner (SUAVE) which measured Fe, H2S, Mn, light scattering, and temperature, (2) a suction device primarily used for taking up to 8 samples of unconsolidated material such as microbial mats, meiofauna, and vent animals, (3) a new vent fluid sampler capable of taking as many as 18 water and particle samples for chemical and microbiological analyses, (4) a pencil beam scanning sonar for detailed mapping, and (5) a 3 chip RGB pan/tilt/zoom video system.
A large percentage of the surface of the lava flow was coated with a brown to tan microbial mat which masked the glassy surface of the new flow and caused some initial uncertainty about the age of the lava. The very recent age of this lava was eventually verified by the partial burial of a seafloor instrument (see below) and a line from a navigation transponder mooring that had been deployed in the summer of 1997. The eruption was in the form of a drained-out sheet flow, in contrast to the (primarily) pillow lava erupted during previously monitored NE Pacific eruptions. Sheet flow morphology is thought to be caused by a higher effusion rate, which is consistent with the enhanced magma supply at Axial. High resolution surveys with the downward-scanning sonar revealed that the source of the eruption was an en echelon series of north-south collapse depressions characterized by lava spires and floored by sheet flow. Camera tows and submersible dives in the 1980s and 1990s found numerous vent communities over several kilometers on the southeast part of the caldera where the south rift zone begins near the eastern wall of the caldera. The ROPOS dives showed dramatic changes in the hydrothermal systems on the southeast part of the caldera, most notably the partial burial of the pre-existing vent communities. The eastern part of the lava flow had numerous sites of diffuse venting with extensive white bacterial mats colonized by small polychaete worms and snails (Fig. 3). These sites were devoid of tubeworms except near the eastern edge, where colonization had begun to occur, probably from surviving communities east of the lava flow contact. At one location, dead tubeworms and clams were found partially buried by the lava flow. Farther south, older vent communities still survived just beyond the limit of the new eruption. In one place an older lava drainout area had been penetrated by the new lava. Here, old tube worm communities barely survived on top of lava spires or were dying or dead after the spires had been toppled, possibly by the impinging lava flow and associated seismic activity.
Accompanying the eruption was an intense microbial bloom that was still ongoing in August/September, seven months following the event. A dramatic manifestation of the bloom was the production of large
amounts of white floc, which filled shallow cavities in the lava flow and flowed out in large amounts when the seafloor was disturbed.
1.0.4 Mooring Searches
ROPOS recovered five "prototype extensometer" (PE) instruments (Chadwick et al., 1995), via an elevator mooring. The PE instruments had been recording acoustic range data since they were deployed across Axial's north rift zone in June 1996, at a site about 4 km north of Axial caldera (Figs. 2 and 4). These data (which are still being analyzed) will show any horizontal strain along the north rift zone caused by the dike injection to the south. During the last ROPOS dive of the NeMO98 cruise four PE instruments (the fifth instrument had not worked) were redeployed near the same location across Axial's north rift zone for another year of continuous strain monitoring. Arrays of these instruments are planned for both north and south rift zones over the next several years.
Another role for ROPOS was a search for two seafloor instruments deployed in 1997 that could not be recovered during a previous attempt by the Brown in early August. A current meter/temperature monitor mooring had not responded to acoustic commands and one of the VSMs ("Rumbleometers") confirmed a release from the deployment weight but subsequent ranging indicated that it remained on the seafloor. ROPOS located this VSM by acoustic ranging (Dive R461) and a careful survey of it revealed that it was apparently overcome by flowing lava which had prevented the package from floating free of its deployment weight (Fig. 3). Subsequent attempts to pry it loose with the ROPOS manipulator (Dive R461) and pull it free with a line attached to the cage (Dives R474 and R477) were unsuccessful. An extensive search for the missing water column mooring on R460 and R461 failed to locate it. A bottom search with ROPOS at the deployment location of the mooring base (R477) revealed that new lava covered the site, so it seems likely that the mooring base was overrun by the lava flow, possibly resulting in the release of the mooring.
1.0.5 Seafloor Experiments
ROPOS deployed short-term and long-term experiments (Fig. 4). Several types of experiments were deployed for a year duration at the eruption site. These include: (1) two osmotic fluid samplers, (2) a time-lapse camera, (3) five temperature probes, and (4) several microbial mat collectors. The camera, one of the osmotic samplers, a temperature probe, and several microbial collectors were placed at the Marker 33 site, at which the highest flow rate was observed and the highest temperatures recorded. A short-term osmotic sampler was deployed and recovered from the same site as the long-term experiments. These experiments complement additional NOAA instrumentation emplaced before and after the ROPOS cruise. A replacement VSM was deployed at the eruption site in early August from the Brown. Following the ROPOS cruise, nine water-column moorings were deployed in and around the caldera from the Brown. These moorings include temperature sensors, optical sensors, and current meters to monitor the hydrothermal plume discharge for the next year. Finally, data from a year-long array of ocean bottom seismometers (beginning in July, 1998) at the summit of Axial by Scripps scientists in July 1998 (R. Sohn, S. Webb, and W. Crawford) should provide very valuable correlations between subsurface activity and effects on the hydrothermal system as recorded on the mooring and the in situ experiments.
1.0.6 Studies of ASHES and other Vents
The ASHES high temperature vent field in the SW portion of the caldera (Butterfield et al., 1990)(Figs. 2 and 5) was also extensively surveyed and sampled by ROPOS. It is not yet clear whether the 1998 diking event induced significant changes at ASHES vent field, but detailed analyses of the chemical samples will reveal any major changes induced since the last sampling effort in 1995. Several temperature probes deployed at both diffuse flow and high-temperature sites were left and will be recovered in the summer of 1999. A short-term osmotic water sampler was deployed and later recovered from a high-temperature site and several microbial mat collectors were left in place until 1999.
ASHES was also the focus of detailed studies of the macrofaunal communities. Intensive studies of the ecology of the tubeworm and polychaete communities at this site used a combination of video observations, chemical scanning, and sampling to better understand the relationships between chemistry, temperature, and biology. ASHES has been the focus of more than a decade of studies of the macrofaunal communities and continues to be an important study site for hydrothermal ecology.
Other long-term venting sites in and near the caldera visited and sampled by ROPOS included the CASM site (CASM, 1995) located at the northernmost end of the caldera near the intersection of the caldera wall and a small diffuse vent about 5 km north of the caldera along the north rift zone. The chemical and biological samples taken during these dives will establish a firm baseline for future magmatic perturbations occurring on the north rift zone.
1.0.7 Other Operations
Between dive operations included rock coring and CTD operations. These operations provided valuable additional data about Axial Volcano and used the valuable shiptime with maximum efficiency. The rock coring program concentrated on the South Rift Zone. Very few previous basalt samples had been collected from this site, and extensive analyses of these samples will help put the chemistry of the 1998 eruption into better regional context. The CTD program represented a continuation of the post-eruption plume time series begun in February.
1.0.8 Outreach
A web site (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/eoi/nemo_cruise98/) was updated (A. Bobbitt) on a daily basis with transmissions of still images, an occasional video clip, and descriptions of the latest results. A secondary school science educator (G. Williamson) provided material to a complementary shore-based educator (Mike Goodrich), who then gave daily public lectures on the seagoing activity at the Hatfield Marine Science Center Public Wing and publicized the web site to the educational community. This program will continue in 1999 with Sea Grant funding (V. Osis and W. Handshumaker).
References
Baker, E. T., J. Cowen, S. Walker, and D. Tennant, The 1998 volcanic eruption at Axial Volcano: Hydrothermal plume monitoring from
moored instruments and shipborne response cruises, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. (Fall Mtg. Suppl.), 79, F922, 1998.
Butterfield, D. A., G. J. Massoth, R. E. McDuff, J. E. Lupton, and M. D. Lilley, The chemistry of phase-separated hydrothermal fluids from ASHES Vent Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12,895-12,921, 1990.
Butterfield, D., I.R. Jonasson, G.J. Massoth, R.A. Feely, K.K. Roe, R.W. Embley, J.F. Holden, R.E. McDuff, M.D. Lilley, and J.R. Delaney,
Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lon. A, 355, 369-386, 1997.
CASM (Canadian American Seamount Expedition), Hydrothermal vents on an axial seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Nature, 313, 212-214, 1985
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., H. B. Milburn, and R. W. Embley, Acoustic extensometer: Measuring mid-ocean spreading, Sea Technol., 36, 33-38, 1995.
Delaney, J.R., D.S. Kelley, M.D. Lilley, D.A. Butterfield, J.A. Baross, W.S.D. Wilcock, R.W. Embley, and M. Summit, The quantum event of crustal accretion: Impacts of diking at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Science, 281, 222-230, 1998.
Dziak, R. P., and Fox, G. G., Long-term seismicity and ground deformation at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge,
Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., 78, F641, 1997.
Dziak, R. P., and C. G. Fox, Hydroacoustic detection of submarine volcanic activity at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, January 1998, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. (Fall Mtg. Suppl.),79, F922, 1998.
Embley, R.W., and J. W. W. Chadwick, Volcanic and hydrothermal processes on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4741-4760, 1994.
Fox, C. G., Evidence of active ground deformation on the Mid-ocean Ridge: Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12813-12823, 1990.
Fox, C. G., In situ deformation measurements from the summit of Axial Volcano during the 1998 volcanic episode, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. (Fall Mtg. Suppl.),79, F921, 1998.
Haymon, R.M., D.J. Fornari, K.L. Von Damm, M.D. Lilley, M.R. Perfit, J.M. Edmond, W.C. Shanks III, R.A. Lutz, J.M. Grebmeier, S. Carbotte, D. Wright, E. McLaughlin, M. Smith, N. Beedle, and E. Olson, Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 945-52'N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption eventin April, 1991, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 119, 85-101, 1993.
Holden, J.F., M. Summit, and J.A. Baross, Thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms in 3-30° C hydrothermal fluids following a
deep-sea volcanic eruption, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 25, 33-41, 1998.
Johnson, H.P., and R.W. Embley, Axial Seamount - An active ridge-axis volcano on the central Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12,689-12,696, 1990.
Shepherd, K., and S. K. Juniper, ROPOS, creating a scientific tool from an industrial ROV, Mar. Tech. Soc. J., 31, 48-54, 1997.
Tunnicliffe, V., R.W. Embley, J.F. Holden, D.A. Butterfield, G.J. Massoth, and S.K. Juniper, Biological Colonization of New Hydrothermal Vents Following an Eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge, Deep-Sea Res., 1997.
DISCIPLINE SUMMARIES
2.0 VOLCANOLOGY
2.1 Principal Findings (Bill Chadwick, Bob Embley)
One of the principle findings of the NeMO98 expedition is that the January 1998 earthquake swarm resulted in the eruption of new lavas along the upper south rift zone of Axial volcano. We know that new lava was erupted from the rift zone in at least two locations, 1) the upper most south rift zone between 4555.3' and 4557.2' (129 59.0'), on the SE edge of the caldera where many 1998 ROPOS dives took place, and 2) at a location where a prominent SeaBeam anomaly was found at 4552.0'/130 00.0', about 4 miles south of the caldera where one ROPOS dive was made. It should be emphasized that while we mapped the eastern and western lava contacts in both areas, we never defined the northern or southern limits of the new lava flows in either of these areas. Therefore, the full extent of the 1998 eruption is not yet known, and it is entirely possible that new lava was erupted continuously between the northern and southern study areas. For example, a second, smaller SeaBeam anomaly was found between 4554.5' to 4555.0'. This area was not visited by ROPOS during this cruise, but observations from Alvin dive 3247 in July 1998 suggest that new lava in the northern study area extends at least as far south as 4554.8'.
In the northern study area, it took a while for us to be convinced that new lava had indeed erupted, because in many areas it is covered by a tan/orange deposit of bacterial mat and does not look as fresh and pristine as we have observed at other recent eruption sites. However, by the end of the NeMO98 cruise the cumulative evidence for recent eruption was unequivocal. This evidence includes, 1) the mapping of new/old lava contacts and collapse features in the interior of the new flow in a geologically meaningful pattern from both bottom traverses and Imagenex sonar mapping, 2) a transponder mooring line that was deployed in 1996-97 found to be overrun by new lava along one of the new/old lava contacts, 3) the consistent absence of macrofauna on the new lavas except in new hydrothermal vent areas (contrasted with abundant sponges and other sessile animals on most of the surrounding older lavas), 4) the complete absence of "missing" tubeworm communities that had been photographed by camera tows in 1996 and visited by ROPOS in 1997 and were apparently buried by new lava, 5) the consistent distribution of new hydrothermal vent sites near the center of the new lava flow, and 6) the consistent (and virtually exclusive) association of the tan/orange bacterial mat coatings within the new lavas.
The new lava flow in the northern study area is narrow (300-600 m) and long (at least 3.5 km, but probably more than 4.5 km), and appears to be up to ~5 m thick. It was apparently erupted from a fissure on the rift zone, probably along the entire length of the flow. The lava flow is primarily a lobate sheet flow with extensive areas of roof collapse along its center, where it was thickest before drainout. In the floor of collapse areas are ropy, lineated, and jumbled sheet flows, and many areas with lava pillars up to 4 m in height. Near the margins where the flow is thin it has either lobate morphology or pillows. In places, the new lavas invade and fill in collapse areas in older lavas. The distribution of the tan/orange bacterial mat is variable, but generally it is thinnest near the flow margins and thickest near the center of the flow. The mat distribution is probably related to the way in which heat was dissipated from the new sheet flow as it cooled. The lava flow was hard on instrumentation that had been deployed in the area last summer - it surrounded and partially buried a NOAA/PMEL rumbleometer instrument and apparently buried or caused the premature release of a NOAA/PMEL current meter mooring.
High-resolution bathymetric maps made from data collected during surveys with an Imagenex scanning-sonar over the area show the distribution of collapsed and uncollapsed areas on the new flow, the topographic barriers in surrounding older terrain that limited its lateral extent, and the structural context of vent sites and sample locations. The Imagenex maps show about an order of magnitude higher resolution than hull-mounted multibeam bathymetry and reveal features on the seafloor that would be otherwise impossible to visualize. They will be extraordinarily useful for characterizing the eruption and the distribution of lava types, as well as for assessing the structural interaction between the south rift zone and Axial's eastern caldera wall. Imagenex surveys were also made on the north rift zone of Axial (where the extensometer instruments were recovered) and at ASHES vent field.
Our one ROPOS dive in the southern study area (dive 465) showed that the boundaries of the new lava flow there agreed almost exactly with the edge of the SeaBeam anomaly, which is about 1 mile E-W and 0.5 mile N-S, and is at least 27 m thick. The new flow was clearly erupted along the rift zone and flowed downslope to the east where it increased in thickness. This southern lava flow is primarily formed of pillow lavas, but also has lobate and jumbled sheet morphologies and localized areas of collapse and channelized flow. No active venting was observed on this lava flow, although there was extensive evidence that it had occurred previously.
The volume of lava erupted at Axial in 1998 is definitely larger than that erupted at either the 1993 CoAxial or 1996 Gorda eruptions, judging from the areas we have already mapped. However, we cannot put an upper bound on the eruptive volume until the area between 4552' and 4555' is mapped and the full extent of new lavas is determined.
2.2 Acoustic Extensometers (Bill Chadwick, Bob Embley, Mike Stapp)
The acoustic extensometer instruments were developed by NOAA/PMEL's engineering division with funding from NOAA/NURP and the VENTS Program. They are designed to measure and quantify seafloor spreading events. They do this by acoustically measuring the distance between pairs of instruments very precisely (~1 cm) over a short baseline (100-200 m between instruments). The instruments are deployed in a linear array to span larger distances (up to 1 km). They have enough power and memory to make daily measurements for about a year and a half.
On June 20, 1996 we deployed 5 extensometer instruments on the north rift zone of Axial at about 4601.2'N latitude from the SONNE. We had intended to deploy them with ROPOS that year, but due to the unavailability of the ROPOS winch at the last minute, we were forced to simply drop them from the surface and hope for the best (that they would land in such a way that they would have the required acoustic line-of-sight between them). We had also hoped to recover them in July 1997 from the TULLY, but this was the first shake-down cruise for the new ROPOS and there was not enough dive time available. However, this means they were still deployed when the earthquake swarm occurred on Axial in January 1998, giving us the opportunity to see if the north rift zone was involved in the 1998 eruption.
The five extensometer instruments were recovered by ROPOS and the elevator mooring (equipped with 5 large black plastic tubes) on September 5, 1998, on ROPOS dive 467. By luck, ROPOS landed right on top of instrument #2, after a short test above the bottom with the digital camera. All five instruments were in the elevator with 3.5 hours (surprisingly fast). The instruments had all landed within 9 to 39 m of their drop positions. An Imagenex survey was made of the area where the instruments were located to aid in finding the best sites for their re-deployment and to study the structure of the north rift zone.
Four of the five extensometers recorded data. Instrument #4 would not respond after recovery, and its data could not be retrieved. Of the 4 remaining, one ended up in a hole (#1) and could not see the others for ranging (this is why ROV deployment is so important!). The remaining 3 ranged to each other for about 20 months (until ~March 2, 1998), and luckily spanned the axis of the north rift zone. Of the two range legs between the 3 instruments, one range leg (#5<->#3) spanned the north rift zone and was 300 m in length (the dead instrument was in the middle there) and the other range leg (#3<->#2) was 100 m in length and east of the rift axis.
The good news is that most of the instruments worked. We obtained a good Imagenex sonar survey of the site, and an excellent ROV deployment of the instruments. They will provide an exceptional monitoring baseline for the next year. We deployed the 4 working instruments back on the north rift in about the same location. Future plans call for extensometer arrays on both the north and south rift zones with new instruments that can remain on the bottom for 5 years with annual data retrieval by acoustic modem.
3.0 CHEMISTRY
3.1 Vent Fluid Sampling (Dave Butterfield)
One of the goals of the NeMO 98 Cruise was to understand the connections between microbiology, geology, and chemistry. Specifically, we wanted to address whether fluid chemistry is a controlling factor in the abundance and type of microbes present in hydrothermal vents. This fits in nicely with the studies of vent fauna and how they relate to fluid chemistry. This part of the project requires collecting coordinated samples for fluid chemistry and microbiology, and for that purpose, we constructed the Hot Fluid Sampler (HFS).
3.1.1 Description of the Hot Fluid Sampler
HFS was designed to collect fluid and particle samples from vents with a wide range of temperature and flow rate. The system consists of a titanium intake nozzle with 1mm slits to exclude large particles and a platinum resistance thermometer in a titanium sheath with the sensing tip located about 1 cm above the inlet slits. Hydrothermal fluids are pulled through the intake nozzle, past the temperature sensor, through a ball joint, into a 0.5 inch diameter PEEK plastic tube (~1.5 m long). This flexible tube connects to a 0.5 inch titanium tube (~1.3 m long), which in turn connects to 0.5 inch teflon tubing. A second temperature sensor is located at the junction of the titanium and teflon tubing, in order to assure that the temperature of the fluids has cooled to below 100°C prior to being pulled into the various samplers or passing through the flushing pump. The flushing pump pulls the sample from the intake nozzle past the samplers, and operates at adjustable rates from 1 to 5 liters per minute. The sample pathway is made entirely of titanium, PEEK, and teflon. There are nine teflon cross fittings along the fluid path, allowing a maximum of 18 individual samples to be taken per deployment. By maintaining a constant and smooth inner diameter through the fluid pathway, the system promotes easy flushing of any entrained particles and provides minimal dead spots for particles to accumulate. To protect the flushing pump, we are limited to relatively "clean" samples, i.e. we can't use the fluid sampler as a suction sampler.
A separate sample pump (100 to 250 ml/min) pulls the fluid into the sampler selected by a 25-port valve. The sample pump pulls the backfill water out of the samplers to draw the fluid in, and does not contact the sample fluid, except in the case of the filter samples for particle collection, when filtered water is pulled through the sample pump. In addition to the dive sample number assigned to every ROPOS sample, we assign a water sample number which is the dive number followed by the type of sample (P for piston, B for bag, F for filter) and the valve position number. Pistons are numbered 8-13, with 8 and 9 used for gas sampling. Bag samples are numbered 2-7 and 23 and 24. Filters occupy positions 16-18.
The sampler uses 4 wires: ground, +26-35V DC, and RS232 transmit and receive. The software used to control the sampler runs on a PC under a DOS window. When data logging is on, we record (once per second) temperature, valve position, pump status (on/off), and volume pumped. By tracking the intake temperature of the sample throughout sampling, we get an average temperature for the water sampled, so we can calculate element/heat ratios.
Part of the philosophy of this sampler was to collect a large number of fluid and particle samples on a single dive dedicated primarily to fluid sampling, alternating with dives serving other purposes. Because the sampler is so large, few other operations are possible when the sampler is in use. The sampler is best utilized when there are a number of known targets to sample, or when replicate sampling of a few sites is desirable.
HFS takes 3 types of samples. There are 6 PVC piston samplers, 4 with teflon check valves for general water chemistry, and 2 with steel check valves with o-ring face seals for gas sampling. The piston samplers can hold up to 800 ml of sample when full. For gas sampling, we take only 150-200 ml so as not to exceed the capacity of the gas extraction line. There are 8 bag samplers, each with a teflon check valve. We have the option of placing filters in front of the bag samplers to remove particles. Our standard configuration took six filtered samples, with the filters going to Feely's group at PMEL for XRF and SEM analysis. The bags themselves are either Tedlar or laminated, high-density polyethylene-lined, and both types are reasonably impermeable to gases. Finally, we use a variety of filters with no fluid collection to trap particles. On this trip we used 3 micron GFF followed by 0.2 micron Sterivex cartridge filters for microbiological work (DNA analysis).
3.1.2 Samples recovered
The fluid sampler was deployed on 4 dives: 468 (shortened by mechanical problem with the 7-function arm), 469, 473, and 479. During these dives, we collected 42 fluid samples. We sampled focused, hot fluids from Virgin Mound, Crack, Mushroom, Inferno, and Hell vents, and diffuse vent fluids distributed throughout the ASHES vent field. We took one sample (20°C) at Tombstone vent located about 500 meters south of the ASHES field. On dive 473, we sampled a wide variety of fluids associated with the new lava flow in the SE corner of the caldera. These samples included the "milky" fluids venting along a line in the northern part (Milky, Easy, Magnesia vents), floc-producing vents (Snowblower near The Pit), clear fluids venting through holes in the roof of drain-back areas (Roof vent), hotter clear-venting fluids (marker 33), and a smoky vent (Cloud). We sampled two of the 3 sites sampled during the July Alvin dives (marker 33 and marker 108). We also found and sampled a hot vent (275°C) near the eastern contact of the new flow. Between the HFS samples, additional water samples collected with the suction sampler and ROV-mounted Niskins, and chemical data from SUAVE scans, we have excellent spatial distribution for vent fluid chemistry. Our assessment of what is actually venting from the recent eruption area at Axial is more comprehensive than the 1993 sampling after the CoAxial eruption.
3.1.3 Preliminary results
Our shipboard analyses included hydrogen sulfide, silica, pH, alkalinity, ammonia, and refractive index for salinity. We found that Virgin Mound still has a very low salinity, and that the salinity at Hell and Inferno has decreased significantly since 1995. This is the first time we have found all the high-temperature fluids to be less than seawater salinity at ASHES. Maximum temperatures measured with the fluid sampler were 297 at Hell, 261 at Virgin, 256 at Inferno, and 179 at Mushroom. (There may be higher temperature fluids venting from other orifices that we did not measure. We did not measure what was the hottest orifice on Inferno, because there was a HOBO temperature probe left in it.)
Many of the samples we collected were very gas-rich. The HFS sample containers hold the gas quite well, so we recovered much more sample than we typically get with the major samplers, which are designed to leak. Castle vent was charged with CO2, with over 5 mM H2S, and low salinity. The present venting at Castle is limited to a small anhydrite chimney near the base of what appears to be a decaying sulfide structure. This gives the impression that the venting at Castle has been rekindled by the recent eruptive activity.
We see a wide range of H2S/heat or H2S/Si ratios in the collected vent fluids. This range is a potential indicator of both differences in the reaction zone temperature and sulfide-consuming reactions in the sub-seafloor. Further study of the vent fluid and particulate chemistry combined with the microbiological results should clarify what processes are involved, and how they relate to the eruptive activity.
Although we saw significant thermal and particle plumes over some distance south of the ASHES field, our one dive there did not turn up much venting. We saw only one large patch of venting with tube worms, anemones, crabs, and other biota, and took one sample there. The sample has a moderate H2S/heat ratio. Because of the length of the transect (over a kilometer) we could not do a thorough search. Overall, we obtained an excellent set of samples that should allow us to learn how the free-living microbes and the mats relate to the vent fluid chemistry.
3.2 SUAVE Studies (Gary Massoth)
3.2.1 Description of Operations
The Submersible System Used to Assess Vented Emissions (SUAVE) was conceived from the need for a better tool to probe the submarine hydrothermal environment. Chemical oceanographers within the NOAA Vents Program require information about the concentration, distribution, and inventory (flux) of key chemical species in seafloor effluents and hydrothermal plumes that has a much higher spatial resolution than that typically afforded by conventional "n-limited" discrete sampling procedures. In situ chemical analyzers or "scanners" of the type first described by Ken Johnson and associates (Johnson et al., 1986) are an ideal solution to this need. By matching high-resolution chemical data provided by scanner technology with continuously-sensed physical property information, unprecedented insights about processes occurring in the submarine hydrothermal environment are in the offering. Similarly, by coordinating in situ chemical measurements with observations of vent field macro- and micro-biology, the effects of chemistry on hydrothermal biota, and vice versa, can be rigorously evaluated (Sarrazin et al., submitted). Finally, chemical analyzer data collectable over the "operational-day" time scale, both on the seafloor and within hydrothermal plumes, provides both the spatial and temporal resolution necessary to discriminate ephemeral processes critical to understanding the evolution of seafloor hydrothermal systems. These attributes plus the species/concentration-range adaptability, multiple-platform compatibility, reduced opportunity for sample contamination, and "quicktime" feedback inherent to chemical analyzers provided extreme incentive to develop a SUAVE capability within the Vents Program.
SUAVE is an integrated instrument system consisting of an evolved chemical analyzer patterned after the original in situ chemical analyzer, the "scanner"(Johnson et al., 1986), and an array of physical property sensors (temperature, conductivity, pressure, light scattering and/or attenuation). Co-funded by the NOAA NURP and Vents Programs, design and fabrication were initiated in 1991, incorporating modifications suggested by Ken Johnson and Kenneth Coale of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, based on their experience with the "scanner." Schematic block diagrams of SUAVE electronics and chemical components are shown in Figure 1. The SUAVE chemical analyzer is based on principals of flow analysis and colorimetric detection. For NeMO 98 SUAVE was configured to measure H2S (simultaneously by two methods: nitroprusside over the range ~50 to 2000 æmol/L and molybdenum blue over the range ~1 to 200 æmol/L), Mn(II) and Fe(II+III) dissolved in vent fluids. Sensors data was recorded for temperature (0 to 120øC), pressure (depth), conductivity (salinity), and light scattering. All data channels logged readings each 5 seconds during deployment.
During NeMO 98 SUAVE was deployed on ROPOS-II during 10 of the 21 dives conducted. SUAVE was engaged in thermochemical surveys of seafloor venting for over 67 hours during which 55 scans (extended measurements for over 5 minutes at a single point in space: 30 along the East Rift eruption mound, 22 at ASHES vent field, 2 at CASM and 1 at the 91 vent field on the North Rift Zone of Axial Volcano) were made. The SUAVE measurements will be used to determine the spatial variability in concentration of the various measured chemical species and their ratios to heat for comparison to historical data. The SUAVE data set will be extended both spatially and elementally by merging with vent fluid data collected by Butterfield. Evidence for selective regional exhalation of H2S, a product of magmatic degassing and dike cooling and also a primary microbial nutrient, will be sought to guide studies of temporal variability of hydrothermal effluents. Identification of signature' ratio values indicative of the recent lava intrusion/eruption at Axial Volcano will be characterized. SUAVE H2S data will be merged with micro- and macro-biological data collected by Juniper, Tunnicliffe, and Moyer to help define thermochemical niche values for various biological communities.
References:
Johnson, K. S., C. L. Beehler, and C. M. Sakamoto-Arnold (1986). A submersible flow analysis system, Anal. Chim. Acta, 179:245-257.
Sarrazin, J., K. Juniper, G. Massoth, and Legendre (submitted). Physical and chemical factors controlling hydrothermal species distributions on two sulfide edifices of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Northeast Pacific, Deep-Sea Res.
Tunnicliffe, V., R.W. Embley, J.F. Holden, D.A Butterfield, G.J. Massoth and S.K. Juniper (1997). Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge, Deep-Sea Res. 44(9/10):1627-1644.
3.2.2 SUAVE Summary for Project NeMO (Station list and preliminary results)
Site Tmax Tave H2S Mn Fe H2S/Q Mn/Q Fe/Q
°C °C M M M nM/J nM/J nM/J
SE Caldera
ROPAX 97@ huge worm field 6.4 6.4 82 ? BDL 4.8 - -
R460-1 bacteria floc by Milky Vent 2.9 6 BDL (45) 3.7 - (37)
R460-2 MKR N2@ Milky Vent 8.0 8.0 175 40 90 7.9 1.8 1.1
R460-3 MKR N3@ hole in basalt 13 11.5 200 40 40 5.5 1.1 1.1
R460-5 MKR N1@ Pit Vent 13.7 13 180 50 15 3.3 0.9 0.3
R461-1 @ MKR 33 bacteria mat, crack 15 8 470 2 47 9.3 0.04 0.9
R461-2 @ MKR 33 over white mat 11 15 5 2 0.4 0.2 0.1
R461-3 @ MKR 33 over hole in above mat~4.5 ~10 BDL BDL ~1.2 - -
R461-6 @ MKR 33 crack with floc flow 37 26 1000 18 40 7.2 0.1 0.3
R461-7 @ MKR 33 mat @ Bag Creature 17 700 2 5 12.0 0.1 0.1
4R61-8 @ MKR 33 Bag Creature 2.8 75 BDL BDL 62 - -
R461-9 @ MKR 33 Baby Bag Creature 3.1 40 BDL BDL 16.5 - -
R461-10 @ MKR N6 Cloud Vent 27 750 5.5 62 7.6 0.1 0.6
R461-11 @ MKR N4 Cloud Vent 24 750 2 55 8.7 0.1 0.6
R461-12 @ MKR 108 8.1 6.0 230 45 25 10.0 2.0 1.1
R461-13 @ MKR 113 flow @ top of pillar 10 237 BDL 7 7.7 - 0.2
R461-14 @ MKR 113@ Vemco probe tip 10.5 307 BDL 8 8.0 - 0.2
R461-17 @ MKR 113@ bacteria trap 23.5 20 500 -BDL 9 13.0 - 0.2
R461-19 @ MKR 113base of tall tubes 5.7 45 -BDL 8 4.5 - 0.1
R461-21 @ Cirque Vent and hole in 6.5 6.5 87 3.0 57 6.2 0.2 3.5
basalt with Fe floc cover
R461-22 @ Castle Vent@ base of 90 60 1400 18 71 6.1 0.1 0.3
Hi-T vent
R461-23 @ Castle Ventprobe in 5.3 5.0 132 BDL BDL 13.0 - -
tubes @ base
R461-24 @ Castle Vent and MKR N5, 21 19 200 6 19 3.0 0.1 0.3
@ healthy tube worms
R478-1 @ MKR 33 17
R478-2 MKR 33 Near OSMO Sampler 42.2
and MTR
R478-4 20 m SW of MKR 33 13.0
at crack venting floc
R478-5 ~5 m NW of CLOUD VENT 18.7
R478-? Scan 5 at Nascent Vent 23.5
R-478-? Scan 6 at MKR N41 22.7
R478-? Scan 7 on old flow just N of N41 9.5
R478-? Scan 8 on old flow and 16.3 16.1
within big tube worms
ASHES Vent Field
ROPAX 97@ Hat Vent 30.5 90 21 15.5 0.8 0.2 0.1
ROPAX 97@ Phoenix 4.9 93 4 12.5 9.9 .4 1.3
ROPAX 97@ Phoenix 19.5 320 4.8
ROPAX 97@ Phoenix 37.2 150 1.1
ROPAX 97@ Crack Vent 61.6 725 13 55 3.1 0.1 0.2
ROPAX 97@ Wall 80 m W 19.5 4 11.5 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.001
R466-20 @ Inferno near palm worms 5.5 4.0 45 10 45 7.4 1.6 7.5
R466-23 @ Hell front edge pork chop 16 12 1690 70 90 2.8 1.8 2.3
R466-24 @ Hell back of pork chop 19 17 420 60 87 7.3 1.0 1.5
R466-25 @ Hell center of chop 19 17 420 45 85 7.3 0.8 1.5
R466-26 @ Hell tip of chop 19.5 18 650 75 90 10.4 1.2 1.4
R466-5 @ Hillock@ bacteria traps, tubes 15.9 120 7.5 5 3.4 0.1 0.1
R466-10 @ Hillock@ Phoenix I, base 20 16 290 22 68 5.3 0.4 1.3
R466-11 @ Hillock@ Phoenix I, higher 15 11 1170 38 75 34 2.2 2.6
R466-12 @ Hillock@ Phoenix I, higher 6 4 360 15 62 59 2.5 10
R466-13 @ Hillock@ Phoenix II 8 4.5 360 17 67 45 2.1 8
R466-14 @ Hillock@ Phoenix II 4.2 3.0 54 1 8 27 0.5 4.0
R466-15 @ Hillock@ Phoenix II 6.1 4.0 67 4 17 11 0.7 2.8
R466-16 @ Hillock@ Phoenix III 80 65 380 25 70 1.5 0.1 0.3
R466-17 @ Hillock@ Phoenix III 24 22 27 BDL 10 0.3 - 0.1
R466-18 @ Hillock@ Phoenix III 3 2.8 81 3 17 67 2.5 14
R466-6 @ ROPOS@ bacteria trap site 29 24 305 40 80 3.4 0.4 0.8
468 Scan #1 early@ Crack Vent 77 70 1260 45 5 4.6 0.16 0.02
468 Scan #1 late@ Crack Vent >125 105 2120 <0 9 5.1 - 0.02
R466-7 @ Hair-doo at top of worms 14 12.5 125 12.5 8 3.1 0.3 0.2
R466-8 @ Hair-doo where worm 14.8 13.5 180 15 10 4.1 0.3 0.2
roots were
CASM
R480-1 @ T&S Vent base diffuse flow 41.9 37 232 73 >91 1.7 0.5 >.7
R480-5 @ T&S Vent top in lush tube 20.3 16 177 40.5 86 3.3 0.8 1.6
worm community
91 Vent (N. Rift) 4.5 4 124 5 2 14 0.8 0.3
in most intense flow near worms, clams
Through R481:
10 SUAVE Dives
55 SUAVE Scans
67 h of bottom time
3.3 OsmoSampler and OsmoAnalyzer Operations (Geoff Wheat)
Changes in the chemical composition of hydrothermal effluent after a tectonic-volcanic event have been documented (e.g., Baker et al., 1987, 1998; Butterfield and Massoth, 1994; Von Damm et al, 1995; Massoth et al., 1995; Massoth et al., in press; Wheat et al., to be submitted) and a conceptual model has been developed that theorizes the chemical evolution of venting fluids (Butterfield et al., 1997). However, the timing of these changes is uncertain. To date observations of temporal variability in the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids has relied on repeated submersible operations and the collection of discrete samples. While this technique provides some temporal constraints, a continuous water sampler or analyzer allows one to collect more samples with limited need for costly submersible operations. Our goal for this cruise was to deploy two short-term (two weeks) and two long-term (one year) continuous sampling systems to provide temporal constraints for observing hourly to daily and weekly to monthly chemical cycles in the hydrothermal effluent. Data from these samplers and their comparison to samples collected using traditional discrete sampling techniques will allow us to determine the temporal scale of chemical change in the hydrothermal effluent as the hydrothermal system evolves and may provide constraints for understanding the physical and chemical conditions at depth and the path for fluid circulation.
Two sampling systems were deployed, OsmoSamplers and OsmoAnalyzers. OsmoSamplers are continuous water samplers that use the osmotic pressure that is created across a semi-permeable membrane by solutions of differing salinity (Theeuwes and Yum, 1976; Jannasch et al., submitted). This pressure drives water across the membrane at a speed that is dependent on the surface area of the membrane, type of membrane, salt gradient, and temperature. An excess of salt is maintained on one side of the membrane, thus only temperature affects the flow of water in the sampler. Pumps in an OsmoSampler are used to continuously draw sample through a small bore (0.8 mm id) tubing that is attached to a 40-cm-long T-handle. An additional pump was used to add acid to the sample stream in most of the OsmoSamplers. A 1.5-m-long section of tubing separates the sample intake from the pump to allow the pump to be placed in an area void of hydrothermal influence and thus minimizes temperature (pump rate) fluctuations. A temperature recorder with a resolution of 0.0018°C is attached to the T-handle to monitor the same water that is being collected by the OsmoSampler. Chemical data are obtained by retrieving the sampler, cutting the sample tubing into sections, extracting the seawater, and analyzing the seawater for chemical species of interest. Time-stamps for individual samples are determined assuming a uniform temperature at the pump that translates into a uniform rate of pumping.
OsmoAnalyzers, in contrast to OsmoSamplers, use osmotic pumps to deliver reagents into a sample stream for in situ analysis (Jannasch et al., 1994). These analyzers are very similar to the SAUVE, which is described above. OsmoAnalyzers were designed to measure concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese at 30-minute intervals for up to six months. These analyzers thus compliment data collected by the SUAVE, which can measure concentrations continuously but only for a maximum of about three days.
Two long-term acid-addition OsmoSamplers were deployed. One was deployed at Milky vent and the other at Marker 33. Each sampler was positioned away from visual flow to decrease the potential in temperature fluctuations at the pump. For example, the SAUVE measured a temperature of 3.0°C, relative to a bottom temperature of 2.7°C, at the sampler deployed at Marker 33. At both sites the sample input was positioned into the most vigorous flow. Temperature recorders were attached to these inputs and will provide a yearly record of temperature at 30-minute intervals. We expect that these OsmoSamplers will provide four 0.5-mL samples per week for the length of the deployment.
Two short-term deployments were conducted and both samplers were recovered. One sampler package was deployed at Marker 33. During the two-week deployment measured temperatures varied from about 10° to 50°C. This vent was sampled using two OsmoSamplers and two OsmoAnalyzers. One OsmoSampler consisted of an acid addition pump and a Teflon sample tubing for shore-based chemical analyses of the major and minor ions in seawater and several trace metals. 240 0.5-mL samples were collected. The other OsmoSampler had a copper sample tubing. This sampler provided 48 2.5-mL samples for shore-based analyses of dissolved gases. The two OsmoAnalyzers were designed to measure concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese, respectively. On the basis of initial inspection of these analyzers, the iron analyzer work, but the manganese analyzer did not.
The other short-term sampler package was deployed at Hell vent in the ASHES vent field for two weeks. This high temperature black-smoker vent was leveled before the acid addition sampler was deployed. The sampler had a temperature probe attached to the pump and an additional high-temperature (>100°C) probe was placed in the venting hydrothermal fluid. Both probes recorded temperature every 30 seconds for a maximum of about 30 days, however, the high-temperature probe was not recovered. The probe attached to the sampler recorded temperatures of about 3.6°C for the first week, then recorded temperatures of about 10°C for the second week. A total of 301 0.5-mL, one 1.0 mL, and one 1.5 mL samples were collected. Because sulfides were deposited in and on the sample inlet, it is likely that only a portion of these samples are directly from the vent orifice. Altered seawater likely entered through a weak link about 30 cm from the input.
References:
Baker, E. T., G. J. Massoth, and R. A. Feely. 1987. Cataclysmic hydrothermal venting on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Nature, 329, 149-151.
Baker, E. T., G. J. Massoth, R. A. Feely, G. A. Cannon, and R. E. Thomson. 1998. The rise and fall of the CoAxial hydrothermal site, 1993-1996. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9791-9806.
Butterfield, D.A., and G. J. Massoth. 1994. Geochemistry of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4951-4968.
Butterfield, D. A., I. R. Jonasson, G. J. Massoth, R. A. Feely, K. K. Roe, R. E. Embley, J. F. Holden, R. E. McDuff, M. D. Lilley, and J. R. Delaney. 1997. Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 355, 369-386.
Jannasch, H. W., K. S. Johnson and C. M. Sakamoto. 1994. Submersible, osmotically pumped analyzers for continuous determination of nitrate in situ. Anal. Chem. 66, 3352-3361.
Jannasch, H. W., C. G. Wheat, M. Kastner, and D. Stakes. 1998. Long-term in situ osmotically pumped water samplers. Deep Sea Res., submitted.
Massoth, G. J., E. T. Baker, R. A. Feely, D. A. Butterfield, R. E. Embley, J. E. Lupton, R. E. Thomson, and G. A. Cannon. 1995. Observations of manganese and iron at the CoAxial seafloor eruption site, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 151-154.
Massoth, G. J., E. T. Baker, R. A. Feely, J. E. Lupton, R. W. Collier, J. F. Gendron, K. K. Roe, S. M. Maenner, and J. A. Resing. 1998. Manganese and iron in hydrothermal plumes resulting from the 1996 Gorda Ridge Event. Deep Sea Res., in press.
Theeuwes, F., and S. I. Yum. 1976. Principles of the design and operation of generic osmotic pumps for the delivery of semisolid or liquid drug formulations. Ann. Biomed. Eng., 4, 343-353.
Von Damm, K. L., S. E. Oosting, R. Kozlowski, L. G. Buttermore, D. C. Colodner, H. N. Edmonds, J. M. Edmond, and J. M. Grebmeier. 1995. Evolution of East Pacific Rise hydrothermal fluids following an oceanic eruption. Nature, 375, 47-50.
Wheat, C. G., H. W. Jannasch, F. J. Sansone, J. N. Plant, and C. L. Moyer. 1998. Hydrothermal Fluids From Loihi Seamount After the 1996 Event: A Year of Change Monitored With a Continuous Water Sampler. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., to be submitted.
3.4 Gas Sampling (Lee Evans)
The primary goal of gas sampling during the NeMO '98 expedition was direct sampling of vent fluids by way of Titanium Gastight Bottles and modified gas pistons on the PMEL Hot Fluid Sampler. Approximately 24 useful samples were gathered and their available gas contents extracted and sealed in glass ampoules for chemical analysis. These ampoules will be used for the analysis of helium concentrations and helium isotopes at PMEL, Newport and other gases such as hydrogen and methane at the University of Washington.
The geographic coverage of vent fluid sampling included the east side of Axial Volcano's caldera, Ashes vent field on the west side and CASM vent field at the north end of the caldera. Samples from the east side were largely low temperature diffuse fluids spanning most of the north to south extents of the known vent field. The one high temperature sample was from Castle Vent. At Ashes Vent Field numerous high temperature chimneys and diffuse sites were sampled. Some repeated sampling from July Alvin dives. Only two diffuse vents were sampled at CASM.
Other samples for helium analysis included about 80 samples in crimped copper tubing from 12 hydrocasts. Most were from just above vents which were sampled directly. They are expected to be useful in conjunction with methane analyses from the same Niskin bottles. One of the Osmosamplers consisted of a reel of thin copper tubing. Forming a time series over about 15 days at Marker 33, the reel was segmented into 48 samples, each of which represents about an 8 hour average of what emerged from the vent.
3.5 H2 and CH4 Oxidation (Betsy McLaughin-West)
A seafloor eruption event can result in any number of effects in existing hydrothermally active areas. The event that occurred at Axial Volcano during February 1998 presented an opportunity for further study of the types of changes that occur as a result of a seafloor eruption. One effect is an elevation of hydrogen concentrations in the venting fluids as a result of increased hot water/rock reactions. This dissolved hydrogen may be a significant energy source for bacteria. Previous work at Loihi Seamount following an eruption showed that microbial hydrogen oxidation rates were elevated in the hydrothermal plumes found above the seamount immediately following the event but dropped to background seawater levels within a few months. The February 1998 eruption event at Axial Volcano offered a second opportunity to study the microbial response to a sudden change in available hydrogen. During the NeMO 98 cruise, samples were collected from the plumes above Axial Volcano approximately 6-7 months after the event. Microbial hydrogen oxidation rates for these fluids will be determined from the results of radioisotopic uptake experiments performed aboard ship. These rates will be compared with a similar set of measurements made during the Axial Rapid Response cruise in February 1998. Microbial hydrogen and methane oxidation rates will also be determined for samples collected directly from the diffuse venting areas and the buoyant portions of the plumes so that the relative importance of these two gases to the microbial communities can be estimated.
3.6 Determination of Sulfide, Nitrate and Salinity Concentrations Without the Use of Reagents (Elizabeth Guenther)
I am a graduate student at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, my name is Elizabeth Guenther. Gary Massoth invited me on this cruise. I have been working on a project for my thesis work at Moss Landing with the help of my advisor, Ken Johnson. I have been working on a new method for the determination of sulfide, nitrate and salinity concentrations without the use of reagents. I measure the UV absorbance of a seawater sample and various standards and from that information I am able to predict the concentration of nitrate, salinity or sulfide. The purpose of this cruise was to determine if this method could be applied to vent fluids and if so, what are the possible interferences involved, if any?
I have collected samples from the fluid sampler that Dave Butterfield brought on the cruise as well as from the slurp sampler. These samples were analyzed for sulfide concentrations and will be used to determine if salinity and nitrate can also be calculated. The sulfide concentrations were compared to those predicted by the Methylene blue chemistry performed by Kevin Roe on this cruise. Preliminary examination of the data indicates that this new method may provide good estimates of the sulfide concentrations in the vent fluid samples. These data will be used in the MSC thesis and for publication.
4.0 MICROBIOLOGY
4.1 Non-Mat Microbial Ecology (Jon Kaye and Julie Huber)
We focused on several aspects of vent microbial ecology during this cruise, much of which is geared toward defining time point #1 in a multi-year chemistry-microbiology data set with Dave Butterfield. We have used non-mat microbial samples and have cultured from 2-90°C, covering all thermal classes and many metabolic groups of bacteria and archaea, in order to develop a comprehensive picture of non-mat microbial ecology at Axial Seamount. In addition, more narrowly focused goals include obtaining novel physiological classes of hyperthermophiles and quantifying halotolerant microbes in the vent environment and the overlying water column. 36 ml of water from all samples was preserved in 3.7% formaldehyde for microbial enumeration.
Hyperthermophiles were cultured in a 0.6% (w/v) organic medium, with and without native sulfur (yeast extract and peptone, YP, and with sulfur, YPS). Positive enrichments (which require confirmation on land) came from Crack, Gollum, Milky Vent, Mushroom, Bubbler #2, Marshmallow, background water in ASHES, Marker 33, Easy Vent, Roof, Castle, Styx, Magnesia, Old Tubeworms, West Caldera Wall, Snowblower, Medusa, Porkchop, near Cloud, Marker 113 Pandora worm slime, other animal inocula, and sulfide rock from Hell. Methanogens were enriched from many of these same locales. The Slurp Sampler and Dave's Fluid Sampler were equally effective for culturing purposes. Overall, hyperthermophiles are ubiquitous in and around ASHES and found in all sampled diffuse fluids in the caldera. However, no hyperthermophiles were cultured in YPS from a putative buoyant plume hit during hydrocast V-98-002 (Niskin #18) above Cloud.
Quantitative enrichments (MPNs, Most-Probable-Number technique) were performed at 90°C from several sites. The table below contains the 95% confidence interval for the abundance of hyperthermophiles that grow in the given media, given in microbes/liter. These data are preliminary and must be confirmed by microscopy on land.
YPS (likely Thermococcus) YE (likely methanogens)
Marker 33 >48,000 140-4200
Marshmallow 3000-96,000
"Background" in ASHES 300-7600 <60
Caldera Wall, west of ASHES in progress
Total community DNA was captured from various diffuse flow, high-temperature and background sites and split into free-living (0.2-3 m) and particle-attached (>3m) fractions by filtration. Filters were frozen at -80°C. Enrichments for methanogens, heterotrophic hyperthermophiles, sulfur oxidizers, and sulfate- and nitrate-reducing microbes were performed simultaneously from 2 to 90°C, with the majority at 50 and 90°C. Dave Butterfield, Kevin Roe, and Betsy McLaughlin-West made and will make further chemical measurements at the same sites. Likewise, complementary SUAVE data from Gary Massoth will be correlated with this microbial work.
Diffuse fluids, high-temperature fluids, sulfide rock, homogenized Paralvinella specimens, and animal mucus were inoculated into modified high-organic hyperthermophile media (YP and YPS) and incubated at 90°C. Halotolerant hyperthermophiles able to grow in a 5% NaCl YPS medium appear ubiquitous, though media with 0.2% and 8% NaCl did not appear to allow growth. Metal-resistant hyperthermophiles capable of tolerating mM levels of Cd, Hg, Cu and Co were routinely cultured. Confirmation of growth must await phase-contrast microscopy on land.
Eight MPNs for mesophilic halotolerant microbes were performed on diffuse fluids, near-vent bottom water and hydrocast samples. The medium used enriches for heterotrophic bacterial and archaeal aerobes at room temperature. To complement these quantitative enrichments, water was filtered (0.2 m) and the filters frozen for Halomonas (a halotolerant bacterial genus) DNA probe work on land.
4.2 Microbiological Sampling for Molecular Microbial Ecology Analysis (Western Washington University, Biology Department: Craig L. Moyer & Karen Pelletreau.)
4.2.1 Introduction
One of the greatest challenges in microbial ecology is the accurate identification and description of microbial populations within their respective communities. This information is central to determining the extent of global microbial diversity, which remains the least understood of all the biological size classes. To address this challenge, molecular biological techniques using small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences have been applied to describe the structure and diversity of different microbial communities. The current endeavor is to examine specific habitats with known biogeochemical characteristics (e.g., S, Fe, Mn) to learn more about the dominant microorganisms residing therein. The focus of this study at Axial Volcano is to estimate the microbial community structure and diversity to assess the degree of commonality and uniqueness among local hydrothermal vent habitats, (i.e., vent-associated sediments, free-living microbial mats, microbes associated with subsurface floc-ejecta), and to also compare these results with distal hydrothermal vent habitats. This study will also allow for the enhanced development of a comprehensive global perspective regarding the diversity of deep-sea microbial communities.
Selective enrichment culture has severe limitations as an approach to the cultivation of naturally-occurring microorganisms. The majority (typically >90-99%) of microbes in nature have not yet been cultivated using traditional techniques. Consequently, it is very unlikely that collections of microbial isolates are representative of in situ diversity and community structure. Furthermore, because relatively nutrient-rich media are generally used for isolations, "weedy" or opportunistic microorganisms may be selected rather than those dominant in the natural community. The approach, herein, is to ascertain a microbial community's primary members through molecular (i.e., cell component) means and then to attempt to further characterize their respective phylogeny or natural history. Obtaining a better representation of microbial community structure and diversity is crucial to aspects of microbial ecology where Bacteria and Archaea interact with one another and with their environment, e.g., global biogeochemical cycling of matter, succession and disturbance responses, predator-prey relationships, and trophic-level interactions. These lessons can then be used to focus enrichment culture techniques towards ecologically significant taxa. This approach has been successfully used to isolate the dominant iron-oxidizer bacterial taxon found within the microbial community at hydrothermal systems located at Loihi Seamount, North Gorda Ridge, and other habitats (Emerson and Moyer, 1997; unpublished results).
Cell component analyses provide a culture-independent means of investigating microorganisms as they occur at hydrothermal vent systems (Moyer et al., 1994;1995; 1998). While several types of cell components have been analyzed, the SSU rRNA molecule offers an amount and type of information that makes it one of the best culture-independent descriptors or biomarkers of microorganisms. In recent years a detailed theory of evolutionary relationships among the domains Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya has emerged from comparisons of SSU rRNA "signature" sequences. For example, each SSU rRNA gene contains highly conserved regions found among all living organisms as well as diagnostic variable regions unique to particular organisms or closely related groups. Additionally, each SSU rRNA gene contains about 1,500 nucleotides of sequence information that can be obtained and utilized to differentiate among closely-related and distantly-related groups of microorganisms. This type of molecular approach allows the autecology of microorganisms to be studied whether or not they can be been cultivated (Moyer et al., 1996). In addition, the phylogenetically described taxa or "phylotypes" can be placed in a synecology context through the examination of SSU rRNA clone libraries generated from a microbial community and habitat diversity can be analyzed through rarefaction (Moyer et al., 1998). These features make SSU rRNAs particularly useful for studies of molecular microbial ecology, where a broad and unknown range diversity of microorganisms is likely to exist. Currently, over 10,000 SSU rRNA sequences from both cultured isolates and environmental phylotypes have been made available for study through the Ribosomal Database Project at NSF's Center for Microbial Ecology at Michigan State University.
4.2.2 Shipboard Processing and Storage of SamplesA dual approach was used for microbial sampling. First, a "slurp" gun suction device was be used in combination with a rotating rosette of sample bottles to "vacuum" and capture free-living microbial mats from the surface of various hydrothermal vent habitats. Slurp gun samples were successfully obtained from the East-Side of Axial at (1) Marker #33 Vent, (2) Snow Blower Vent near Pit, (3) Milky Vent Floc, (4) Cloud Vent Floc, (5) yellow mats near EZ Vent, and (6) red iron-oxides near Milky Vent. Similar samples obtained in and around the ASHES area include, (1) orange oxides near Gollum Vent, (2) white mat from Gollum Vent, and (3) yellow mat from the West Wall to the northwest from ASHES.
Second, the deployment and recovery of bacterial traps using glass wool as a substrate for microbial growth. Bacteria traps were constructed using a cluster of three 3" sections of 4"o.d. Plexiglas tubing, surrounded top and bottom by a 202 µm nylon mesh (Nytex) to exclude macrofauna grazing. These were placed directly into diffuse vents and were used to collect colonizing microorganisms in an effort to examine community succession. These were deployed with the idea of attempting a time-series with both short-term (days) and long-term (annual) time scales. This objective was partially achieved with short-term recoveries made at Marker #33, Cloud Vent, and Milky Vent on the East-Side of Axial Volcano. Long-term deployments were made at these three sites as well as at EZ Vent, Axial Gardens, Castle Mound, and at four sites within the ASHES Vent Field (Gollum, ROPOS, Hillock, Mushroom). Short-term recoveries from these sites (especially at ASHES) will be attempted again next year, in addition to the long-term recoveries from each of the sites listed above.
Microbial samples collected were each independently processed. Microbial biomass preservation was achieved by quick-freezing in liquid nitrogen and storing on dry ice or ultrafreezer (-80C) until return to the laboratory. These samples will be used for the direct extraction of nucleic acids. A series of sub-samples were also (i) cryo-preserved (again using liquid nitrogen quick-freezing) with 40% glycerol, and (ii) aliquots were stored at 4C, both for enrichment culture selection. Another series of sub-samples was fixed with 2.5% EM grade glutaraldehyde for examination with SEM and epifluorescence microscopy.
4.2.3 Laboratory Processing and Molecular Biological Analysis
Initially, all samples will be examined by epifluorescence microscopy in an effort to ascertain biomass estimates and examine morphological diversity. A subset of these will also be examined through SEM and an analysis of extractable lipids, which provides an estimate of microbial biomass and initial clues into community structure. The overall molecular biological strategy used will be essentially that of Moyer et al. (1994, 1995; 1998) with a few technical and logistical improvements. The first step will be the efficient and direct extraction of high molecular weight nucleic acids from quick-frozen samples. This will be followed by PCR amplification of SSU rDNAs using previously defined conditions to maximize the equal representation from each population contained within a respective community. The concept is to proportionally amplify or make several copies using the total genomic DNA from a natural community serving as the template for oligonucleotide primers that are complementary to universally conserved SSU rDNA sequence positions. Representative SSU rDNA amplification products are cloned generating a clone library. Clone libraries will then examined through the use of Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis or ARDRA and by using rarefaction as a metric for organismal diversity (Moyer et al., 1998). This approach, using tetrameric restriction enzymes, has been shown to detect >99% of the taxa (i.e., phylotypes) present within a model dataset with maximized diversity (Moyer et al., 1996). SSU rDNA sequences will also be subjected to phylogenetic analysis (using distance matrix and maximum likelihood algorithms) to estimate the affiliated ancestral lineage for each dominant community member thereby yielding clues as to their respective evolutionary history and potential physiology.
References
Emerson, D., and C. L. Moyer. 1997. Isolation and characterization of novel iron-oxidizing bacteria that grow at circumneutral pH. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4784-4792.
Moyer, C. L., F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1994. Estimation of diversity and community structure through restriction fragment length polymorphism distribution analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA genes from a microbial mat at an active, hydrothermal vent system, Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:871-879.
Moyer, C. L., F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1995. Phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial community from a microbial mat at an active, hydrothermal vent system, Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1555-1562.
Moyer, C. L., J. M. Tiedje, F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1996. A computer-simulated restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of bacterial SSU rRNA genes: efficacy of selected tetrameric restriction enzymes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2501-2507.
Moyer, C. L., J. M. Tiedje, F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1998. Diversity of deep-sea hydrothermal vent Archaea. Deep-Sea Res. II. 45:303-317.
4.3 Biomineralization/Lava Mats (Kim Juniper, University of Quebec, Montreal: Steve Scott, University of Toronto)
Early in the cruise we observed extensive deposits of iron-rich floc of possible microbial origin covering the new lavas in the East Rift Zone. The deposits were heavy enough to mask the normally glassy appearance of the new lavas and actually prevented us from confirming the present of the new flow until early in the second week of the cruise. Similar deposits had been observed and sampled on the new lavas at the FLOW site on CoAxial segment shortly after the June 1993 eruption. However, this coverage was much more extensive and was not the same bright orange color as the CoAxial oxide mats. The extent and thickness oxide deposits on the new Axial lavas varied along an east-west traverse across the flow. Heaviest deposits were in the central part of the lava flow where some bright-orange oxide material was still being deposited at a few active vents. At the edges of the flow, oxide material was brownish in color, and was being reworked by deposit feeding invertebrates such as holothurians (sea cucumbers) that had moved in from adjacent older lavas.
A systematic sampling of the putative microbial floc was undertaken during dives 474 and 476 that conducted a series of East-West and West-East traverses of the new lava from beginning in the south and ending near Milky Vent. Samples (7 in all) were both fixed for electron microscopy and frozen for elemental and mineralogical analyses, and measurements of microbial enzyme activity. This work will be carried out by an M.Sc. student at the University of Toronto who will work under the direction Steve Scott, and who will travel to UQAM in Montreal to work with Kim Juniper on biological aspects. The aim of the study will be to characterize the material mineralogically, confirm its microbial origin and map relative density of the deposits across the lava flow in order to understand the relationship to thickness of the underlying new lavas. The latter information is important to testing a working hypothesis that heating of surface flows by underlying lava caused leaching of reduced iron into the seawater, permitting colonization by iron-oxidizing bacteria.
Samples were also collected of iron-oxide deposits and small oxide mounds near the ASHES field for comparison of mineralogy and microbiology with the oxide material from the East Rift Zone lava flows.
5.0 MACROBIOLOGY
5.1 High Temperature Chimney Biology (Damien Grelon, Christian Levesque & Kim Juniper, University of Quebec, Montreal UQAM)
This work focused on study of the feeding behavior and microbial food resources of the sulfide worm, Paralvinella sulfincola, on newly-formed surfaces of sulfide chimneys in the ASHES field. The worm lives in a mucus tube cemented to the sulfide and appears to feed around the opening of its tube by scraping organic material off the mineral surface. Temperatures in excess of 50C have been measured in this habitat and the worm is a prime candidate for a first-ever identified trophic link between thermophilic/hyperthermophilic bacteria and an animal. Field work concentrated on:
1) Making in situ video recordings of worm behavior for analysis of feeding behavior and territoriality .
2) Collecting samples of worm populations and chimney material for analysis of population structure, organic matter concentration and stable isotope ratios in food and animal tissues.
3) Acquisition of temperature/chemistry information from the worm's habitat to examine environmental controls on feeding behavior and food abundance
The behavioral and environmental data form the core of an M.Sc. thesis by Damien Grelon while the stable isotope study is part of a M.Sc. project on hydrothermal vent trophic links by Christian Levesque.
We obtained 3-4 hours of recordings of worm behavior from 5 sites in the ASHES field. Worms from all but one of the observational sites were sampled using the ROPOS suction sampler, and either frozen or formalin-fixed prior to analysis at UQAM. One site was designated for time series observations and revisited twice during the cruise to follow worm migration and behavioral changes in relation to changes in fluid flow patterns.
In collaboration with Gary Massoth, a total of 15 SUAVE scans were performed among sulfide worm populations after behavioral observations.
The big surprise was the aggressive territoriality of the worms, in relation to each other. Individuals frequently probed and entered the feeding area of others, and physical contact between residents and invaders often resulted rapid, aggressive striking movements. Both feeding and territorial behavior will be systematically analyzed in relation to organism density, site and environmental factors.
5.2 Stable Isotope Food Web Analyses (Christian Levesque, Damien Grelon & Kim Juniper, University of Quebec, Montreal)
The importance of free-living microbes as a food source for deposit feeding and suspension feeding animals at hydrothermal vents is still poorly understood. The intent of the study was to concentrate on identifying the food resources exploited by two co-occurring polychaete worms that colonize sulfide chimneys in the ASHES field. The working hypothesis was that the sulfide worm (Paralvinella sulficola) and the palm worm (Paralvinella palmiformis) manage to share the same space by not competing for food. Preliminary data showed clear differences in stable isotope ratios between the two species, confirming apparent differences in feeding behavior with the sulfide worm seeming to deposit feed on surfaces while the palm worm appeared to mainly feeding by trapping suspended particles in turbulent flow. Several collections were made of both worm species as well as of organic material from chimney surfaces. We were also able to use the ROPOS suction sampler to make 3 collections of suspended particles from above colonies of palm worms. All material will be analyzed for stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen.
The stable isotope work was also expanded in response to the observation of extensive white bacteria mats at new vents on the lava flow in the East Rift Zone. These mats were being grazed upon by at least two species of scale worm. These first vent animal colonists could be seen to be actively scraping microbial mat from rock surfaces. At a few locations, small vent snails were also abundant and grazing on bacterial mats. Collections of scale worms, snails and bacterial mats were made at several sites for stable isotope analysis to confirm this trophic link. Previous observations at CoAxial suggested the importance of post-eruptive microbial blooms as a resource for vent animals. These samples will permit us to make considerable progress in understanding this early phase of ecosystem development.
5.3 Biology of Low Temperature Sites (Verena Tunnicliffe, Maia Tsurumi and Jean Marcus)
5.3.1 Introduction:
This biology program focused on four study themes: i) evaluation of colonization on the new lavas, ii) nature of the regional distribution of species and populations, iii) the composition of communities in different fluid chemistries, and iv) the biology of the vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae. We were most fortunate to receive over a dozen samples that had either SUAVE or fluid sampler information with them. To our knowledge, this is the first such coordination of widespread sampling at low temperature sites. Previously, it has been very difficult to obtain environmental information with biological samples. For us, this information is a triumph for the cruise.
5.3.2 Colonization:
The opportunity to observe colonization of new hydrothermal vents so soon after a known eruption is a rare opportunity. From our limited experience at CoAxial, we had predicted small vestimentiferan recruits with three or four other known species. Our dives, however, identified three types of colonization, one of which was the predicted pattern. The others were dense snails and a mix of scale worm species. The large expanse of new lava created geographic separation among the sites. The cause of three distinct colonization patterns likely relates to either stochastic events governing larval delivery or differing chemical character across the flow. Hopefully, chemical and microbial information will help resolve this issue.
In addition to type of colonization, extent also varied. The most vigorous flows of Milky and Cloud Vents hosted few animals while nearby vents were colonized. To understand more about sources, we were able to sample vents on old lavas. A large field of tubeworms (the SONNE field) was obliterated by the eruption but outlier colonies remained. We can compare composition of these colonies with recruits this year and next. We also have taken samples for a genetic analysis of one species to determine the likely source of the new populations. An interesting complication is that many of the "old" worm colonies are now experiencing rejuvenated fluid flow resulting in morphological changes in the resident worms and new recruitment.
5.3.3 Regional Character:
Axial Volcano is one of the few places on the Ridge that allows us to study discrete well-separated communities. A current question in vent ecology is how populations interchange among sites. We need better description of species distributions in a regional setting. We are finding that some species are curiously patchy and are attempting to apply ecological concepts of metapopulations to model population patterns. To this end, samples from the Eastern Rift (north and south), ASHES, Northern Rift and CASM form five essential contemporaneous points in this model. These samples will be sorted to determine compositional differences as well as including a population genetic analysis of one species.
5.3.4 Local Variation:
Collections at ASHES are to be used in two studies. Firstly, they set the basis for local variability for assessment of regional differences in the study above. Secondly, they provide an important set of samples to complement samples from earlier years in a study of spatial and temporal change. The polychaete species will be examined in detail to relate relative abundances to position and chemical character of the fluids. As little work has been published on "whole communities" this basic step is a useful contribution to understanding vent community dynamics. As part of this work on polychaetes, the unusual scaleworm collected from the new lavas of the Eastern Rift will be examined in detail in conjunction with Juniper's isotope work.
5.3.5 Ridgeia piscesae:
The tubeworm forms the basis for the vent communities of Juan de Fuca. As such, there is considerable interest in understanding more about its requirements and basic biology. Samples that were collected with coordinated fluid data will be examined in a study of size, reproductive condition, trophosome condition and juvenile recruitment. The aim is to understand the chemical conditions that are optimal and marginal for both reproduction and recruitment. Specimens were also processed for ultrastructural examination on the beach. Here, the intent is to collect detailed morphological characters to test models of the evolutionary relationships of vestimentiferans. Lastly, specimens of live tubeworms were transported to the Aquatic Facility of University of Victoria to attempt in vitro fertilization of eggs. Study of embryological characters adds information to both phylogenetic studies and dispersal capabilities.
5.3.6 A Final Comment:
The interdisciplinary nature of this cruise has been of considerable benefit to understanding biological features of the vent communities. It is an important learning environment for experienced researchers and students alike. Particularly welcome, is the opportunity to develop collaborations when new opportunities present themselves.
5.3.7 MacroBiological Sample List from Low-Temperature Sites
S=SUAVE; HFS=Hot Fluid Sampler
ASHES
Tube worm grabs
· R466-3: Mkr L, tube worm grab of hat-like structure (S)
· R466-8: Hairdo vent, huge tube worm grab of bouquet-like structure (S)
· R471-6: Mkr i, tube worm grab, left a marker to SUAVE later
· R471-3: Gollum vent, tube worm grab (HFS)
· R472-3: Medusa vent, tube worm grab (HFS)
EAST RIFT ZONE
Suction Samples from new lavas
· R462-2: mkr 33, suction sample of mat and polynoids (S)
· R462-3: mkr 33, suction sample of mat and polynoids (S)
· R462-4: mkr 33, suction sample of mat and polynoids (S)
· R473-6: easy vent, suction sample of polynoids and mat
· R473-18: mkr 33, suction sample of new polynoids and mat (S)
· R473-21: mkr 108, suction sample for new worm and mat
· R474-3: mkr N41, suction sample of tube worms (S)
Tube worm grabs
· R461-15: mkr 113, tube worm grab from a new vent on old lavas (S)
· R464-9: near mkr 113, tube worm grab of moribund worms on old lavas
· R464-14: mkr N5, tube worm grab of live-looking worms on sulfide structure near Castle (S)
· R476-3: oldworms, tube worm grab of reinvigorated venting on old lavas (HFS)
· R478-8: nascent vent, tube worm grab of new tube worms on new lavas (S)
· R478-11: old flow, tube worm grab of reinvigorated venting on old lavas (S)
· R478-13: large tube worms, tube worm grab of reinvigorated venting on old lavas (stayed in Pacman until surface) (S)
NORTH RIFT ZONE
Tube worm grab
· R467-4: Bob vent, tube worm grab of old venting (S)
CASM
Tube worm grab
· R480-7: T & S vent, tube worm grab of healthy worms on sulfide (S)
6.0 HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION (Steve Scott)
Hydrothermal deposits are known from previous expeditions at the ASHES, Southeastern Rift and CASM Vent fields. During the NeMO expedition, considerable work was done in and around ASHES and USRZ (Upper South Rift Zone). A short visit was made to CASM.
At the ASHES field, Hell, Inferno, ROPOS and Mushroom are sizable hydrothermally active sulfide spires a few meters high. Virgin and Virgin's Daughters are small active anhydrite chimneys. Those who had seen ASHES on previous expeditions commented that Mushroom, Inferno and Hillock had thickened considerably. Hillock, for example, had grown from a small spindle to a much more massive structure. A small chimney and flange were sampled at Hell. The chimney is predominantly iron-rich zinc sulfide (probably wurtzite based on the hexagonal shape of its millimetric crystals) with a central conduit lined by a copper -iron sulfide (probably isocubanite). The flange, although finer grained, appears to have the same mineralogy with the probable isocubanite forming in hot water ponded buoyantly against the underside.
At Southeastern Rift, a sulfide structure that had been seen in a 1996 Sonne camera tow was named "Castle" by the NeMO expedition. The main structure is about 10 m high, 3 m diameter at its base and 5 m at its top. The top is festooned with 50 cm high chimneys which inspired the name Castle. The edifice appears to be sitting on a small pillow mound within what otherwise is a ~5 meter depression. Diffuse venting is occurring in many places on Castle. On its southwest side there is a small anhydrite spire that is actively venting hot water. This was sampled on an early dive and had regrown to its ~50 cm height just 9 days later. About 10 m southeast of Castle there is another sulfide structure of similar size to Castle named "Flat Top" by the NeMO expedition. It, too, has diffuse venting although seemingly not as much as Castle. About 10 m south of Castle is a small spire, about 1 m tall, that appears to be extinct. It could be gathered in its entirety using the elevator.
CASM was a huge surprise. The site is within and adjacent to a 5-10 m wide fissure on the floor of the caldera where the north rift slices the northern wall. When discovered in August 1983 on a Pisces IV dive, there were just a few diffuse vents supporting small colonies of tube worms and other animals. Now, vents such as Shepherd Vent, for example, are much more robust. About 50 m north of Shepherd there are several hydrothermally active spires ~3 m tall and supporting abundant life. Hot focused flow, wide spread diffuse flow and abundant gas bubbles characterize the hydrothermalism. Samples of one spire are predominantly zinc sulfide, with well formed crystals (wurtzite?) in places. Small patches of coarse crystalline copper-iron sulfide are also evident. Despite being very prominent and obvious features within the confines of the fissure, these spires were not seen in 1983 dives nor in 1988 dives (V. Tunnicliffe). They must have formed since 1988.
A quick look was taken at the Lamphere Chimneys about 20 m east of the fissure. The main structure, whose diffuse venting supported abundant life in 1983, is no longer active and is practically devoid of animals.
Is the recent volcanic activity in the caldera reflected in the sulfide deposits? It is tempting to contemplate that the renewed high temperature hydrothermalism at Castle may be a consequence of the nearby volcanism. There is no obvious effect on the deposits at ASHES (although there may be in the vent fluids themselves, see report by Butterfield). The new (since 1988) CASM chimneys are too large to have been formed since the January-February eruptions.
With three sulfide sites now known (and there may be more) in widely separated places within the caldera, there is now the opportunity to study mineralization processes through time in somewhat different settings and to study the interaction of mineralization and biology at different stages of population development. Also, if the petrological studies (see report by J. Chadwick) demonstrate that there are differences in basalt chemistry at the different sites, the opportunity exists to examine the relation, if any, between the composition of sulfides and their host rocks.
7.0 NON-ROPOS OPERATIONS
7.1 CTD Operations (Jim Gendron)
7.1.1 NeMO'98 CTD Casts
During leg IIb of the NeMO98 Vents cruise a total of 11 vertical casts and 2 tows were completed. Samples that were collected included 55 filters for XRF analysis and 53 salinity samples. Other samples that were collected included He, methane, hydrogen, H2S, O2 and bacteria samples. Samples for particulate organic carbon were also taken.
In general, most of the results of the sampling will not be known until the samples are analyzed on shore. The distribution of the particle plumes that were seen by the nephelometer seemed to follow the same patterns as were found on leg 1. Large concentrations of particles were present over the new vent area southeast of the caldera, at ASHES vent field and south of ASHES. The CASM site showed similar plumes and it is possible that a buoyant plume was detected there on the downcast.
7.1.2 NeMO'98 CTD Cast Locations and Stations Table
| Vents98C | Brown leg IIb | cast | latitude | longitude |
| site | SE caldera | cast 1 | 45 55.2' | 129 59' |
| date | Aug 27 | |||
| station | V98c01 | |||
| site | MKR 33 | cast 2 | 45 55.99' | 129 58.89' |
| date | Aug 28 | |||
| station | V98C02 | |||
| site | BKG | cast 3 | 46 0.00' | 129 55.5' |
| date | Aug 30 | |||
| station | V98C03 | |||
| site | CASTLE | cast 4 | 45 55.58' | 129 58.78' |
| date | Aug 31 | |||
| station | V98C04 | |||
| site | ASHES | cast 5 | 45 56' | 130 0.84' |
| date | Sep 1 | |||
| station | V98C05 | |||
| site | E BKG | cast 6 | 45 46' | 129 44' |
| date | Sep 2 | |||
| station | V98C06 | |||
| site | S CALDERA | cast 8 | 45 54.4' | 129 59.6' |
| date | Sep 6 | |||
| station | V98C07 | |||
| site | S CALDERA | cast 9 | 45 54.6' | 130 00.0' |
| date | Sep 8 | |||
| station | V98C08 | |||
| site | ASHES | cast 10 | 45 56' | 130 0.84' |
| date | Sep 9 | |||
| station | V98C09 | |||
| site | CASM | cast 11 | 45 59.35' | 130 1.63' |
| date | Sep 10 | |||
| station | V98C10 | |||
| site | MRK 33 | cast 13 | 45 56' | 129 58.89' |
| date | Sep 17 | |||
| station | V98C11 | |||
| site | W WALL | cast 7 | 45 54.4' | 129 59.92' |
| date | Sep 4 | |||
| station | T98C01 | |||
| site | W WALL | cast 12 | 45 59.96' | 130 3.2' |
| date | Sep 12 | |||
| station | T98C02 |
7.2 Rock Sampling (John Chadwick, University of Florida)
7.2.1 Operations
Core sampling was performed on the NeMO August/September 1998 cruise to acquire basaltic glass samples during intervals between ROPOS dives. Forty-nine coring attempts were made using the sampler borrowed from Dr. Dan Fornari at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. In addition, 22 rock and glass samples were acquired on ROPOS dives, both as large specimens and also small glass shards collected inadvertently by the "slurp sampler" used to obtain biological specimens. Glass from these samples will be analyzed for major and trace element compositions at the University of Florida and laboratories at other universities, including microprobe analysis. Specimens from the January, 1998 flow collected by the ROPOS will be sent to the University of Hawaii for Polonium/Lead age testing.
Six core samples were acquired on the north flank and north rift zone of Axial Volcano, one each on the east and west flanks, one in the Vance segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (sediment collected only) and the remaining forty core samples were obtained on the southern flank and southern rift zone. Glass quality ranged from very fresh (found largely on the rift zone directly south of Axial) to very degraded. Fe-sediments, palagonite, and pelagic sediments were commonly associated with the more degraded samples. Fresh glass samples have conchoidal fracture and usually have little or no associated sediment. The degree of degradation of the glass and amount of sediment is a first-order assessment of the age of the basalts, and suggests that the ridge directly south of the caldera has witnessed the most recent activity on the volcano, including the 1998 eruption.
The core sampling was performed on a CTD wire, and bathymetry was acquired in real time using the Bathy-2000 unit on the Ronald Brown. The sampler was sent down at 30 meters/minute for the first 50 meters below the surface, then the speed was subsequently increased to 60 m/min. A 30 second stop was performed about 30 m above the bottom to allow the sampler to settle and the wire angle to decrease to vertical. The sampler was then driven into the bottom at 60 m/min, and an additional 15 m of wire was unspooled to allow for errors in the bathymetry. This method led to a 100% success rate in contacting the bottom in a vertical position and acquiring samples. The sampler was then withdrawn from the bottom at 20 m/min until off the bottom, then the speed was increased to 50 m/min to the surface.
7.2.2 Rock Core Sample List
| Core Samples | |||||||||
| sample | map loc. | date | lat | lon | map depth (m) | bathy depth (m) | sample | wire angle | location |
| 98-JDFRC-01 | 21 | 8/29/98 | 45d 53.53' | 129d 59.82' | 1635 | 1631 | glass | ~0 | South Rift |
| 98-JDFRC-02 | 34 | 8/29/98 | 45d 51.21' | 129d 58.55' | 1790 | 1820 | glass+seds | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-03 | 29 | 8/29/98 | 45d 49.72' | 130d 00.78' | 1775 | 1770 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-04 | 28 | 8/29/98 | 45d 49.95' | 130d 00.70' | 1780 | 1823 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-05 | 27 | 8/29/98 | 45d 49.96' | 130d 00.32' | 1805 | 1801 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-06 | 26 | 8/29/98 | 45d 50.18' | 130d 00.58' | 1760 | 1930 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-07 | 15 | 8/31/98 | 45d 47.20' | 130d 03.58' | 1840 | 1838 | seds+grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-08 | 14 | 8/31/98 | 45d 47.85' | 130d 03.56' | 1845 | 1839 | seds+grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-09 | 13 | 8/31/98 | 45d 48.07' | 130d 03.45' | 1840 | 1979 | seds+grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-10 | 36 | 9/1/98 | 45d 57.69' | 129d 57.80' | 1530 | 1532 | seds+glass | ~0 | E. Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-11 | 24 | 9/3/98 | 45d 51.03' | 130d 00.37' | 1755 | 1759 | glass+boulder! | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-12 | 25 | 9/3/98 | 45d 50.40' | 130d 00.53' | 1765 | 1805 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-13 | 17 | 9/3/98 | 45d 50.64' | 130d 01.61' | 1785 | 1869 | glass+seds | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-14 | 37 | 9/5/98 | 45d 56.45' | 130d 01.50' | 1415 | 1425 | grungy glass | ~0 | SW Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-15 | 1 | 9/5/98 | 45d 53.66' | 130d 01.91' | 1625 | 1635 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-16 | 33 | 9/6/98 | 45d 47.54' | 130d 01.55' | 1845 | 1865 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-17 | 32 | 9/6/98 | 45d 47.90' | 130d 01.70' | 1845 | 1916 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-18 | 31 | 9/6/98 | 45d 48.52' | 130d 01.16' | 1820 | 1870 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-19 | 38 | 9/6/98 | 45d 41.52' | 130d 02.48' | 1840 | 1823 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-20 | 39 | 9/7/98 | 45d 40.30' | 130d 03.30' | 1975 | 2001 | seds only | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-21 | 40 | 9/7/98 | 45d 38.20' | 130d 04.88 | 2025 | 2000 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-22 | 3 | 9/8/98 | 45d 52.24' | 130d 02.80' | 1670 | 1700 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-23 | 2 | 9/8/98 | 45d 52.82' | 130d 02.50' | 1655 | 1730 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-24 | 6 | 9/9/98 | 45d 51.16' | 130d 02.28' | 1745 | 1810 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-25 | 7 | 9/10/98 | 45d 50.60' | 130d 02.78' | 1765 | 1770 | seds only | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-26 | 9 | 9/10/98 | 45d 50.06' | 130d 02.91' | 1780 | 1785 | glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-27 | 18 | 9/10/98 | 45d 50.05' | 130d 01.55' | 1785 | 1791 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-28 | 43 | 9/10/98 | 46d 0.45' | 130d 01.50' | 1555 | 1584 | glass | ~0 | N. Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-29 | 42 | 9/10/98 | 45d 59.68' | 130d 00.45' | 1485 | 1497 | grungy glass | ~0 | N. Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-30 | 19 | 9/11/98 | 45d 49.27' | 130d 02.25' | 1785 | 1786 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-31 | 20 | 9/11/98 | 45d 49.00' | 130d 01.66' | 1825 | 1820 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-32 | 30 | 9/11/98 | 45d 48.80' | 130d 00.78' | 1830 | 1942 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-33 | 16 | 9/12/98 | 45d 50.62' | 130d 01.89' | 1800 | 1802 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-34 | 8 | 9/12/98 | 45d 50.42' | 130d 02.85' | 1760 | 1776 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-35 | 22 | 9/14/98 | 45d 51.67' | 130d 00.68' | 1740 | 1754 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-36 | 35 | 9/14/98 | 45d 49.58' | 129d 57.83' | 1915 | 1925 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-37 | 44 | 9/14/98 | 45d 47.38' | 129d 55.48' | 2235 | 2241 | seds only | ~0 | Vance |
| 98-JDFRC-38 | 41 | 9/14/98 | 45d 45.75' | 130d 02.25' | 1720 | 1754 | seds+glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-39 | 23 | 9/15/98 | 45d 51.65' | 130d 00.17' | 1730 | 1746 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-40 | 4 | 9/15/98 | 45d 50.40' | 130d 04.20' | 1860 | 1860 | seds+grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-41 | 5 | 9/15/98 | 45d 53.36' | 130d 01.74' | 1645 | 1653 | seds+glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-42 | 46 | 9/16/98 | 46d 01.36' | 129d 59.79' | 1585 | 1586 | glass | ~0 | N. Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-43 | 10 | 9/16/98 | 45d 49.86' | 130d 02.85' | 1785 | 1786 | glass+seds | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-44 | 11 | 9/16/98 | 45d 49.65' | 130d 03.00' | 1780 | 1778 | glass+seds | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-45 | 12 | 9/16/98 | 45d 48.32' | 130d 03.61' | 1835 | 1830 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-46 | 47 | 9/16/98 | 45d 44.90' | 130d 01.85' | 1700 | 1740 | glass | ~0 | N. Rift |
| 98-JDFRC-47 | 48 | 9/18/98 | 46d 02.93' | 129d 58.97' | 1640 | 1724 | grungy glass | ~0 | N. Rift |
| 98-JDFRC-48 | 49 | 9/18/98 | 46d 03.96' | 129d 58.07' | 1675 | 1768 | glass | ~0 | N. Rift |
| 98-JDFRC-49 | 50 | 9/18/98 | 46d 03.74' | 129d 57.78' | 1680 | 1771 | glass | ~0 | N. Rift |
| ROPOS SAMPLE | latitude | longitude | hand sample | glass subsample | comments | ||||
| R460-04 | 45d 56.63' | 129d 59.13' | n | y | |||||
| R460-06 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.90' | y | y | cloud vent | ||||
| R461-25 | 45d 55.62' | 129d 58.79' | y | y | |||||
| R461-26 | 45d 55.62' | 129d 58.79' | y | y | 1998 flow ** | ||||
| R461-16 | 45d 55.36' | 129d 59.30' | y | y | marker 113 | ||||
| R462-08 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.94' | n | y | marker 33 | ||||
| R462-15 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.91' | y | y | cloud vent | ||||
| R464-06 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.91' | n | y | |||||
| R465-01 | 45d 52.16' | 129d 59.17' | y | y | |||||
| R465-02 | 45d 52.17' | 129d 59.18' | y | y | drip structure | ||||
| R467-01 | 46d 01.13' | 130d 00.98' | n | y | north rift | ||||
| R471-04 | 45d 56.02' | 130d 00.82' | n | y | gollum vent | ||||
| R471-06 | 45d 56.02' | 130d 00.82' | n | y | white vent | ||||
| R473-18 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.93' | n | y | marker 33 | ||||
| R473-21 | 45d 55.72' | 129d 58.98' | n | y | east axial-mkr 108 | ||||
| R473-06 | 45d 56.73' | 129d 59.09' | n | y | easy vent | ||||
| R474-03 | 45d 56.16' | 129d 58.89' | n | y | 1998 flow** | ||||
| R474-02 | 45d 55.98' | 129d 58.68' | n | y | |||||
| R476-07 | 45d 56.78' | 129d 59.10' | n | y | magnesia vent | ||||
| R476-02 | 45d 56.76' | 129d 59.08' | y | y | 1998 flow ** | ||||
| R478-08 | 45d 56.15' | 129d 58.89' | n | y | nascent vent | ||||
| R479-15 | 45d 56.00' | 130d 00.84' | n | y | medusa vent-ASHES | ||||
7.3 SeaBeam 2100 Survey of Brown Bear Seamount (Susan Merle)
A SeaBeam survey was conducted during weather-down time, September 6, 1998. The goal was to survey Brown Bear Seamount along the edge of previous multibeam data, extending our coverage to the west. Only 22 kilometers of the proposed survey were completed, but data were collected while transiting.
SeaBeam was started up shortly after leaving Axial Caldera area. A 30 km line (east to west) took us to the start point of the proposed survey area. A 22 km line (southwest to northeast) brought us over what we presume was the western edge of the seamount summit. At that point the weather cleared, and we steamed back to Axial caldera, a 38 km line (northwest to southeast).
Grid extents: 130deg 43min W, 129deg49min W, 45deg40min N, 46deg10min N.
90 km of tracklines total, including transit. (22 km of the proposed survey completed)
Depth range from 2800 meters to 500 meters.
Most swath data collected with 4500 meter swath width, at shallowest point swath width was 2700 meters.
Ship speed averaged about 12 knots.
Total survey time, including transit: 4 hours.
8.0 NeMO'98 New Millennium Observatory WEB SITE (Gene Williamson, Susan Merle, Andra Bobbitt)
Our goal was to create a web site that would attract the interest of secondary school students and teachers and would allow interested individuals to follow the progress of the expedition to the Axial Seamount. The ship-based portion of the web site was designed with five major components. The first was a daily science summary that was to outlined the work that was being done. The second was a personal perspective written each day by a different member of the investigation team or ship's personnel. The third was a daily perspective and reaction paper written by the "teacher-at-sea." The fourth was a weekly science summary written by the Chief Scientist. The final component was an interactive question and answer section that would allow inquisitive students to funnel questions through Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC), at Newport Oregon, directly to the science staff aboard the ship.
The web site was designed, and all of the entries were coordinated, onshore at HMSC. Text and images were sent from the ship to HMSC to be inserted into the NeMO html maintained by Andra Bobbitt in Newport. On shore there were also two complementary educational components. A teacher working at HMSC who identified or designed hands-on activities for students coordinated with the work being done aboard the ship. These activities were posted to the web for use by classroom teachers or individual students. The teacher on shore was also responsible for using material from the web site to make daily presentations to the general public at HMSC.
While we do not have a count of the number of hits on the web site, we do have a few indicators of how the site was received. Several e-mails received from relatives of science and ROPOS personnel indicated they were very pleased with the ability to know what was happening and how there family member was involved in the process. Likewise, those on board the ship expressed positive reactions to the information that was being posted. We do not have any indication at this time of success in integrating our material into classrooms. We were disappointed by the lack of questions from students to scientists. This was due in part to the fact that most schools opened after we were already at sea. We will need to reassess this part of the program to see if we can improve the performance in the future.
The website has served as a valuable reference tool postcruise. We have received numerous contacts from publications inquiring about the NeMO mission and requesting images and information. The site will remain on the web until our NeMO 99 cruise.
9.0 NAVIGATION
9.1 Navigation Overview (Julia Getsiv)
All ROPOS dives were navigated using long-baseline transponder nets in the Seascape navigation program. The navigation computer had three main inputs into the Seascape navigation program to aid in ROPOS navigation: P-code GPS input from the R/V Brown SCS system, ROV depth data provided by the ROPOS sensor input and the PS8000 data input for the range meter. Transponder deployment and calibration took approximately 22 hours, beginning on August 27th (GMT time) and nine transponders were deployed (six expendables, two NOAA recoverables and one ROPOS recoverable). Three transponder nets were calibrated on a net by net basis using the Seascape Relcal Acquisition program. Transponder ranges were gathered while the ship drove a diamond-shaped pattern, allowing us to gather range data across each transponder baseline and within the middle of each net. The data were first crunched in the Seascape program Relcal, which determines the relative positions of the transponders to each other. Next, absolute transponder positions were calculated in Abscal, which applies a rotation about the net center to the relative positions of the transponders, ultimately fitting them into the best 'real' space positions.
Navigation of the cage and the ROV on the seafloor went very well and provided excellent navigation for most of the dives. Once the cage reached its final depth and ROPOS drove to the seafloor, the cage depth was manually entered into the Seascape program and was held constant, unless the wire out for the cage changed during the dive. The range meter was attached to the top of the cage, was hard-wired to the hydro lab and triggered by Seascape on the navigation computer. Cage fixes were excellent for most of the dives with RMS errors of 4 or less. Unfortunately, a software bug was discovered a few dives into the cruise, where ROV fixes were calculated based on the cage depth, even though sensor data was providing updated ROV depths. This was brought to our attention when we noticed the transponder ranges were all overshooting at the ROV fix, giving RMS errors in excess of 15 to 20. This also meant that there was a significant offset between 4 transponder fixes and 3 or 2 transponder fixes. Testing the ROV fixes using the cage depth in 2-D further confirmed our conclusion on the software error. We then began navigating trying both 3-D and 2-D navigation and finally settled on using 2-D navigation since 3-D navigation was giving ROV depth values off by as much as a few hundred meters. 2-D navigation provided consistent navigation fixes between 2, 3 and 4 transponder fixes with RMS errors as low as 2 in some areas. 2-D navigation did however require periodically updating the ROV depth as we navigated along the seafloor. Navigation fixes are recorded in latitude/longitude and UTM x/y (in meters) in the log files and were processed by Julia Getsiv in the IDL programs navedit2 and navedit3 (written by Bill Chadwick).
9.2 Final Calibrated Transponder Positions
North Rift Net
| Transponder | UTM-X (m) | UTM-Y (m) | Latitude | Longitude | Depth |
| 9.5 | 420814.65 | 5098603.9 | 46° 02.1857' | 130° 01.3988' | 1433.9 |
| 10.5 | 422722.92 | 5097596.31 | 46° 01.6548' | 129° 59.9096' | 1395.43 |
| 8.0 | 420055.52 | 5095969.44 | 46° 00.7580' | 130° 01.9608' | 1377.93 |
| 7.5 | 422074.85 | 5094971.24 | 46° 00.2330' | 130° 00.3862' | 1294.46 |
ASHES Net
| Transponder | UTM-X (m) | UTM-Y (m) | Latitude | Longitude | Depth |
| 11.5 | 424283.25 | 5087181.51 | 45° 56.0418' | 129° 58.6011' | 1305.4 |
| 10.5 | 424221.58 | 5084426.79 | 45° 54.5540' | 129° 58.6227' | 1340.36 |
| 9.5 | 422490.35 | 5086188.55 | 45° 55.4937' | 129° 59.9789' | 1324.67 |
| 11.0 | 422556.72 | 5088014.47 | 45° 56.4800' | 129° 59.9453' | 1330.85 |
South Rift Net
| Transponder | UTM-X (m) | UTM-Y (m) | Latitude | Longitude | Depth |
| 10.0/G | 424339.74 | 5080575.33 | 45 52.476' | 129 58.494' | 1471.69 |
| 10.5/ROPOS | 421633.49 | 5080433.39 | 45 52.380' | 130 00.588' | 1401.68 |
| 12.5/E | 423532.00 | 5078487.15 | 45 51.342' | 129 59.100' | 1492.90 |
9.3 Vents/Markers/Targets Location Table
| Target | Latitude | Longitude | UTM X | UTM Y |
| ASHES Transponder Net
ASHES and Southeast Caldera |
||||
| 98V103 | 4555.977 | 129 59.056 | 423694 | 5087067 |
| ANCHOR | 4555.923 | 129 58.741 | 424099.8 | 5086961.7 |
| BLUEGOO | 4556.725 | 129 58.985 | 423803.2 | 5088450.7 |
| CASTLE | 4555.568 | 129 58.794 | 424022.7 | 5086305.8 |
| CIRCVENT | 4555.555 | 129 58.899 | 423887 | 5086283 |
| CLOUD | 4556.001 | 129 58.894 | 423903.5 | 5087108.6 |
| CONTAC10 | 4556.389 | 129 59.248 | 423455.7 | 5087832.8 |
| CONTAC11 | 4556.505 | 129 58.917 | 423885.6 | 5088041.9 |
| CONTAC12 | 4556.525 | 129 59.230 | 423482.1 | 5088085.7 |
| CONTACT1 | 4555.622 | 129 58.790 | 424029.2 | 5086406.5 |
| CONTACT2 | 4555.727 | 129 58.686 | 424166 | 5086599 |
| CONTACT3 | 4556.700 | 129 59.025 | 423750.1 | 5088405 |
| CONTACT4 | 4556.385 | 129 58.918 | 423881.8 | 5087820.2 |
| CONTACT5 | 4555.961 | 129 59.224 | 423476.3 | 5087040.6 |
| CONTACT6 | 4555.944 | 129 58.793 | 424033.5 | 5087002.2 |
| CONTACT7 | 4556.162 | 129 58.834 | 423985.6 | 5087406.7 |
| CONTACT8 | 4556.171 | 129 59.298 | 423385.3 | 5087430.2 |
| CONTACT9 | 4556.322 | 129 59.314 | 423368.5 | 5087711.1 |
| CRACK | 4555.998 | 130 .813 | 421424 | 5087135 |
| DAVES | 4556.011 | 130 .826 | 421408.3 | 5087158.6 |
| DYING | 4555.011 | 129 59.511 | 423083.7 | 5085286.4 |
| EASY | 4556.720 | 129 59.083 | 423676.5 | 5088443.2 |
| Fe-HYDE | 4555.979 | 130 .827 | 421406 | 5087099.7 |
| FISSURE | 4556.698 | 129 59.082 | 423677.6 | 5088403.5 |
| FLAG | 4556.372 | 129 58.920 | 423879.1 | 5087796.4 |
| FLATTOP | 4555.566 | 129 58.787 | 424032.8 | 5086301.9 |
| GOLLUM | 4556.015 | 130 .815 | 421422 | 5087166.1 |
| HAIRDO | 4556.010 | 130 .839 | 421390.7 | 5087156.8 |
| HELL | 4555.998 | 130 .854 | 421372 | 5087135 |
| HILLOCK | 4555.997 | 130 .842 | 421387 | 5087132.7 |
| HILPHNX | 4555.995 | 130 .839 | 421390.9 | 5087130.4 |
| INFERNO | 4556.013 | 130 .834 | 421397.2 | 5087162.2 |
| LARGETW | 4556.359 | 129 58.915 | 423885.2 | 5087772.1 |
| LIVEWRMS | 4555.359 | 129 59.293 | 423374 | 5085927 |
| MAGNESIA | 4556.774 | 129 59.096 | 423660.7 | 5088544.7 |
| MARSHMALLOW | 4556.022 | 130 .817 | 421420.4 | 5087179 |
| MEDUSA | 4556.001 | 130 .836 | 421394.7 | 5087141.1 |
| MILKY | 4556.707 | 129 59.080 | 423679.4 | 5088419.7 |
| MINISNOW | 4556.557 | 129 59.053 | 423711 | 5088141 |
| Mkr-1 | 4556.022 | 130 00.820 | 421416 | 5087180 |
| Mkr-108 Vent | 4555.719 | 129 58.982 | 423784 | 5086589 |
| Mkr-113 Vent | 4555.356 | 129 59.296 | 423370 | 5085922 |
| Mkr-2 | 4555.998 | 130 00.838 | 421392 | 5087136 |
| Mkr-21 | 4556.016 | 130 00.815 | 421422 | 5087168 |
| Mkr-33 | 4555.996 | 129 58.935 | 423850.3 | 5087101.1 |
| Mkr-D | 4555.995 | 130 0.836 | 421399 | 5087129 |
| Mkr-L | 4556.000 | 130 00.859 | 421365 | 5087140 |
| Mkr-N1 | 4556.388 | 129 59.045 | 423718 | 5087828 |
| Mkr-N2 | 4556.707 | 129 59.082 | 423679.4 | 5088419.7 |
| Mkr-N3 | 4556.628 | 129 59.112 | 423637 | 5088278 |
| Mkr-N4 | 4556.002 | 129 58.906 | 423888 | 5087111 |
| Mkr-N41 | 4556.173 | 129 58.883 | 423922.4 | 5087428.2 |
| Mkr-N44 | 4556.368 | 129 59.090 | 423658 | 5087792 |
| Mkr-N5 | 4555.627 | 129 51.047 | 434035 | 5086301 |
| Mkr-N6 | 4556.002 | 129 58.896 | 423901 | 5087111 |
| Mkr-N7 | 4556.358 | 129 58.914 | 423886 | 5087774 |
| Mkr-N8 | 4555.992 | 129 58.914 | 423877 | 5087088 |
| Mkr-N9 | 4556.556 | 129 59.054 | 423710 | 5088141 |
| MUSHROOM | 4556.016 | 130 .828 | 421405.3 | 5087167.9 |
| NASCENT | 4556.146 | 129 58.891 | 423911 | 5087378 |
| NEWMOOR | 4555.970 | 129 58.671 | 424191.2 | 5087047.5 |
| OLDWORMS | 4556.703 | 129 58.996 | 423788.8 | 5088410.1 |
| OUZO | 4556.749 | 129 59.081 | 423679.6 | 5088496.8 |
| OXIDE | 4556.727 | 129 59.105 | 423647.9 | 5088456.4 |
| PILLARVENT | 4555.362 | 129 59.125 | 423591 | 5085929.1 |
| PIT | 4556.385 | 129 59.045 | 423718 | 5087823 |
| PORKCHOP | 4555.999 | 130 0.853 | 421373 | 5087136 |
| RAILROAD | 4555.936 | 129 59.022 | 423737.3 | 5086990.7 |
| REALROPE | 4555.953 | 129 58.794 | 424032.4 | 5087018.6 |
| ROOF | 4556.550 | 129 59.069 | 423689.8 | 5088129.1 |
| ROPOS | 4555.997 | 130 .843 | 421386.1 | 5087134.1 |
| RUMBLE | 4555.814 | 129 59.038 | 423713 | 5086766 |
| SLEDMOOR | 4555.985 | 129 58.685 | 424173.1 | 5087075.8 |
| SNAIL | 4555.990 | 129 58.913 | 423878.6 | 5087089.7 |
| SNOW | 4555.627 | 129 58.947 | 423827 | 5086417 |
| SNOWBLOWER | 4556.392 | 129 59.044 | 423719 | 5087835 |
| STEVEMOUND | 4555.995 | 130 .805 | 421434.8 | 5087128.6 |
| STRTEX | 4556.504 | 129 59.070 | 423688 | 5088043 |
| STYX | 4555.997 | 130 .822 | 421412.2 | 5087132.2 |
| SULFIDE | 4555.570 | 129 58.796 | 424021 | 5086309 |
| THEPIT | 4556.385 | 129 59.045 | 423718.2 | 5087823.2 |
| TOMBSTONE | 4555.769 | 130 0.680 | 421590 | 5086597 |
| TUNNICLIFF | 4556.020 | 130 .949 | 421248.7 | 5087178 |
| VIRGDAUT | 4556.025 | 130 .804 | 421436 | 5087184 |
| VIRGIN | 4556.019 | 130 .809 | 421430 | 5087174 |
| VSM1F | 4556.188 | 129 59.001 | 423770.2 | 5087457.8 |
| WHITE | 4556.024 | 130 .818 | 421419 | 5087182.9 |
| North Rift Zone Transponder Net | ||||
| 91VENT | 46 2.316 | 130 0.745 | 421661.4 | 5098834.3 |
| 98 E1 | 46 1.156 | 130 1.059 | 421228 | 5096691 |
| 98 E2 | 46 1.181 | 130 1.215 | 421027.9 | 5096739.8 |
| 98 E3 | 46 1.188 | 130 1.283 | 420940 | 5096755 |
| 98 E4 | 46. 1.211 | 130 1.462 | 420710 | 5096800 |
| BOB | 46 2.335 | 130 0.770 | 421629.2 | 5098870.2 |
| CLAMBED | 46 2.331 | 130 0.801 | 421581.7 | 5098862.6 |
| CLAMMAX | 46 2.336 | 130 0.783 | 421612.9 | 5098871.7 |
| RIFT1 | 46 1.177 | 130 1.228 | 421010.5 | 5096833.2 |
| SHEPHERD | 4559.394 | 130 1.601 | 420486.4 | 5093373.6 |
| SOCASM | 4559.322 | 130 1.575 | 420518.6 | 5093304.6 |
| South Rift Zone Transponder Net | ||||
| ANOM | 4552.151 | 129 59.131 | 423509.6 | 5079985.2 |
| CTD1 | 4555.205 | 129 59.030 | 423710.6 | 5085638.9 |
| S CONTACT2 | 4552.142 | 130 0.464 | 421785.7 | 5079989.9 |
| TOPLAVA | 4552.188 | 129 59.298 | 423294.4 | 5080055.9 |
9.4 NeMO Observatory Instruments in Place September '98
-129.9842 45.9329 98V103 Mooring
-129.9830 45.9420 97T41 Mooring
-129.9870 45.9250 97T42 Mooring
-129.9821 45.9332 Temperature Probe
-129.9818 45.9334 Temperature Probe
-129.9882 45.9227 Temperature Probe
-129.9815 45.9360 Temperature Probe
-130.0136 45.9333 Temperature Probe
-130.0136 45.9336 Temperature Probe
-130.0135 45.9337 Temperature Probe
-130.0140 45.9336 Temperature Probe
-130.0263 45.9887 Temperature Probe
-129.9847 45.9451 Osmosampler
-129.9822 45.9332 Osmosampler
-129.9822 45.9332 Time Lapse Camera
-129.9834 45.9365 Rumbleometer Deployed 98
-130.0000 45.9567 Rumbleometer Recovered 98
-129.9840 45.9302 Rumbleometer Stuck in 98 Lava Flow
-129.9550 45.8850 OBS6
-130.2283 45.9067 OBS7
-130.1250 45.8500 OBS8
-129.9167 45.9333 OBS9
-129.8150 45.8950 OBS10
-130.0333 45.9467 OBS11
-130.1283 45.9517 OBS12
-130.0167 46.0167 OBS13
-130.0283 45.9833 OBS14
-129.9767 45.9767 OBS15
-129.9850 46.0750 OBS16
-129.9167 46.0300 OBS17
-130.0617 46.0500 OBS18
-130.9133 46.1200 OBS19
-130.1850 46.0667 OBS20
-129.8200 46.0267 OBS21
-130.0383 45.8917 OBS22
-129.9967 45.8183 OBS23
-130.0133 46.1283 OBS24
-129.9807 45.9452 OBH1
-129.9758 45.9400 OBH2
-129.9817 45.9408 OBH3
-129.9708 45.9417 OBH4
-129.9825 45.9363 OBH5
10.0 NeMO'98 OPERATIONS - ROPOS DIVES R460 - R480
10.1 ROPOS Dive Locations and Dates
| Dive # | Date | Location |
| R460 | JD 240-241
Aug 28-29 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Mkrs N3, 33; Milky, The Pit, Cloud Vents |
| R461 | JD 241-243
Aug 29-31 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Rumbleometer; Mkrs 108,33,113; Cloud, Sulfide, Castle, Circular Vents |
| R462 | JD 243 - 244
Aug 31 - Sept 1 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Mkr-33, Cloud Vent |
| R463 | JD 244 - 245
Sept 1 - 2 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Easy, Milky Vents; (+ Imagenex survey) |
| R464 | JD 245
Sept 2 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Oxide, MiniSnow, The Pit, Snail, Mkr-108, Mkr-113, Castle Vents |
| R465 | JD 246
Sept 3 |
South Rift Zone:
reconnaissance survey |
| R466 | JD 247
Sept 4 |
ASHES:
Hell, ROPOS, Hillock/Phoenix, Hairdo and Inferno Vents |
| R467 | JD 248 - 249
Sept 5 - 6 |
North Rift Zone:
Extensometers; Bob Vent: (+Imagenex survey) |
| R468 | JD 250
Sept 7 |
ASHES:
Gollum, Hell, ROPOS, Hillock/Phoenix, Crack Vents |
| R469 | JD 250 - 251
Sept 7 - 8 |
ASHES:
Medusa, Mushroom, Marshmallow, Gollum, Daves Styx and Fe-Hyde Vents; (+Imagenex survey) |
| R470 | JD 251
Sept 8 |
North Rift Zone:
Extensometers |
| R471 | JD 252
Sept 9 |
ASHES:
Gollum, Mushroom, White, Inferno, Hell Vents |
| R472 | JD 252
Sept 9 |
ASHES:
Steve Mound, Hell, Phoenix, Medusa, Inferno Vents |
| R473 | JD 253 - 254
Sept 10 - 11 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Easy, Milky, Roof, The Pit, Snowblower, Mkr-33, Mkr-108, Cloud, Castle Vents; (+Imagenex survey) |
| R474 | JD 255
Sept 12 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
The Pit, Milky Vents; Rumbleometer; Lava Flow Mapping Traverses |
| R475 | Dive aborted | |
| R476 | JD 256 - 257
Sept 13 - 14 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Magnesia, Easy, Old Worms, Milky Vents; Lava flow traverses; (+ Imagenex survey) |
| R477 | JD 258
Sept 15 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Rumbleometer; Mkr-33 Vent |
| R478 | JD 258
Sept 15 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Mkr-33, Mkr-n4, Cloud, Nascent Vents |
| R479 | JD 259 - 260
Sept 16 - 17 |
Northern traverse along caldera wall:
ASHES: Hell, Virgin, Mushroom, Medusa, Inferno Vents; (+Imagenex survey) |
| R480 | JD 261 - 262
Sept 18 - 19 |
North Rift Zone and Northern Caldera Wall:
Extensometers; CASM (Shepherd?) Vent |
10.2 NeMO'98 Markers/Experiments Deployed and Recovered
(also includes ALVIN 3245-3247 deployments)
| MKRS/EXPERIMENTS | AREA | DEPLOYED (Dive) | RECOVERED (Dive) | COMMENTS |
| Mkr-N2 | Milky Vent | R460 | ||
| Mkr-N3 | South of Milky Vent
North of The Pit |
R460 | ||
| HOBO (borrowed from U. Washington) | Near Cloud Vent and
Mkr-33 |
Alvin dive 3247
7/18/98 |
R460 | |
| Mkr-N6 | Cloud Vent | R460 | ||
| Bacteria Traps
#5,6,7,8 |
Mkr-33 Vent | R461 | R462 Retrieved #7,8
R477 Retrieved #5,6 |
|
| MTR 4130 | Mkr-33 Vent | R461 | Moved R478 | Relocated at Mkr-33
(R478) |
| MTR 0942 | Cloud Vent | R461 | ||
| Mkr-N4 | Cloud Vent | R461 |
| Bacteria Traps
#1,2 |
Cloud Vent | R461 | R462 | |
| VEMCO | Mkr-113 Vent | Alvin dive 3245
7/15/98 |
Moved R461 | Relocated to bottom
of pillar (from top)
during Dive R461 |
| Bacteria Traps
#3,4 |
Mkr-113 Vent | R461 | R464 Retrieved #3 | Bacteria Trap #4
Not retrieved |
| Mkr-N5 | Castle Vent | R461 | ||
| osmosampler | Mkr33 | R462 | R477 | Had HOBO probe |
| Bacteria Traps
#9,10,11,12 |
Mkr-33 | R462 | R477 Retrieved #10,11 | Bacteria Traps
#9,12 Not retrieved |
| Bacteria Trap
#14 |
Mkr-N4 | R462 | Bacteria Trap #14
Not retrieved | |
| Bacteria Traps
#16,18 |
Milky Vent
Mkr-N2 |
R463 | R474 Retrieved #16,18 | |
| Bacteria Trap
#17 |
Easy Vent | R463 | Bacteria Trap #17
Not retrieved | |
| Mkr-N9 | MiniSnow Vent | R464 | ||
| Mkr-N1 | SnowBlower Vent | R464 | ||
| Mkr-N7 | east of The Pit Vent | R464 | ||
| Mkr-N8 | Snail Vent | R464 | ||
| Bacteria Traps
#19,20,21 |
Mkr-113 Vent | R464 | Bacteria Traps
#19,20,21 Not retrieved | |
| Bacteria Traps
#22,23,24 |
Castle Vent | R464 | Bacteria Traps
#22,23,24 Not retrieved | |
| HOBO | Hell Vent (spire) | R466 | R479? | Part of osmosampler package |
| osmosampler | Hell Vent (spire) | R466 | R479 | |
| Bacteria Traps
#25,26 |
Hillock/Phoenix Vent | R466 | Bacteria Traps
#25,26 Not retrieved | |
| Bacteria Traps
#27,28 |
ROPOS Vent | R466 | Bacteria Traps
#27,28 Not retrieved | |
| Mkr-D | east of Hillock/Phoenix Vent | R468 | ||
| MTR | Gollum Vent | R471 | ||
| Bacteria Traps
#??? (3 traps) |
Gollum Vent | R471 | Bacteria Traps
#??? Not retrieved | |
| Bacteria trap
#? (1 trap) |
Mushroom Vent | R471 | Bacteria Trap
#? Not retrieved | |
| Mkr-1 | White Vent | R471 | ||
| Mkr-N41 | south of The Pit Vent
north of rumbleometer |
R474 | ||
| MTR 4126 | Mkr-N41 | R474 |
| Mkr-N44 | west of The Pit Vent | R474 | ||
| osmosampler | Mkr-N2 (Milky Vent) | R474 | ||
| Bacteria Trap
#35 |
Mkr-N2 | R476 | Bacteria Trap #35
Not retrieved | |
| osmosampler
(long-term) |
Mkr-33 | R477 | ||
| Time-Lapse Camera
(long-term) |
Mkr-33 | R478 | ||
| MTR 4108 | Nascent Vent | R478 | ||
| VEMCO 98-1113-214 | Shepherd Vent (CASM area) | R480 | ||
| HOBO 130 | T&S Spires (CASM area) | R480 | ||
| HOBO 137 | Inferno Vent (top) | Alvin 3246 | ||
| VEMCO 98-223 | Inferno Vent (base)
diffuse flow area |
Alvin 3246 | ||
| HOBO 129 | Virgin Mound | Alvin 3246 | ||
| VEMCO | near Crack Vent | Alvin 3246 |
10.3 Sample Types (Total and per Dive)
57 SUAVE scans 13 macrobiological samples 47 Suction Samples:
53 HFS samples 12 microbiological samples 19 microbiological
21 gastight bottles (microbial traps) 8 macrobiological
7 niskins 17 hard samples (geo) 9 macroµbiological
2 misc.fluid samples 11 fluid
R460 R461 R462
4 SUAVE 18 SUAVE 4 micro (bactraps)
2 geo 2 gastights 1 micro (bag creature)
2 fluid 2 macro 1 niskin
3 geo 2 gastights
1 geo
6 suction samples
(3-micro¯o/2-micro/1-fluid)
R463 R464 R465
1 gastight 1 micro (bactrap) 2 geo
1 suction sample (fluid) 2 macro
1 geo
1 niskin
2 gastights
8 suction samples
(2-micro¯o/3-micro/1-fluid)
R466 R467 R468
21 SUAVE 1 geo 7 HFS
2 macro 2 SUAVE 1 SUAVE
2 gastights 1 micro¯o 1 niskin
1 niskin 1 geo
R469 R471 R472
16 HFS 2 macro 1 macro
1 SUAVE 2 gastights 1macro&geo
1 gastight 1 niskin 1 gastight
1 geo 3 suction samples 1 niskin
(2-fluid/1-micro&geo) 1 geo
8 suction samples
(2-micro/2-fluid/4-macro)
R473 R474 R475
18 HFS 2 micro (bactraps) No samples
2 gastights 1 macro
1 niskin 5 suction samples
1 geo (4-micro/1-micro¯o)
8 suction samples
(1-micro¯o)/4-micro/2-macro/1-fluid)
R476 R477 R478
1 geo 4 micro (bactraps) 8 SUAVE
1 geoµ 2 gastights
5 suction samples 5 suction samples
(3-micro/2-fluid) ` (1-micro/2-macro/1-micro¯o/1-fluid)
R479 R480
11 HFS 2 SUAVE
2 gastights 2 gastights
5 suction samples 2 geo
(1-micro/2-macro/1-micro¯o/1-fluid) 1 macro
10.4 ROPOS SAMPLES DIVES R460 - R480
Dive R460 SE Caldera, SRZ
| SAMPLE
NUMBER |
LOCATION | SAMPLE DESCRIPTION | PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR | |
| R460-1 | 423648/5088456 | SUAVE-1 Iron bacterial floc | Massoth | |
| R460-2 | 423682/5088425 | SUAVE-2 Milky Vent at Mkr-N2 | Massoth | |
| R460-3 | 423637/5088274 | SUAVE-3 Vent at Mkr-N3 | Massoth | |
| R460-4 | 423615/5088226 | Basalt glass | J. Chapman | |
| R460-5 | 423717/5087830 | SUAVE-4 The Pit Vent | Massoth | |
| R460-6 | 423902/5087111 | Basalt | J. Chapman | Scott: Chips with attached
bacteria in 3% gluteraldehyde (for G. Ferris) |
| R460-7 | Water from port Biobox | Tsurumi | ||
| R460-8 | Water from stbd Biobox | Tsurumi |
Dive R461 SE Caldera, SRZ
| R461-1 | 423860/5087096 | SUAVE -1 at Mkr-33 Vent site | Massoth | |
| R461-2 | " | SUAVE-2 at Mkr-33 Vent site | Massoth | |
| R461-3 | " | SUAVE -3 at Mkr-33 Vent site | Massoth | |
| R461-4 | " | Gas tight bottle #2 in venting crack at Mkr-33 | Evans | Geunther & Butterfield:
compromised water samples
Lilley: half of gas ampoules |
| R461-5 | " | Gas tight bottle #5 in venting crack at Mkr-33 | Evans | Geunther & Butterfield:
compromised water samples
Lilley: half of gas ampoules |
| R461-6 | " | SUAVE -4 at GTB location | Massoth | |
| R461-7 | " | SUAVE -5 at mat 30 cm from the bag creature | Massoth | |
| R461-8 | " | SUAVE -6 at bag creature | Massoth | |
| R461-9 | " | SUAVE -7 at little bag creature further from the sub than little bag creature | Massoth | |
| R461-10 | 423901/5087111 | SUAVE -8 in cloud vent at Mkr-N6 | Massoth | |
| R461-11 | 423888/5087110 | SUAVE-9 10 m west of Mkr-N6, at Mkr-N4 | Massoth | |
| R461-12 | 423783/5086590 | SUAVE-10 at Mkr-108 | Massoth | |
| R461-13 | 423374/5085927 | SUAVE-11 at Mkr-113, Axial Gardens, at top of pillar | Massoth | |
| R461-14 | 423374/5085927 | SUAVE -12 at Mkr-113, where VEMCO was | Massoth | |
| R461-15 | 423374/5085927 | Biosample, tube worms at Mkr-113 (where SUAVE #12 was), starboard side of biobox - a bit in port side | Tunnicliffe | |
| R461-16 | 423374/5085927 | Rock sample at Mkr-113 - fell accidentally into biobox when tube worms sampled (R461-15) | J. Chadwick | Scott: chips of glass with
biofilm for G. Ferris/
Kaye |
| R461-17 | 423374/5085927 | SUAVE-13 at base of Mkr-113 lava pillar, place where Moyer's traps #3 & 4 deployed |
Massoth |
|
| R461-18 | 423382/5085916 | SUAVE-14, Mkr-113 | Massoth | |
| R461-19 | " | Sample of dying tube worms at Mkr-113, kept in Pacman until surface | Tsurumi | |
| R461-20 | 423887/5086283 | SUAVE-15 - Circular Vent | Massoth | |
| R461-21 | 424026/5086305 | SUAVE-16 - at base of Sulfide Vent | Massoth | |
| R461-22 | 424030/5086304 | SUAVE-17 - in tubeworms at sulphide deposit | Massoth | |
| R461-23 | 424048/5086303 | SUAVE-18 - in tubeworms at Castle Vent | Massoth | |
| R461-24 | 424033/5086409 | Older lava sample from "contact" point (#1), in port side of biobox | J. Chadwick | Scott: scrapings and
chips of glass with biofilm for G. Ferris |
| R461-25 | no fixes but nearby R461-24 | Younger lava sample from "contact" point (#1), in port side of biobox | J. Chadwick |
Dive R462 SE Caldera, SRZ
| R462-1 | 423858/5087102 | Suction Sampler, Bottle #1, fluid from Mkr-33 | Butterfield | Huber and Kaye |
| R462-2 | " | Suction Sampler, Bottle #7, mat and worms from Mkr-33 | Juniper/
Moyer |
Ö |
| R462-3 | " | Suction Sampler, Bottle #6, mat and worms from Mkr-33 | Juniper/
Moyer |
Ö |
| R462-4 | " | Suction Sampler, Bottle #5, white mat and polynoids | Juniper | Ö |
| R462-5 | " | ATTEMPTED Suction Sampler, Bottle #4, white mat and "bag creature" | Juniper | |
| R462-6 | 423852/5087098 | ATTEMPTED suction sampler, bottle #3, white mat NEAR bag creature | Juniper | |
| R462-7 | " | Bacteria trap #7 from Mkr-33 to port bio box. Trap was deployed for 48 hours. | Moyer | Ö |
| R462-8 | " | Bacteria trap #8 to Mkr-33 port bio box. Trap was deployed for 48 hours. | Moyer | Ö |
| R462-9 | 423852/5087098 | Bag creatures sampled with pac man, most of them floated off and did not end up in the bio box, but some small pieces may still be there. | ||
| R462-10 | 423897/5087117 | Bacteria trap sample #2 from Cloud Vent, Mkr-N4, down in hole with gray smoke. Trap was in vent for 48 hours. | Moyer | Ö |
| R462-11 | " | Bacteria trap sample #1 from Cloud Vent, Mkr-N4, down in hole with gray smoke. Trap was in vent for 48 hours. | Moyer | Ö |
| R462-12 | 423899/5087110 | Niskin bottle at Cloud Vent, Mkr-N6, in area of super high gray smokey flow. | Kaye /Huber
Butterfield/ Gendron |
|
| R462-13 | " | Gas tight bottle #2 filled with fluid from high flow at Mkr-N6. | Evans | |
| R462-14 | " | Gas tight bottle #7 filled with fluid from high flow at Mkr-N6 | Evans | |
| R462-15 | 423890/5087111 | Basalt sample from Cloud Vent, Mkr-N4 | J. Chadwick |
Dive R463 SE Caldera, SRZ
| R463-1 | 423678/5088420 | Milk vent, Gas tight sample taken in bottle #6 on stbd arm | Evans | |
| R463-2 | 423678/5088420 | Milk vent, Suction sample of water, into bottle #8 | Butterfield/
Kaye/Huber |
Dive R464 SE Caldera, SRZ
| R464-1 | 423628/5088455 | Suction sample, small bottle #4, at Oxide Vent??- orange and white material | Moyer/Juniper | Ö |
| R464-2 | 423706/5088143 | Suction sample, large bottle #18, at Mini Snow, Mkr-N9 -diffuse flow with white flocs | Butterfield/
Kaye/Huber/ Moyer |
Ö |
| R464-3 | 423706/5088143 | Suction sample, small bottle #1, at Mini Snow, Mkr-N9 - white bacterial mat | Moyer/Juniper | Ö |
| R464-4 | 423722/5087835 | Suction sample, large bottle #12, at Snow Blower Vent near Mkr-N1 - diffuse flow with white flocs | Butterfield/
Kaye/Huber/ Moyer |
Gendron Ö |
| R464-5 | 423722/5087835 | Suction sample, small bottle #2A, at Snow Blower Vent near Mkr-N1- white flocs | Juniper/Moyer | Ö |
| R464-6 | 423878/5087086 | Suction sample, small bottle #0, at Snail- snails and bacterial mat | Juniper | |
| R464-7 | 423784/5086592 | Suction sample, small bottle #2B, at Mkr-108 - scale worms and bacterial mat, aborted - NO SAMPLE | ||
| R464-8 | 423373/5085933 | Bacteria trap#3 at Mkr-113, in starboard side of biobox | Moyer | Ö |
| R464-9 | 423377/5085935 | dead or dying tube worms, Mkr-113 area into port bio box | Tsurumi | |
| R464-10 | 424032/5086297 | base of Castle Vent spire | Scott | Kaye,/
Moyer Ö |
| R464-11 | 424032/5086297 | Niskin sample of seawater adjacent to buoyant plume above Castle Vent spire | McLaughlin-West/Kaye/
Huber/ Butterfield |
|
| R464-12 | 424032/5086297 | 2 gas tights, one in fluid from the decapitated base of Castle Vent, (port, GTB #5) one in seawater about 17" away (stbd, GTB#2) | Evans | |
| R464-13 | 424032/5086297 | Suction sample, large canister #1 | Butterfield/
Huber/Kaye |
Kaye |
| R464-14 | 424041/5086304 | Biosample, tube worm grab with claw from Flat Top
at Mkr-N5 |
Tsurumi |
Dive R465 SRZ Reconnaissance Survey
| R465-1 | 4552.16'
12959.17' |
basalt, wedge/trapezoid shape, orange stripe inner surface, step in side, port biobox | J.Chadwick/
M. Perfit |
|
| R465-2 | 4552.17'
12959.182' |
flow structure, in port biobox, long, bonelike, glass, yellow stuff | J. Chadwick/
Mike Perfit |
.Dive R466 ASHES
| R466-1 | 421373/5087130 | Sulfide worms and sulfide from top of spire at Hell Vent. | Juniper | Kaye |
| R466-2 | 421367/5087140 | SUAVE #1 at top of clump of tube worms 1 m north of Hell Vent. | Massoth/
Tunnicliffe |
|
| R466-3 | 421367/5087140 | Entire clump of tube worms and associated biota at Hell Vent. | Tunnicliffe/ Marcus | Kaye/
Levesque |
| R466-4 | 421367/5087140 | SUAVE #2 scan of hole left by sampling tube worm bush | Massoth | |
| R466-5 | 421393/5087132 | SUAVE #3 at Phoenix Vent where glass wool traps were deployed. | Massoth/
Moyer |
|
| R466-6 | 421386/5087134 | SUAVE #4 ROPOS Vent where glass wool traps were deployed. | Massoth/
Moyer |
|
| R466-7 | 421391/5087156 | SUAVE #5 in worms at the top of Hairdo Vent. | Massoth/
Tunnicliffe |
|
| R466-8 | 421391/5087156 | Biosample of a clump of worms at Hairdo Vent. | Tunnicliffe/
Marcus |
Kaye/
Levesque |
| R466-9 | 421391/5087156 | SUAVE #6 at base of Hairdo Vent after the clump of organisms were removed. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-10 | 421389/5087137 | SUAVE #7 at the base of Phoenix below the worms. Site #1. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-11 | 421389/5087137 | SUAVE #8 at the base of Phoenix on sulfide worms. Site #1. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-12 | 421389/5087137 | SUAVE #9 slightly higher up on the same piece of sulfide as above. Site #1. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-13 | 421389/5087137 | SUAVE #10 at the base of Phoenix on sulfide worms. Site #1. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-14 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #11 at base of Phoenix. In area of no fauna. Site #2. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-15 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #12. On two sulfide worms at base of Phoenix. Site #2. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-16 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #13 of sulfide worms at base of Phoenix. Site #3. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-17 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #14. Same. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-18 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #15. Same. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-19 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #16. Same. Aborted midway through because of power failure to ROPOS. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-20 | Bad fix | SUAVE #17 at Inferno Vent. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-21 | Bad fix | Gas Tight #6 at Inferno Vent at top of black beehive spire on south side, hdg 350, near VEMCO. | Lupton/
Evans |
|
| R466-22 | 421395/5087162 | Gas Tight #7 at Inferno Vent at top of black beehive spire on south side, hdg 350, near VEMCO. | Lupton/
Evans |
|
| R466-23 | 421373/5087136 | SUAVE #18 at Hell Vent of sulfide worms. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-24 | 421373/5087136 | SUAVE #19 at Hell at back of Porkchop near sulfide worms again. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-25 | 421373/5087136 | SUAVE #20 at Hell at bone of Porkchop near sulfide and palm worms. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-26 | 421373/5087136 | SUAVE #21 at Hell in group of palm worms. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-27 | 421375/5087135 | Niskin at Hell in buoyant plume at top of triple chimney, top of chimney at 1542 m. | McLaughlin-West/
Gendron/ Kaye/ Butterfield |
Dive R467 NRZ
| SAMPLE
NUMBER |
TIME | LOCATION | SAMPLE DESCRIPTION | PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR |
SUB-SAMP |
| R467-1 | 1629 | 421330/5096637 | Old basalts for dating from elevator drop site. | J.Chadwick/
M. Perfit |
|
| R467-2 | 0357 | 421602/5098870 | SUAVE-1 at vent with no visible flow. Some bacterial mats, a few scraggly tube worms, some gastropods. First vent we found. | Massoth | |
| R467-3 | 0500 | 421629/5098870 | SUAVE #2 at low flow vent with orange and white bacterial mats, tube worms, lots of gastropods, and some polynoids. Considered to be the same as 91 Vent from Sonne cruise, now called "Bob Vent". | Massoth/
Tunnicliffe |
|
| R467-4 | 0517 | 421629/5098870 | Biosample of mat, tube worms, bacteria at SUAVE #2 site - Bob Vent. | Tunnicliffe/
J. Chadwick/ E Moyer |
Ö |
Dive R468 ASHES
| R468-1 | 0252 | 421417/5087167 | HFS-1 at Gollum 2 #10 piston | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R468-2 | 0334 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-2 at Crack Vent piston #8 for gas | Butterfield | Evans |
| R468-3 | 0342 | 421426/5087135 | SUAVE-1 at Crack Vent | Massoth | |
| R468-4 | 0344 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-3 at Crack Vent. Filter #16 only. | Huber | |
| R468-5 | 0350 | 421426/5087135 | GTB #7 (stbd side) T = 40C. Crack Vent | Evans | |
| R468-6 | 0401 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-4 Bag sample #7. High-T sample.
No filter. Crack Vent |
Butterfield | Kaye |
| R468-7 | 0403 | 421426/5087135 | GTB #6. T = 170C. At Crack Vent. | Evans | |
| R468-8 | 0405 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-4 #12 piston sample. Crack Vent. | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R468-9 | 0414 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-5 #13 piston sample. Crack Vent. | Butterfield | |
| R468-10 | 0436 | 421397/5087127 | HFS-6 Bag #3. Background water sample without filter between Hillock/Phoenix and Hell Vents. T = 2.5C | Kaye/Huber | |
| R468-11 | 0444 | No fixes | Niskin sample taken ~1 m above active Hell Vent in plume | Gendron | |
| R468-12 | 0458 | No fixes | Stump and base of active vent at ROPOS | Jonnasson | Scott |
Dive R469 ASHES
| R469-1 | 1831 | 421422/5087178 | Fluid Sampler Piston #13, diffuse flow-aborted
Worked at later time Marshmallow Vent |
Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-2 | 1546 | 421422/5087178 | SUAVE #1 at fluid sampler collection site
Marshmallow Vent |
Massoth | |
| R469-3 | 1836 | 421422/5087178 | Fluid Sampler Piston #12, diffuse flow-aborted Marshmallow Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-4 | 1849 | 421422/5087178 | Fluid sampler Bag #7, diffuse flow, Marshmallow Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-5 | 1900 | 421422/5087178 | Fluid sampler #16 Filters only, diffuse flow, Marshmallow Vent | Huber | |
| R469-6 | 1546 | 421422/5087178 | Starboard gas tight bottle #5, diffuse flow
Marshmallow Vent |
Evans | |
| R469-7 | 1546 | 421404/5087167 | Fluid sampler #11, Bubbler #2 diffuse flow, W face of Mushroom Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-8 | 2132 | 421404/5087167 | Fluid Sampler #17, filter set, Bubbler #2 diffuse flow, W face of Mushroom | Huber | |
| R469-9 | 2232 | 421427/5087165 | Fluid Sampler Bag #6 (filtered) at Gollum Vent in the worms. | Butterfield | |
| R469-10 | 2245 | 421427/5087165 | Fluid Sampler #18 Filter set, Gollum Vent | Huber | |
| R469-11 | 2254 | 421427/5087165 | Fluid Sampler #9, Gas piston, T1 = 7 Gollum Vent | Evans | |
| R469-12 | 2352 | 421412/5087132 | Fluid sampler bag #2 at Styx Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-13 | JD251 0000 | 421412/5087132 | Fluid piston sampler #10 at Styx Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-14 | 0013 | 421412/5087132 | Port side gas tight at Styx Vent | Evans | |
| R469-15 | 0033 | 421409/5087159 | Fluid sample bag # 23 at Daves Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-16 | 0048 | 421409/5087159 | Fluid sample bag # 24 at Daves Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-17 | 0051 | 421409/5087159 | Fluid sample bag #3 at Daves Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-18 | 0115 | 421394/5087141 | Fluid sample bag #4 at Medusa Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-19 | 0132 | 421394/5087141 | Fluid sample bag#5 at Medusa Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-20 | 0155 | 421406/5087100 | Iron oxyhydroxide from Fe-Hyde site on the south fringe of ASHES | Juniper/
Scott |
Dive R470 No Samples
Dive R471 ASHES
| R471-1 | 0258 | 421422/5087168 | Suction sample of water from Gollum into jar #1 | Juniper | Juniper |
| R471-2 | 0318 |
" |
Suction sample of water from Gollum into jar #2 | Juniper | Juniper |
| R471-3 | 0359 | " | Tube worm clump from Gollum into port side of biobox | Tsurumi/
Marcus |
Juniper/
J.Chadwick |
| R471-4 | 0456 | 421420/5087166 | Suction sample of white mat on rock ~1 m from trap deployment into jar #8. Also chips of basalt glass. | Moyer | J. Chadwick/
Tunnicliffe |
| R471-5 | 0616 | 421402/5087168 | Gastight sampler # 6 Mushroom Vent | Evans | M. Lilley/
D. Butterfield |
| R471-6 | 0616 | 421416/5087180 | Tube worms at mkr I ~1 m west of
White Vent |
Marcus/
Tsurumi |
Ö |
| R471-7 | 0650 | 421395/5087163 | Gastight sampler #7 Inferno Vent | Evans | M.Lilley/
D. Butterfield |
| R471-8 | 0733 | 421376/5087146 | Niskin sample on port side about 5 m above Hell Vent | Gendron | D. Butterfield |
Dive R472 ASHES
| R472-1 | 1349 | 421395/5087142 | Suction Sample Jar #1; particulate organic matter | Juniper | Juniper |
| R472-2 | 1411 | 421395/5087142 | Suction Sample Jar #2; sulfide worms | Juniper | Juniper |
| R472-3 | 1424 | 421397/5087141 | Using pacman to grab rock and animal sample Port side of bio box | Tunnicliffe | Juniper/Kaye/
J. Chadwick |
| R472-4 | 1451 | 421395/5087165 | Suction Sample Jar #3; sulfide worms at base of Inferno Vent | Juniper | Tunnicliffe/
Juniper |
| R472-5 | 1517 | 421374/5087135 | Suction Sampler Jar #4; sulfide worms at southwest base of Hell Vent | Juniper | Juniper/Kaye |
| R472-6 | 1606 | 421374/5087138 | Worms and flange from Hell into starboard biobox | Juniper | Tunnicliffe/
Juniper/ Moyer/ Kaye |
| R472-7 | 1636 | 421390/5087134 | Suction Sample Jar #5; sulfide worms at Phoenix Vent | Juniper | Tunnicliffe/
Juniper |
| R472-8 | 1652 | 421382/5087135 | Suction Sample Jar #6; background seawater near Phoenix Vent, about 1 m off floor | Kaye/Huber | |
| R472-9 | 1707 | 421373/5087138 | Suction Sample Jar #7; diffuse flow from clump of tube worms just north of Hell Vent | Kaye/Huber | Butterfield |
| R472-10 | 1732 | 421373/5087138 | Gas tight bottle #5; starboard side at same site for suction | Evans | M. Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R472-11 | 1759 | 421375/5087130 | Pacman grab of iron oxide mound at Steve Mound, near Crack Vent | Scott | |
| R472-12 | 1857 | 421421/508714 | Suction Sampler #8; orange yellow mat; oxide mounds just south of Gollum (202 Nytex) | Moyer | Scott |
| R472-13 | 1948 | 421371/5087133 | 5 liter, right side Niskin bottle meters above Hell Vent | Gendron/
McLaughlin |
Roe/Guenther |
Dive R473 SE Caldera SRZ
| R473-1 | 1805 | 423679/5088458 | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Bag #2 with filter | Butterfield | filter lost during dive |
| R473-2 | 1815 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Filter #1 Sterivex filter only | Moyer | |
| R473-3 | 1841 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Piston #10 | Butterfield | McLaughlin/
Kaye/ Huber |
| R473-4 | 1900 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Filter Set #16 (3 µm and .22 µm Sterivex) | Huber | |
| R473-5 | 1912 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Gas Piston #8 | Butterfield/
Evans |
M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R473-6 | 1932 | 423674/5088454 | Suction Sample at Easy Vent; Jar #6 with 64 µm mesh; polynoids and white mat | Tunnicliffe/
Marcus/ Juniper |
Juniper |
| R473-7 | 2026 | 423686/5088421 | Suction Sample at Milky Vent; Jar #1 with 20 µm mesh; white bacterial mat | Moyer | |
| R473-8 | 2153 | 423677/5088120 | Fluid Sample at Roof Vent; Bag #4 with filter | Butterfield | Guenther
filter B4 to Gendron |
| R473-9 | 2201 | "/" | Gas tight bottle #6 at Roof Vent | Evans | M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R473-10 | 2203 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Roof Vent; Bag #3 without filter | Butterfield/
Kaye/Huber |
McLaughlin |
| R473-11 | 2340 | 423718,5087823 | Suction sample of floc from Snowblower Vent (at the Pit), into bottle #5 | Moyer | |
| R473-12 | 0001 | 423718/5087823 | Fluid Sample; Snowblower Vent; Bag #5 with filter, ~700ml | Butterfield | McLaughlin/
Guenther filter B3 to Gendron |
| R473-13 | 0256 | 423852/5087097 | HFS sample at Mkr 33, piston #11 at
Mkr-33 |
Butterfield | McLaughlin/
Kaye/Huber |
| R473-14 | 0317 | " | HFS filter sample set #17 at Mkr-33 | Huber | |
| R473-15 | 0345? | " | HFS filtered water sample at same place as -14
bag 24 |
Butterfield | filter lost
during dive |
| R473-16 | 0429 | 423851/5087104 | Suction sample of bag creatures and white mat ~1 m NE from -13 to -15; bottle #18 | Juniper | Juniper |
| R473-17 | 0448 | 423854/5087099 | White mat from within the Mkr-33 Vent with the suction sampler | Moyer |
|
| R473-18 | 0513 | " | Suction sample of scale worms and polychaetes at Mkr-33 Vent ; bottle #7 | Marcus | Juniper |
| R473-19 | 0627 | 423903/5087108 | HFS water sample at Cloud Vent (Mkr-N4)
bag sample with a filter, number 23 |
Butterfield | McLaughlin/
filter B7 to Gendron |
| R473-20 | 0633 | 423903/5087108 | Suction Sample at Cloud Vent, jar 4 | Moyer | |
| R473-21 | 0755 | 423786/5086590 | Suction Sample at Marker-108 jar 8
bio worms |
Tunnicliffe/
Marcus/ Juniper |
Juniper |
| R473-22 | 0840 | 423786/5086593 | HFS samples at Marker-108
Piston 12 ~12 degrees C |
Butterfield | McLaughlin/
Huber/Kaye |
| R473-23 | 0855 | " | HFS bag with filter #6, Mkr-108 | Butterfield | filter lost |
| R473-24 | 1038 | 424022/5086306 | HFS sampler, Piston sample #13 at about 260 at Castle Vent | Butterfield | Huber/Kaye |
| R473-25 | 1050 | " | HFS sampler, Gas Piston Sample #9 at same site | Butterfield | Evans/Lilley
Butterfield |
| R473-26 | 1053 | " | HFS sampler, Bag Sample #7, same place | Butterfield | Huber/Kaye/
Guenther |
| R473-27 | 1100 | " | HFS sampler, Filter #18, same place | Huber | |
| R473-28 | 1129 | " | Niskin, 1518, about 3 meters above | Gendron | Roe/
Guenther |
| R473-29 | 1131 | " | Mature sulfide spire, in Pacman claw | Scott | Kaye |
| R473-30 | 0311 | 423852/5087097 | Gas tight bottle sample taken at Mkr-33
(note: sample number not in time order) |
Evans |
Dive R474 SE Caldera SRZ
| R474-1 | 0823 | 423703/5087066 | Slurp Bottle #5, shit trails, some yellow mat | Juniper | No
Sub- sample info. |
| R474-2 | 0933 | 424177/5087075 | Slurp Jar #3, background sediment | Juniper | |
| R474-3 | 1111 | 423922/5087428 | Slurp jar #7, new baby tube worms and mat near Mkr-N41. Stopped and flushed tube worms out of sample tube into the flushing jar. Returned to jar #7 and sample some mat | Juniper/
Tsurumi |
|
| R474-4 | 1234 | 423659/5087792 | Slurp jar #4. Slurping 10-12 cm patch of yellow/orange
mat. West-southwest (50-60 meters) of Pit. Hdg 075.
Deploying Mkr-N44. |
Juniper | |
| R474-5 | 1320 | 423837/5088089 | Slurping into jar #8. Slurping red material on new lava. | Juniper | |
| R474-6 | 1435 | 423682/5088431 | Found Moyer's glass trap #16. Placing it in starboard side of the biobox | Moyer | |
| R474-7 | 1515 | 423679/5088420 | Recovered glass trap #18. Placing it in starboard side of the biobox | Moyer | |
| R474-8 | 1435-1515 | 423679/5088420 | Polynoid (1) that swam into port side biobox, Mkr-N2 | Marcus |
Dive R475 Aborted
Dive R476 SE Caldera SRZ
| R476-1 | 1537 | 423678/5088411 | White bacterial mat; suction sampling in jar # 5; close to Milky Vent | Juniper | |
| R476-2 | 1553 | 423678/5088411 | Rock sample from Milky Vent; 7-function arm; in port side of biobox | ||
| R476-3 | 1628 | 423785/5088416 | Old tube worms with extensive filamentous bacteria growing on the tubes; into starboard side of biobox; at Old Worm, Hdg 111 | Tsurumi/
Tunnicliffe |
|
| R476-4 | 1638 | 423785/5088416 | Low flow water sample at Old Worms; suction sampler (jar # 4); Hdg 108. Slurping at low speed for 6 min. | Butterfield | Huber/Kaye/
McLaughlin/ Guenther |
| R476-5 | 1703 | 423670/5088477 | Flat piece of mat-covered basalt, north of Milky/Easy Vents; sampled with 7-function arm into port side of biobox; Hdg 342 | ||
| R476-6 | 1717 | 423670/5088477 | Suction sample of orange mat; in jar # 6; slurped for 13 min; North of Milky/Easy Vents; Hdg 342 | Moyer | Juniper |
| R476-7 | 1810 | 423661/5088545 | Suction sample of water at Magnesia Vent; slowly pumping into sample jar # 3 | Butterfield | Huber/Kaye/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R476-8 | 1817 | 423661/5088545 | Gas tight sample at Magnesia Vent; bottle #5, port side; Hdg 255 | Evans | M. Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R476-9 | 1537
& 1717 |
423678/5088411
or 423670/5088477 |
Fauna from flushing bottle from suction sampler | Tunnicliffe |
Dive R477 SE Caldera SRZ
| R477-1 | 0514 | 423853,5087097 | Bacteria trap #10 at Mkr-33 | Moyer | no sub-
sampling info |
| R477-2 | " | " | Bacteria trap #11 at Mkr-33 | Moyer | |
| R477-3 | " | " | Bacteria trap #5 at Mkr-33 | Moyer | |
| R477-4 | " | " | Bacteria trap #6 at Mkr-33 | Moyer | |
| R477-5 | 0544 | " | OSMO sampler (short term) | Wheat |
Dive R478 SE Caldera SRZ
| R478-1 | 1627 | 423856/5087095 | SUAVE #1 at Mkr-33 near MTR | Massoth | no sub-
sample info |
| R478-2 | 1659 | 423852/5087095 | SUAVE #2 at Mkr-33 near osmosampler | Massoth | |
| R478-3 | 1710 | 423852/5087095 | Starboard gas tight bottle #6 | Evans | |
| R478-4 | 1736 | 423836/5087092 | SUAVE #3 southwest of Mkr-33 at crack | Massoth | |
| R478-5 | 1813 | 423901/5087115 | SUAVE #4 at edge of Cloud Vent | Massoth | |
| R478-6 | 1917 | 423910/5087380 | SUAVE #5 at tube worm clump, Nascent | Massoth | |
| R478-7 | 1923 | 423910/5087380 | Gastight bottle #2 (port) tripped at\ Nascent Vent | Evans | |
| R478-8 | 1942 | 423910/5087380 | Tube worm grab to starboard side bio box at Nascnt Vent | Tunnicliffe | |
| R478-9 | 2009 | 423913/5087406 | SUAVE #6 at Mkr-N41 where tube worms were collected | Massoth | |
| R478-10 | 2036 | 423897/5087455 | SUAVE #7 at hole next to old tube worm clump just North of Mkr-N41 | Massoth | |
| R478-11 | 2052 | 423897/5087455 | Tube worm grab to port bio box | Tunnicliffe | |
| R478-12 | 2149 | 423890/5087771 | SUAVE #8 at big tube worm site max T = 16C | Massoth | |
| R478-13 | 2209 | 423890/5087771 | Tube worm grab where SUAVE #8 was, in port claw, will stay there for the ride up | Tunnicliffe |
Dive R479 Traverse north along caldera wall to ASHES
| R479-1 | 0838 | 421634/5086592 | Suction Sampler jar 18 of iron oxide little chimneys with white bacterial mat | Scott/
Juniper |
|
| R479-2 | 0928 | 421590/5086597 | HFS Bag sample #7 with a filter, Tave = ~19 deg C at intake, south of ASHES | Butterfield | Guenther/
Gendron/ McLaughlin |
| R479-3 | 1131 | 421373/5087132 | Piston #10, Tmax =26 deg C, at Porkchop
1139 Probe tip drifted out of hot fluid. 1142 Replaced in hot water new Tmax = 51 deg C. |
Butterfield | Kaye/Huber/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R479-4 | 1150 | "/" | Filter #16, Porkchop, same place as above, Tave=30 C, about 1L, 8cycles | Huber | |
| R479-5 | 1202 | "/" | Sample Bag/Filter combo #6, Porkchop, same location as above, Tave =?C, temp varying greatly | Butterfield | Gendron/
Guenther |
| R479-6 | 1305 | 421368/5087137 | Piston #13, Top of Hell, max T 270, 42 on the back probe. Sample fluid smoking out of red chalcopyrite. Sample appears to be cloudy. | Butterfield | Kaye/ Huber/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R479-7 | 1315 | "/" | Filter #17, Hell , same place as above, Tmax = 270 C, about 400mL, 3 cycles. At 1353, filtered an additional 100mL (one cycle) | Huber | |
| R479-8 | 1340 | "/" | Sample Bag/Filter combo #23, Hell Vent, another chimney, hdg 085, Tmax = 294 C, T2 58C, | Butterfield | Kaye/ Hubert/
Guenther/ Gendron |
| R479-9 | 1340 | "/" | Gastight sample, portside GTB #5, Hell, same location at R479-8, Tmax = 293 deg C, same location at R479-8 | Evans | M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R479-10 | 1439 | 421393/5087163 | Piston #11, Inferno, Hdg 246, near top, facing SW Tmax = 291 deg, 22 on the back probe (T2). | Butterfield | Kaye/ Huber/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R479-11 | 1542 | 421432/5087175 | Gas tight bottle, starboard side GTB #7 at Virgin; Max T 258 C | Evans | M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R479-12 | 1542 | "/" | Piston #12 at Virgin; Max T 261 C | Butterfield | |
| R479-13 | 1613 | variable | Filter Set # 18; background seawater in ASHES | Huber | |
| R479-14 | 1631 | 421403/5087167 | Bag #4 with filter; at Mushroom; Max T 179C | Butterfield | Gendron/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R479-15 | 1707 | 421394/5087138 | Suction Sample Bottle #4 at Medusa; Diffuse flow from rock | Kaye/Huber/
Butterfield |
|
| R479-16 | 1723 | "/" | Suction Sample Bottle #2 of sulfide and palm worms and mat at Medusa; and begin suctioning bottle #7 at Medusa | Juniper | Kaye |
| R479-17 | 1808 | 421375/5087135 | Suction Sample Bottles #3 of sulfide worms at Porkchop of Hell | Juniper | Tunnicliffe |
| R479-18 | 1908 | 421267/5087140 | Suction Sample Bottle #7 and bottle no # (flushing bottle) of clams near Caldera Wall=FAILED SAMPLE | Tunnicliffe | |
| R479-19 | 1943 | 421257/5087167 | Suction Sample Bottle #1 near Caldera Wall; diffuse flow in crevice | Kaye/Huber/
Butterfield |
Moyer |
| R479-20 | 1328
1604 |
421368/5087137
and 421432/5087175 |
Mr. Potatohead. Cooked at Hell Vent first, then cooked some more at Virgin Vent. umm | Tunnicliffe |
Dive R480 NRZ and CASM
| R480-1 | 0603 | At CASM:
no nav |
SUAVE #1 at base of large sulfide chimney in CASM fissure | Massoth | |
| R480-2 | 0603 | " | Gas tight- port side #2 same place as SUAVE | Evans/
Lupton |
M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R480-3 | 0628 | " | Grab of active chimney on top of T & S Spires. Several small pieces. | Scott | Juniper/
Kaye |
| R480-4 | 0703 | " | Chimney - not active. Huge piece that almost filled the port side of the biobox | Scott | Juniper/
Kaye |
| R480-5 | 0729 | " | SUAVE of the tube worms at T&S Spires | Massoth | |
| R480-6 | 0732 | " | Gas Tight #6 on the starboard side | Evans | M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R480-7 | 0739 | " | Tube worms | Tunnicliffe | Scott: rock/
Moyer |
10.5 Dive Map Nomenclature
The dive maps depict all Vents and Markers visited, samples collected on each dive, in addition all instruments deployed and recovered are also cited.
V = Vent M = Marker
Nomenclature Example: S/ss12_dfl-4
The first letter could be:
S Sample
D Deploy
R Recover
The letters (possibly followed by a number) following the backslash indicate the sample type:
ss12 indicates that it was suction sample in bottle #12.
The letters following the underscore give more information about the sample:
_dlf indicates that the sample was diffuse flow.
The number following the hyphen designates the dive sample number.
-4 indicates that it was sample number 4 for the dive.
Sample type abbreviations:
ss Suction Sample
su SUAVE
hfs Hot Fluid Sampler
niskin Niskin bottle
gtb Gas Tight Bottle
bactrp Bacteria Trap
More sample information:
mat bacterial mat
dfl diffuse flow
flc bacterial floc
bio biological sample
sf sulfide
rck rock
FeO iron oxide
osmo osmo sampler/analyzer
hobo temperature probe (152 - 419C)
MTR temperature probe (2 - 34C)
VEMCO temperature probe (0 - 50C)
TLC time lapse camera
10.6 ROPOS DIVE LOGS, Dives R460 - R480
Dive Map
Dive Summary:
Dive R460 conducted a reconnaissance along the southeastern side of the caldera at Axial Seamount taking SUAVE scans and samples as appropriate and conducting mapping surveys with the Imagenex sonar and digital still camera. ROPOS passed through a particulate plume on descent and landed near a low temperature vent. Such vents, harboring bacterial mat, scale worms, palm worms and other organisms, occur intermittently along one or more lines of narrow fissures. Low viscosity basalt flows predominate: lava forms include several styles of sheet flows (smoothy, ropey, curtain drape), less abundant lobate and relatively minor pillow flows. Drained lava lakes, some with a partially intact roof and basalt pillars are common. No hydrothermal chimneys or mounds were seen but yellow sediment and popcorn size balls of floc, probably fallout from plumes, are wide-spread.
Three vent sites were worked (Milk Vent, The Pit and Cloud Vent), although SUAVE was disabled at The Pit when the 7 function arm to which the sensor was attached went berserk. The Imagenex survey was run along four N-S lines south of the Mkr-33 and Cloud Vent sites. The digital still camera survey was run in the vicinity of Mkr-33. A mooring and "rumbleometer" (seismometers with current meter) were looked for but not found. Basalt glass, one with bacteria attached, was sampled at two sites.
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
| Region, Field,
Site |
Dive Begin | Dive End | Tasks |
| Axial Seamount
Southeast side of caldera |
Date (PDT):
August 27, 1998 Date (UTM): August 28, 1998 Julian Day 240 Time off deck: (1) 0334 aborted (2) 0440 Time on bottom: 0607 |
Date (PDT):
August 29, 1998 Date (UTM): August 29, 1998 Julian Day 241 Time off bottom: 0639 Time on deck: 0743 Total dive time: 27 hr 03 min Total bottom time: 24 hr 32 min |
Reconnaissance survey of ~5 km along
the east side of the caldera in the vicinity
of known hydrothermal vents.
Test of digital still camera with onboard Jazz drive recorder Test of Imagenex scanning sonar mapper SUAVE analyses of vents Deploy markers Look for moorings deployed 1997 Sampling as appropriate |
ROPOS configuration:
Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper
Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper (~6" port of center line of sub)
BioBox mounted lower center work area
Photosea 1000A 35 mm camera and strobe mounted side-by-side on upper center of bumper
Markers in BioBox. Top to bottom: Port N3, N2, N1, D; Stbd N6, N5, N4, G
SUAVE mounted port side interior; sensor on starboard (7 function) arm
Low temperature Vemcos in BioBox
Pacman sampler on port (5 function) arm
Standard jaw on starboard (7 function) arm
| Time
UTM |
Depth
m |
X-pos
m |
Y-pos
m |
Comments | Frame grab, photos and samples |
| 0334 | 423631 | 5088521 | ROPOS off deck and into the water. There are 21 observers in the lab. | ||
| 0343 | ROPOS too heavy -- returning to surface | ||||
| 0354 | ROPOS back on deck to add syntactic foam |
| 0440 | 423635 | 5088504 | ROPOS back in the water |
| 0556 | Recording video in plume detected by light attenuation on SUAVE | ||||
| 0607 | 1520 | Bottom sighted (basalt pillar) through heavy floc | |||
| 0620 | 1517 | 423620 | 5088519 | ROPOS 10 meters above | |
| 0621 | 1524 | Lobate flow, dense floc | |||
| 0624 | 1524 | Basalt pillar in lava lake; lobate lava; appears old | |||
| 0625 | 1524 | 423628 | 5088457 | Sheet flow, 10% sediment cover | |
| 0628 | 1524 | Sheet flow with floc | Photo-1 | ||
| 0632 | 1526 | Bacteria patches on basalt | |||
| 0633 | 423650 | 5088449 | |||
| 0634 | 1529 | Lobate flow, drained depressions, yellow bacteria | |||
| 0638 | 1531 | 423636 | 5088449 | Sheet flow, Hdg 180 | |
| 0639 | 1532 | Sheet flow |  Photo-2 | ||
| 0640 | 1533 | 423640 | 5088433 | Sheet lava | FG R460-001
Photo |
| 0645 | 1529 | Yellow iron-rich bacterial sediment covering talus; slight T anomaly; Hdg 181 (missed Photo-4) | FG R460-002
Photo-5 | ||
| 0648 | 1530 | Ditto; ROPOS not moving | Photo-6 | ||
| 0650 | 1530 | 423652 | 5088408 | ||
| 0655 | 1530 | Ditto
Frame grab 3 is no good |
FG R460-003
FG R460-004 FG R460-005 R460-00006 | ||
| 0659 | 1530 | Ditto | FG R460-007 | ||
| 0700 | SUAVE
R460-1 | ||||
| 0708 | 1530 | SUAVE tip in yellow fluff. About 2 to 3 µM Fe. Some H2S. T = 2.6C (anomaly of 0.1) | FG
R460-008 | ||
| 0713 | 423648 | 5088456 | Ended SUAVE
(camera counter 15) site where we used the SUAVE |
Photo-7 | |
| 0717 | Started to move. wide angle of lots of mat. moving to the east and then will cross back to the west | FG R460-009 | |||
| 0721 | 1529 | 423642 | 5088419 | Moving east. some mat. more floc in the water, more white mat | |
| 0724 | 1532 | 423682 | 5088425 | White smoke from a diffuse vent. polynoids = scale worm -- lots of
them (tens), lots of white floc coming out of vent, T anomaly of
0.5C
Photo (#16 on counter) = some yellow mat, T anomaly of 2.5C |
FG R460-010
R460-011 Photo-8 |
| 0729 | 1532 | 423683 | 5088425 | Hanging out trying to get the SUAVE into the flow. Water coming out of a hole with a diameter of 0.5 m | |
| 0733 | 1532 | 423682 | 5088425 | Conducting a SUAVE measurement in the hole that is spewing
bacteria. MILKY VENT
H2S 175 µM, Mn 10 µM, Fe >100 µM, T anomaly of 5.5C |
SUAVE
R460-2 |
| 0740 | 1531 | 423684 | 5088425 | Milky Vent, Scanner done | Photo 9 |
| Mistake | FGR460-012 | ||||
| 0754 | 1532 | 423682 | 5088425 | Deploying Mkr-N2 (marker is a triangle with black letters and #).
Deployed at 0758
Photo of the marker(#18 on counter). |
FG R460-012
FG R460-013 Photo-10 |
| 0802 | Moving looking around the area, Polynoids (photo #19 on counter), lots of white material around the rocks ( a potential source of floc?) polynoid swam by the camera, (0805) colonial ciliate (protozoan)? | Photo-11 | |||
| 0806 | 1528 | Leaving general area heading to the east to resume our transect. ropy sheet flow with some sediment cover | |||
| 0808 | 1528 | 423691 | 5088423 | Heading to the east (saw a fish), ground | |
| 0811 | Heading SW. first real pillow lavas (0813) | ||||
| 0814 | 1529 | 423682 | 5088373 | Heading west, broken slabs, shallow lava lake?, sheet flows, ropy sheet flows | |
| 0818 | 1529 | 423634 | 5088365 | Sheet flows with ropy texture, brittle flows with lots of broken chunks | |
| 0822 | 1529 | 4235 | 5088360 | Starting to head towards the N Sonne site, ship is moving. we are going to move E with the ROV. ship is moving to the south. ropy lava, whirls of basalt | |
| 0826 | 1528 | 423612 | 5088394 | Ropy broken up lava , pillow lavas some of which are hollow. Moving due south. lava flow with a cave below. | |
| 0833 | 1528 | 423658 | 5088336 | heading east to begin east -west hunt for North Sonne. sheet flows, rattail and crab. Photo is #20 on counter. | Photo-12 |
| 0835 | 1528 | 423679 | 5088348 | heading south, ropy sheet flows, linear features | |
| 0840 | 1527 | moving to the west. Photo is #21 on counter, crab, area of hydrothermal sediment (yellow and orange in color) | Photo-13 | ||
| 0844 | 1527 | 423666 | 5088322 | Photo is #22 on counter. basaltic spire maybe 1 m high, pillow lavas with yellow material in cracks, bacterial mats around pillows, small vents (0846), | Photo 14 |
| 0851 | 1532 | 423565 | 5088303 | Heading E, bacterial mats around pillow flows. shimmering water, polynoids (6) | |
| 0902 | 1528 | 423637 | 5088275 | Photo -14 (#23 on counter) is hole with water venting out
Photo -15 (#24 on counter) is of water coming out of holes in and around pillows. SUAVE #3 Mn/heat = 1.8, T anomaly 1C, Photo -16 (#25 on counter) at diffuse vent site. turned on highlight tape |
FG R460-015
FG R460-016 FG R460-017 Photo-14 Photo-15 Photo-16 |
| 0912 | 1528 | 423640 | 5088279 | SUAVE in a hole, SUAVE problems, High temperature at 9.5C when we lost communication. Recycled power. | SUAVE
R460-003 FG R460-018 |
| 0915 | 1528 | 423638 | 5088297 | Stopped highlight tape
SUAVE max at 13.5C, Mn 40 µm, H2S 200 µm, Fe 40 m, ave temp of 11.5C, polynoid |
FGR460-019
FG R460-020 (at 0919) |
| 0920 | 1528 | 423637 | 5088274 | Ended SUAVE, more polynoids (tens), frame grab of the hole that was SUAVE'd, polynoids are coming out of the hole with large flocs of bacteria, | FGR460-021
FG R460-022 Photo 26 |
| 0929 | 1528 | 423637 | 5088278 | Deploying Mkr-N3 triangle marker with black letters and numbers | FG R460-023
FG R460-024 Photo-27 |
| 0932 | 1528 | 423637 | 5088278 | Leaving site | FGR460-025 |
| 0934 | Moving south, drained lava lake, spotty areas of bacterial mat | ||||
| 0940 | 1526 | 423657 | 5088251 | ||
| 0948 | 1525 | Ship moving 100 m to the south, ROV moving, bacterial mats (white) | FGR460-026
(0953) | ||
| 0955 | 1525 | 423608 | 5088237 | Lots of white mat, lots of floc, glassy basalt , polynoid | FGR460-027
Photo-28 Photo-29 |
| 1004 | 1529 | 423615 | 5088226 | Picking up a rock , but only got some small pieces of glass. Not much sample. Put in port biobox. Frame grabs of actual site where sample was collected | Basalt
R460-4 FGR460-028 FG R460-029 |
| 1015 | 1529 | 423613 | 5088231 | Photo-31 | |
| 1016 | Good zoom images, furry polynoids cleaning the rock & eating bacteria, two different species of polynoids | FG R460-030
through R460-042 | |||
| 1026 | Heading south, more mats | ||||
| 1028 | 1527 | 423621 | 5088213 | Lots of white mat between pillows that are covered with a yellow sediment | |
| 1034 | 1526 | 423634 | 5088192 | Lava drain out of the white mats, yellow between rocks, looks like a younger lava that overlies an older one | Photo-32 |
| 1037 | Pillows, no mat | ||||
| 1039 | 1526 | 423609 | 5088199 | Pillows with yellowish sediment | |
| 1046 | 1526 | 423621 | 5088179 | Hdg 140, younger lava flow, pillows, lots of yellow sediment with some white floc., a skylight | Photo-33
Photo-34 |
| 1052 | 1523 | 423656 | 5088153 | Hdg 225, pillows | |
| 1101 | 1525 | 423616 | 5088114 | Moving ship | |
| 1106 | 1525 | 423618 | 5088115 | New ship position, ROPOS Hdg 133 | |
| 1109 | 1522 | Traversing SE, murky water, poor visibility, extensive sediment ponding, iron coloration | Photo-35 | ||
| 1111 | 1523 | 423651 | 5088119 | Sulphide mats, diffuse flow, white pockets, dense iron cover, Hdg 130, water venting, yellow/whitish mat, bright white spots | |
| 1114 | 1518 | Lava lake, turning south | Photo-36 | ||
| 1117 | Hdg 188, sulfide rich area, white pockets, similar to the area that we saw to the north, a lot of mat and black glass material showing through | ||||
| 1120 | 1522 | Driving along edges of lava shelf , glassy material.
skipped notes on Photo-37 |
Photo-38 | ||
| 1121 | 1518 | 423679 | 5088022 | Lots of white mat between pillows | |
| 1123 | 1518 | 423697 | 5088018 | South of target, not as dense as before, getting out of lava | |
| 1125 | 1520 | 423702 | 508811 | ||
| 1128 | Lots of yellow material, white mat in lava cracks | ||||
| 1129 | 1517 | 423681 | 5088003 | Hdg 176 | |
| 1131 | Spotty white mats, yellow material covering rocks | ||||
| 1132 | Lots of yellow material cover | ||||
| 1135 | Turning to head south west, Hdg 220 | ||||
| 1138 | 1519 | 423707 | 5087932 | White mat, slight amount, still transiting, starting to see sulfide mat | |
| 1140 | Fissure | ||||
| 1142 | 1520 | 423699 | 5087912 | Lots of white floc, change Hdg to 160 | |
| 1144 | Old age lava, spotty white mat, pillow lava | ||||
| 1146 | Small amount of sulfide venting, now very flat, go back to try to follow venting, rattail fish | ||||
| 1150 | Rattail fish, murky water. | Photo-39 | |||
| 1153 | 1516 | 423794 | 5087819 | Basalt pillars (~1.5 - 2 m), lava lake, moving west, Hdg 271 | |
| 1154 | 1518 | 423723 | 5087820 | Lava lake, pockets of white mat, sulfide rich water coming up, then sulfide rich area, polychaete worms | |
| 1156 | Big pit, a lot of venting fluid coming out, one of the more intense areas | Photo-40 | |||
| 1200 | Putting arm into diffuse flow get temp | ||||
| 1201 | Begin SUAVE scan #4: on edge of a 1m deep collapse pit reaching down over edge only a little way - seems like extensive flow in area and volume | FG R460-043
SUAVE R460-5 | |||
| 1203 | 423811 | 5087824 | SUAVE maximum T = 14C | ||
| 1203 | 1520 | 423717 | 5087830 | SUAVEing The Pit | |
| 1215 | Starboard (7 function) arm out of control. Mkr-N1 fell out of claw onto seafloor before it was unfurled. | ||||
| 1243 | Claw control!! Back to cage to try things. | ||||
| 1313 | Finishing claw control - rotate function stuck and SUAVE cable broken; power down to immobilize hydraulics to arm. | ||||
| 1309 | 1519 | 423749 | 5087833 | Resume survey of area, 7 function arm is disabled | |
| 1313 | Yellow cover with patchy white material | ||||
| 1315 | 1520 | 423380 | 5087132 | Pit, same as the one scanned?, shimmering water, yellow covering with white mat in cracks, Hdg175 | |
| 1319 | 1519 | Hdg 211, very murky lots of bright yellow material, flow | FG R460-044
Photo-42 | ||
| 1321 | 1520 | Point source emitting milky fluid. | Photo-43 | ||
| 1323 | 1520 | 423718 | 5087794 | Hdg 229, still very milky flow, continuing to south | FG R460-045
Photo-44 |
| 1326 | Rattail fish, out of flow, Hdg 184 | ||||
| 1329 | 1520 | 423717 | 5087765 | Much flatter terrain with yellow cover, Continuing south, coming to edge of structure | |
| 1331 | 1519 | 423727 | 5087747 | Looking out to lava lake with lava pillars, spires a couple of meters deep | |
| 1333 | 1520 | 423769 | 5087713 | Pillars in lava lake | FG R460-046
Photo-46 |
| 1335 | 1520 | Drips (stalactite) on underside of top of lava tube | |||
| 1337 | 1520 | 423815 | 5087738 | Hdg 128, turning to come southwest, ropy lavas covered with yellow material, some is collapsed roof lava | FG R460-047
Photo-47 |
| 1342 | Laminations on a lava pillar | Photo-48 | |||
| 1345 | Ropy lava covered with yellow material and white patches | ||||
| 1347 | 1522 | 423788 | 5087619 | Waiting for nav | |
| 1409 | 1522 | 423723 | 5087543 | Hdg 093, looking for floc | |
| 1411 | Photo-49 | ||||
| 1413 | 1521 | 423798 | 5087563 | Macrooregonia crab (female) | FG R460-048 |
| 1418 | Awaiting nav | ||||
| 1421 | 1520 | 423868 | 5087561 | ||
| 1431 | 423872 | 5087563 | |||
| 1433 | 1518 | Collapsed pit, photo counter inoperable | Photo-51 | ||
| 1435 | Pillars | Photo-52 | |||
| 1439 | 1518 | 423805 | 5087522 | Nav back, Hdg 248 | |
| 1443 | Moving ship to new watch circle, south to VSMHELP ("rumblometer"), seeing old sediment-covered lava tubes | ||||
| 1458 | 1518 | Rattail fish, skylight to lava tube, | |||
| 1459 | 1516 | 423863 | 5087343 | Hdg 182 pillow lava | Photo53-misfired |
| 1504 | 1517 | Fish, pillow lava covered with yellow sediment (iron oxide), spots of white | |||
| 1507 | 1520 | Patches of white stuff growing in cracks | |||
| 1510 | 1519 | More white material mixed in with orange covering on pillow lavas | |||
| 1513 | 1519 | Collapsed lava pool | |||
| 1516 | 1519 | 423944 | 5087191 | Diffuse flow, greenish-orange and white material in cracks and over pillow lavas | |
| 1519 | 1518 | 423881 | 5087181 | Diffuse flow and white material in pockets | Photo-54 |
| 1520 | 1518 | More white material on pillow lavas | |||
| 1521 | 1516 | shimmering lava lake | Photo-55 | ||
| 1521 | 1517 | Fairly cloudy water, extensive white mats | |||
| 1523 | 1519 | 423857 | 5087158 | ||
| 1526 | 1517 | Pillar of basalts | |||
| 1527 | 1518 | 423856 | 5087148 | ||
| 1528 | 1520 | Large collapsed pits, white in pockets, bad visibility, Hdg 183 | |||
| 1530 | 1519 | 423871 | 5087113 | ||
| 1530 | 1522 | Lobate flow with white material, flatter area | Photo-56 | ||
| 1533 | 1514 | test photo, counter test | Photo-57 | ||
| 1534 | 1522 | Lobate flow with white and orange material | FG R460-049 | ||
| 1535 | 1522 | Diffuse flow over flat pillow lavas | FG R460-050
FG R460-051 Photo-58 | ||
| 1535 | 1521 | 423846 | 5087107 | ||
| 1535 | 1521 | Diffuse flow venting | Photo-59 | ||
| 1541 | 1521 | 423836 | 5087125 | ||
| 1544 | 1522 | At VSMHELP location but instrument not seen | |||
| 1544 | 1523 | White material on pillow lavas | Photo-60 | ||
| 1545 | 1522 | 423828 | 5087106 | ||
| 1558 | 1520 | 423817 | 5087107 | ||
| 1552 | 1523 | Pillow lavas covered with orange floculent material | |||
| 1553 | 1521 | 423818 | 5087111 | ||
| 1555 | 1522 | Flat lineated sheet flow surface, floor of collapsed area, looking for rumbleometer | |||
| 1556 | 1522 | Lateral-ing left and right (panning) | |||
| 1556 | 1522 | 423838 | 5087123 | ||
| 1559 | 1521 | Lava folded up in coils | |||
| 1559 | 1521 | 423812 | 5087158 | ||
| 1600 | 1522 | 423824 | 5087149 | ||
| 1600 | 1519 | Pillar sticking up out of floor, out of lineated flow into collapsed area | FG R460-052 | ||
| 1601 | 1518 | Lots of pillars, app. 3 meters in height | FG R460-053 | ||
| 1602 | 1519 | Scale worms? on bacterial mats | |||
| 1603 | 1520 | Diffuse venting, scale worms on pillars, thin coating of white material (mats?) | |||
| 1604 | 1519 | Intact roof of collapsed area, lobate surface | |||
| 1605 | 1518 | Diffuse venting | |||
| 1605 | 1518 | Back into collapsed area | |||
| 1605 | 1518 | 423886 | 5087151 | ||
| 1606 | 1521 | Rat tail fish | |||
| 1607 | 1519 | Lava bridge | FG R460-055
FG R460-056 | ||
| 1606 | 1516 | 423902 | 5087155 | ||
| 1608 | 1518 | Going south, then west | |||
| 1609 | 1521 | In floor of collapsed area, large pillars | |||
| 1610 | 1520 | Bright red with yellow polychaete swimming (scale worm?) | FG R460-057 | ||
| 1611 | 1520 | 423890 | 5087121 | ||
| 1611 | 1521 | Pockets of possible bacterial mats (white material) in cracks and on sides of pillars, top of pillar covered with scale worms, some swimming | FG R460-058
FG R460-059 | ||
| 1613 | 1517 | 423876 | 5087111 | ||
| 1614 | 1518 | Remnant of roof of lobate flow before collapse | |||
| 1615 | 1522 | Heading back into flat sheet flow area | |||
| 1617 | Turned port lights on high, blew a fuse, no lights | ||||
| 1618 | 1512 | 423841 | 5087116 | ||
| 1618 | 1520 | Got lights back | |||
| 1619 | 1521 | Lava whirl | |||
| 1622 | 1521 | Lost lights again | |||
| 1622 | 1522 | 423835 | 5087106 | ||
| 1622 | 1522 | Got lights back! | |||
| 1622 | 1522 | Not as much light as before, moving west, Hdg 273 | |||
| 1625 | 1523 | Step down into collapsed area about 1 m | |||
| 1626 | 1524 | Fiddling with lights and camera image | |||
| 1627 | 1524 | 423822 | 5087090 | ||
| 1628 | 1523 | 423821 | 5087089 | ||
| 1628 | 1521 | Going back north and west | |||
| 1630 | 1520 | Very flat surface, not as much white material, mostly greenish | |||
| 1630 | 1521 | 423804 | 5087104 | ||
| 1631 | 1522 | At same latitude as target, moving west | |||
| 1632 | 1523 | Sea cucumber, very flat surface | |||
| 1633 | 1523 | 423799 | 5087120 | ||
| 1634 | 1522 | Lateraling south | |||
| 1635 | 1521 | 423791 | 5087113 | ||
| 1637 | 1523 | Turning east, back towards Mkr-33 target, in flat part, more white material | |||
| 1640 | 1520 | Some diffuse flow/shimmering water, red polychaetes, white material abundant around flow | |||
| 1641 | 1521 | Step down about 1 meter into sheet flow | |||
| 1644 | 1521 | 423882 | 5087088 | ||
| 1645 | 1522 | 423899 | 5087082 | ||
| 1648 | 1523 | Flat area with long straight crack | FG R460-060 | ||
| 1648 | 1523 | 423887 | 5087065 | ||
| 1652 | 1521 | Cloudy water, still looking for Mkr-33 | |||
| 1654 | 1522 | Swirl feature in lava, bacterial mat heavy | |||
| 1657 | 1521 | 423898 | 5087092 | ||
| 1657 | 1521 | Moving out of flat area into more jumbled up area, more floc, bacterial mats | |||
| 1701 | 1521 | Back into flat area, still looking for Mkr-33 | |||
| 1701 | 1521 | 423888 | 5087058 | ||
| 1702 | 1521 | Thick sediments, pillars, poor visibility | |||
| 1704 | 1516 | 423861 | 5087035 | ||
| 1705 | 1519 | Big lava pillar | FG R460-061
FG R460-062 Photo-61 | ||
| 1707 | 1517 | Large collapsed lava pit, having trouble finding Mkr-33 | |||
| 1714 | 1510 | 423856 | 5087044 | ||
| 1716 | Stopping video | ||||
| 1719 | 15088 | 423789 | 5087009 | ||
| 1721 | 15088 | 423787 | 5087032 | ||
| 1727 | 15088 | 423715 | 5087046 | Starting the search for mooring 98V103 | |
| 1733 | Starting video | ||||
| 1735 | 1515 | 423723 | 5087037 | ||
| 1742 | 1514 | Rat tail fish | |||
| 1743 | 1515 | 423699 | 5087073 | ||
| 1750 | 1515 | 423683 | 5087052 | ||
| 1754 | 1515 | Stopping video, going back to cage, moving ship to the north of mooring target and look again | |||
| 1755 | 1515 | 423696 | 5087054 | ||
| 1801 | 1485 | 423770 | 5087048 | ||
| 1804 | 1483 | At cage, going to search for 98V103 again | |||
| 1811 | 1490 | Hdg 267, still looking, 35 m off bottom | |||
| 1819 | 1490 | Looking south, Hdg 180 | |||
| 1825 | 1490 | Coming up to 1400 meters to look for 98V103's glass balls with sonar | |||
| 1833 | 1400 | Cage is 508 m north of drop position of mooring | |||
| 1838 | 1399 | 423668 | 5087012 | Blue | |
| 1852 | 1412 | 423665 | 5087074 | Blue | |
| 1941 | 1417 | Using Alvin calibrated positions for western transponders (only 2 down during the Alvin dives) | |||
| 1946 | 1488 | 27 m above bottom ready to descend | |||
| 1958 | 1516 | On bottom. restart video archive | |||
| 1956 | 1522 | Heading east toward target (mooring) | |||
| 2005 | 1523 | Lateral back and forth (in and out), still moving east toward target (Mkr-33) | |||
| 2010 | 1522 | 423867 | 5087094 | Good fix | |
| 2013 | 1521 | Mkr-33 in sight, lots of flow from vent | |||
| 2018 | 1520 | Photo-62 | |||
| 2019 | 1523 | 423890 | 5087075 | Looking west, good fix | Photo-63 |
| 2020 | 1523 | Back to ROPOS transponder | FG R460-063 | ||
| 2031 | 1523 | Scale worm grazing on bag creature | FG R460-064
FG R460-065 | ||
| 2033 | 1523 | Betacam and S-VHS highlights recording | |||
| 2039 | 1523 | Betacam off & SVHS off | |||
| 2058 | 1523 | Hobo temp probe from Alvin dive 3247 | Photo-65
Photo-66 | ||
| 2052 | 1523 | 423851 | 5087102 | Good fix | |
| 2103 | Hobo probe placed in the port side of biobox | ||||
| 2105 | FG R460-066
Photo-67 | ||||
| 2108 | All highlights tapes on | ||||
| 2109 | Polynoids on bag creature | FG R460-067 | |||
| 2114 | Highlight stopped | FG R460-068 | |||
| 2117 | Pull back see colony and vent | FG R460-069 | |||
| 2121 | Traveling east to Sonne field (for tube worms) | ||||
| 2123 | 1522 | ||||
| 2133 | 1518 | Rollin' rollin' rollin' | |||
| 2142 | 1516 | Travel west generally with North/South lateral along that path | |||
| 2144 | 1517 | 423939 | 5087152 | Good fix | |
| 2147 | 1519 | Lava bridge | Photo-68 | ||
| 2158 | 1516 | Under the ship | |||
| 2203 | 1520 | 423882 | 5087092 | Good fix | |
| 2209 | 15080 | Flying high in search of tubeworms | |||
| 2220 | 1525 | 423906 | 5087109 | Several areas of high fluid flow of cloudy gray effluent, white bacterial mat on broken lavas , large broken sheet flow blocks, good fix | Photo-69
Photo-70 |
| 2226 | Bacterial filament (?), highlight tapes on | FG R460-070
Photo-71 | |||
| 2229 | Bacterial filaments | FG R460-071 | |||
| 2231 | Bacterial filaments | Photo-72 | |||
| 2234 | Grey smoke (camels I think) | Photo-73 | |||
| 2237 | Paralvinella dela, close zoom on worm down in crack in high flow | FG R460-072 | |||
| 2242 | Side view of site | Photo-74 | |||
| 2244 | Same stuff, different angle | Photo-75 | |||
| 2248 | Highlight tapes off, blue chunks | ||||
| 2258 | More P. dela | FG R460-073
FG R460-074 FG R460-075 FG R460-076 FG R460-077 FG R460-078 | |||
| 2301 | 1524 | 423897 | 5087114 | Cloud Vent vigorous flow, trying to get a rock sample, lots of debris in water because disturbed by ROV | Photo-76 |
| 2317 | 1526 | 423900 | 5087110 | Good fix, still trying to get sample | |
| 2323 | Got sample in Pacman | ||||
| 2326 | FG R460-079 | ||||
| 2330 | 1526 | 423902 | 5087111 | Photo of sample site (Cloud Vent), a few 'furry' rocks (bacterial cover?) sampled, sample in starboard compartment of biobox | Basalt
R460-6 Photo-77 |
| 2337 | 1525 | 423900 | 5087111 | ||
| 2345 | 1525 | 423901 | 5087111 | Mkr-N6 deployed at Cloud Vent, Hdg 284, facing west, pit just north of marker | |
| 2347 | Frame grab of Mkr-N6 (Cloud Vent) | FG
R460-080 | |||
| 2353 | Heading back to cage | ||||
| 2357 | 1494 | 423874 | 5087165 | Ditto | |
| 0013
JD 241 |
423918 | 5087154 | Ship heading to new watch circle to begin Imagenex survey | ||
| 0016 | Video tape #8 ended, stop taping | ||||
| 0046 | Ship in watch circle | ||||
| 0051 | 1486 | 424033 | 5087455 | Start to record **Imagenex ** (pencil beam sonar) | |
| 0053 | 1489 | 424038 | 5087461 | ||
| 0055 | 424054 | 5087475 | Hdg 180, first N-S transect = N7 (900 m long) | ||
| 0100 | 1495 | 424034 | 5087357 | Going along N7 transect heading pretty much due South | |
| 0104 | 1496 | 424033 | 5087300 | Heading south | |
| 0111 | 1495 | 424027 | 5087225 | " | |
| 0114 | 1496 | 424024 | 5087162 | " | |
| 0120 | 1496 | 424026 | 5087054 | " | |
| 0131 | 1496 | 424019 | 5086927 | " | |
| 0142 | 1496 | 424024 | 5086860 | " | |
| 0151 | 1495 | 424025 | 5086751 | " | |
| 0203 | 1493 | 424023 | 5086563 | " | |
| 0204 | 1498 | Down 5m | |||
| 0208 | 1497 | 424023 | 5086499 | End of transect N7 | |
| 0212 | Positioning for next transect, N6 | ||||
| 0216 | 1497 | 423972 | 5086502 | " | |
| 0222 | 423955 | 5086497 | " | ||
| 0224 | 1497 | 423968 | 5086495 | Start of second transect N6, going north | |
| 0235 | 1482 | 423958 | 5086645 | Moving slightly northeast along N6 | |
| 0238 | Down 10 m | ||||
| 0246 | 1491 | 423969 | 5086801 | Begin to move up 5m | |
| 0251 | Down 5m | ||||
| 0257 | 1495 | 423956 | 5086946 | Heading north along N6 | |
| 0302 | 1495 | 423964 | 5086971 | " | |
| 0313 | 1495 | 423969 | 5087103 | " | |
| 0322 | 1495 | 423963 | 5087178 | " | |
| 0327 | 1495 | 423958 | 5087247 | " | |
| 0332 | 1495 | 423960 | 5087302 | " | |
| 0338 | 1495 | 423963 | 5087373 | " | |
| 0341 | 1495 | 423951 | 5087407 | " | |
| 0342 | 1495 | End of line N6. Moving ship west to start of line N5. | |||
| 0347 | 1496 | 423904 | 5087399 | Maneuvering to start of line N5 | |
| 0348 | 1495 | ROPOS moving south along line N5 | |||
| 0358 | 1495 | 423904 | 5087236 | " | |
| 0407 | 1495 | 423900 | 5087098 | "
Lots of floc |
|
| 0412 | 1495 | 423905 | 5087043 | " | |
| 0415 | 1495 | 423907 | 5087010 | " | |
| 0420 | 1495 | 423839 | 5086921 | " | |
| 0423 | 1495 | 423900 | 5086876 | " | |
| 0427 | 1495 | 423905 | 5086810 | " | |
| 0431 | 1495 | 423905 | 5086753 | " | |
| 0436 | 1495 | 423900 | 5086679 | " | |
| 0440 | 1495 | 423908 | 5086592 | " | |
| 0444 | 1495 | 423899 | 5086557 | " | |
| 0448 | 1495 | 423900 | 5086490 | Ship moving to line N4 | |
| 0452 | 1495 | 423881 | 5086479 | ||
| 0456 | 1495 | 423843 | 5086498 | ROPOS start line N4 heading north | |
| 0500 | 1495 | 423835 | 5086536 | " | |
| 0505 | 1495 | 423821 | 5086553 | " | |
| 0508 | 1490 | 423845 | 5086578 | "
ROPOS dropped 5 m deeper |
|
| 0510 | 1500 | 423831 | 5086616 | Ship went to wrong line (N3). Correcting. | |
| 0518 | 1500 | 423837 | 5086714 | " | |
| 0523 | 1500 | 423831 | 5087241 | " | |
| 0530 | 1500 | 423850 | 5086849 | " | |
| 0538 | 1500 | 423835 | 5086937 | " | |
| 0544 | 1500 | 423851 | 5087029 | ROPOS moving NNE to mooring area | |
| 0547 | 1500 | 423884 | 5087050 | " | |
| 0550 | End of line N4. End of survey. | ||||
| 0605 | 1509 | 423937 | 5087093 | Commence survey with digital camera at 8 to 10 meters above. Running short lines in the vicinity of Mkr-33, worm target area and plume site. | |
| 0606 | ROPOS has been on the bottom for 24 hours | ||||
| 0609 | 1510 | 423978 | 5087114 | Moving east | |
| 0610 | Changing from 10 to 8 meters above. | ||||
| 0614 | 1517 | 423896 | 5087110 | " | |
| 0615 | Turning to east | ||||
| 0620 | 1510 | 423942 | 5087094 | Changing from 8 to 10 meters above | |
| 0622 | END OF DIVE |
Dive R461
Dive Map
Dive Summary:
Found rumbleometer, couldn't wedge it out.
Marker 33 uplifted slab of sheet flow streaming warm water
Marker N6, N8, 108
Axial Gardens
Sulfide Vent => Castle Vent
Lots of SUAVE
Cloud vent
Deployed bacterial traps
Biology- tube worms, etc
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
| Region,
Field,
Site |
Dive Begin | Dive End | Tasks |
| Axial
Seamount
Vent field on east side of caldera |
Date (PDT):
August 29, 1998 Date (UTM): August 29, 1998 Julian Day 241 Time off deck: 2255 (UTM) Time at midwater search: 0003, August 30 Time on bottom: 0303 |
Date (PDT): August
30, 1998
Date (UTM): August 31, 1998 Julian Day 243 Time off bottom: 0340 Time on deck: 0440 Total dive time: 29 hrs 45 min Total bottom time: 27 hrs 43 min |
Systematic E-W bottom reconnaissance
traverses in vicinity of vents near 4556'N
12858.8'W
Reconnaissance southward from line of vents to known targets: Mrk-108, Sulfide, Mrk 113, and Axial Gardens SUAVE analyses of vents Deploy Mkrs Systematic search for moorings deployed 1997 Sampling as appropriate |
ROPOS configuration:
Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper
Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper (~6" port off center line of sub)
BioBox mounted lower center work area
Photosea 1000A 35 mm camera and strobe mounted side-by-side on upper center of bumper.
First frame is #78
Mkrs in BioBox
SUAVE mounted port side interior; sensor on starboard arm
2 gas tight water sampling bottles -- #2 red tape on termination on starboard, #5 on port
2 MTR (low temperature recorder) in port Biobox (4127 no tape on rope loop & 4130 black tape
on rope loop)
Glass wool bacteria traps -- 1-4 in port Biobox and 5-8 in starboard
Pacman sampler on port (5 function) arm
Standard jaw on starboard (7 function) arm
Lasers on RGB camera are 10 cm apart
| Time
UTM |
Depth
m |
X-pos
m |
Y-pos
m |
Comments | FGs, photos and samples |
| 2255 | Start dive, ROPOS in water; ship launch position 4556'N, 12958.9'W | ||||
| JD241
2355 |
Entering plume, around 1300 depth | ||||
| JD242
0003 |
1490 | Sitting at 1490, checking gauges, making sure ROPOS is ok | |||
| 0020 | 1480 | No good fixes yet | |||
| 0023 | 1480 | Cage motor off to try to get better fixes | |||
| 0024 | 1480 | 423860 | 5086962 | ROPOS just south of watch circle, starting to search for mooring 97V103. | |
| 0030 | 1480 | 423790 | 5087110 | " | |
| 0033 | 1480 | ", lots of white particulate in water column | |||
| 0037 | 1478 | 423780 | 5086968 | Searching... | |
| 0040 | 1480 | 423843 | 5086972 | " | |
| 0044 | 1480 | 423781 | 5086992 | " | |
| 0047 | 1480 | 423763 | 5087076 | " | |
| 0055 | 1480 | 423757 | 5086989 | " | |
| 0101 | 1480 | 423697 | 5087020 | " | |
| 0111 | 1480 | 423680 | 5087042 | " | |
| 0124 | 1479 | 423606 | 5087111 | Smokey, particulates in water column, looks like a plume waft | |
| 0135 | 1480 | 423584 | 5087006 | Searching con't | |
| 0148 | 1480 | 423565 | 5087008 | " | |
| 0151 | Finished searching (end of tether), didn't find mooring | ||||
| 0156 | 1447 | Lots of smoke surrounding cage, looks like another plume | |||
| 0204 | Pinging from the cage located the rumbleometer within 310 m but direction unknown | ||||
| 0213 | Looking for rumbleometer, no fixes on ROPOS yet | ||||
| 0221 | 1469 | " | |||
| 0238 | Moving watch circle to the south because ranges are getting better | ||||
| 0253 | 1480 | Still searching for rumbleometer, trying to get better positions by adjusting cage - lowering cage to 1490 | |||
| 0303
JD 242 |
1521 | On bottom, jumbled sheet flow
Search pattern for rumbleometer |
|||
| 0304 | Started archive tapes | ||||
| 0307 | 1523 | 426769 | 5086795 | Searching for rumbleometer | |
| 0326 | 1522 | 423719 | 5086790 | " | |
| 0334 | 1520 | Spider crab, big rat tail, basalt columns | |||
| 0338 | 1521 | 423716 | 5086771 | Rumbleometer sighted. About half of NW side instrument package is buried in sheet flow. SE side is standing on its legs. Appears to have broken through a drained lava area. Basalt columns just in view ~20 m to west. Highlight video 0339-0342 | FG R461-001
FG R461-002 Photo-78 |
| 0346 | 1523 | 423712 | 5086767 | Still looking at rumbleometer | |
| 0347 | 1522 | 423713 | 5086766 | " | |
| 0352 | 1521 | Still looking at rumbleometer, highlight tape on.
FGs and photos of rumbleometer. Highlight video 0353-0357. |
FG R461-003
FG R461-004 FG R461-005 FG R461-006 Photo-79 Photo-80 | ||
| 0352 | Moving to NE to cross easternmost line of venting, continued sheet and lobate lava, lava lakes, lightly sedimented | ||||
| 0411 | 1521 | 423756 | 5086853 | lightly sedimented lobate | |
| 0414 | 1523 | " | Photo-81 | ||
| 0415 | Photo-82 | ||||
| 0416 | 1521 | older more heavily sedimented lava, lots of "popcorn" (= floc on seafloor) | |||
| 0417 | 1521 | lava column | Photo-83 | ||
| 0418 | 1520 | lava spires common, thick floc, small mat | Photo-84 | ||
| 0421 | 1517 | 423929 | 5086883 | thick floc | |
| 0423 | 1518 | pillow lava | |||
| 0427 | 1517 | Turning N to Mkr-33, old looking lobate lava with yellow sediment in interstices, considerable floc and popcorn | Photo-85
Photo-86 | ||
| 0431 | 1513 | Up 5 meters over a lava mound | |||
| 0432 | 1518 | Deep hole with floc coming out of it | |||
| 0433 | 1521 | 423907 | 5086598 | We have come down other side of lava mound, low temperature hydrothermal products | |
| 0435 - 0437 | Photos of lava forms, basalt columns, lava lakes, partial roofs
Lots of lava lakes in this area |
Photo-87
Photo-88 Photo-89 Photo-90 Photo-91 Photo-92 | |||
| 0439 | 1518 | 423842 | 5086981 | yellow stain on lava lobes | Photo-93 |
| 0440 | 1519 | Continuing lava lakes, lobate lava with thicker yellow sediment (30% cover) | |||
| 0442 | 1517 | 423786 | 5087056 | Turning east about 100 m south of Mkr-33 | Photo-94 |
| 0444 | 1521 | Small bacteria mat | |||
| 0446 | 1518 | White bacteria mats, no shimmering water seen, turning to north towards Mkr-33 | Photo-95
Photo-96 | ||
| 0448 | 1519 | 423926 | 5087081 | Bacterial mats very abundant, rugged terrain still | Photo-97 |
| 0449 | 1521 | Abundant yellow hydrothermal sediment, bacterial mat | Photo-98 | ||
| 0450 | " | Photo-99 | |||
| 0552 | 1524 | Sheet flow, ugly lump fish | Photo-100
Photo-101 | ||
| 0454 | 1522 | 423860 | 5087096 | Arrived at Mkr-33 site = uplifted slab of sheet flow streaming warm water and covered with white mat | |
| 0457 | 1523 | Sitting in one spot. Juniper highlight tape is on. T in fracture 5-13C | Photo-102
Photo-103 | ||
| 0458 | SUAVE #1. Betacam started (0458-0503) | SUAVE
R461-1 | |||
| 0501 | changed archive tapes | ||||
| 0507 | Photo of SUAVE probe in venting crack | Photo-104 | |||
| 0511 | SUAVE #1 ended, T = 3-15, H2S 470 µmol, Fe 47 µmol,
Mn 2 µmol |
||||
| 0514 -
0540 |
Scale worms (paralvinellids) grazing on bacteria, palm worms
Highlights video 0512-0546 |
FG R461-007
FG R461-008 FG R461-009 FG R461-010 FG R461-011 FG R461-012 FG R461-013 FG R416-014 FG R461-015 FG R461-016 FG R461-017 FG R461-018 FG R461-019 Photo-105 Photo-106 | |||
| 0545 | Deployed glass wool bacteria traps #5 and #6 in venting crack | FG R461-020
Photo-107 | |||
| 0555 | SUAVE #2 of bacterial mat at Mkr-33 site
T = 11C (constant), H2S ~10 µmol, Fe <5 µmol, Mn below detection (5 µmol) |
SUAVE
R461-2 FG R461-021 FG R461-022 FG R461-023 | |||
| 0607 | SUAVE #3 in through hole in bacterial mat right beside SUAVE #2
T = 3.9 C, H2S 15 µmol, Fe & Mn below detection |
SUAVE
R461-3 FG R461-024 FG R461-025 FG R461-026 | |||
| 0611-0616 | Highlights video of Mkr-33 operations | ||||
| 0633 | 1523 | Gas tight bottle #2 in venting crack at
Mkr-33, T = 36-37C Gas tight bottle #5 near GTB #2 location, T = 20-27 C SUAVE #4 a few cm south of Mkr-33 T = 37C max, H2S 1000 µmol, Fe 40 µmol, Mn 18 µmol |
Gas Tight
R461-4 R461-5 SUAVE R461-6 | ||
| 0642 | 1522 | Deployed MTR4130 (black tape on rope) into venting crack at SUAVE #4 location (Mkr-33) | |||
| 0650 | Deployed glass wool bacteria trap #8 (T = 7C) & #7 (T = 7.5C) in venting crack at Mkr-33. | ||||
| 0657 | FG R461-027
Photo-108 | ||||
| 0704 | 1522 | Vent at Mkr-33 with glass wool samplers and MTR4130 moving around to look at bag creature. We are facing the bag creature - the basalt look like a series of ropes going forward from the sub. The sub is facing 127 degrees. The crack with the glass wool samplers and the MTR is about 2 m to the right. | Photo-109
Photo-110 | ||
| 0707 | SUAVE #5 at the mat left of the bag creature. Temperature max at 6.6C | SUAVE
R461-7 | |||
| 0713 | Temperature went to 17C in the white mat. This mat is 30 cm left of the big bag creature. Sub is heading at 127degrees. H2S 700 µmol , Mn 2 µmol, Fe 5 µmol | ||||
| 0722 | SUAVE #6 in the big section of the bag creature
Temperature of 2.95C. H2S 75 mol, little Mn and Fe. Worm on bag creature, beta-cam highlights on at 0724 until end of tape. |
SUAVE
R461-8 Photo-111 FG R461-028 | |||
| 0736 | Bag creature with bacterial mat and a worm | Photo-112
FG R461-029 | |||
| 0738 | Photo of bag creature
FG of bag creature |
Photo-113
FG R461-030 | |||
| 0749 | SAUVE #7 in little section of a bag creature just cm further away
from the sub (ie. big bag creature is closer to the sub and the little guy
is just a little further away)
Temperature 3.05C, H2S 40 µmol. Heading 121 |
SUAVE
R461-9 FG R461-031 FG R461-032 | |||
| 0757 | Stopped SUAVE and starting to move
towards Cloud Vent |
||||
| 0800 | Liftoff heading towards cloud vent, sheet flows with long (10 m) crack, heading 90 following cracks | Photo-114
Photo-115 | |||
| 0802 | 1520 | Pillows; clear and distinct boundary from the sheets to the pillows | Photo-116
Photo-117 | ||
| 0804 | Boulders with lots of flying mat, at the Cloud Vent,
Mkr-N6 is just to the left of the sub at 57 degrees |
Photo-118 | |||
| 0806 | Getting organized at Cloud Vent, sheets of basalt on scarp face, drained lava lake | Photo-119 | |||
| 0812 | 423859 | 5087103 | Turning around to get a better seat at the vent, sheets with long grooves | Photo-120 | |
| 0816 | White floc looks like snow | Photo-121 | |||
| 0819 | 423897 | 5087111 | At Cloud Vent but above it and trying to get near the Mkr | ||
| 0822 | 1523 | 423901 | 5087116 | ||
| 0824 | At a vent with lots of water | Photo-122 | |||
| 0829 | Still looking | Photo-123 | |||
| 0830 | 1520 | 423905 | 5087095 | Drained lava lake with steep sided wall | Photo-124 |
| 0835 | 1524 | Come in from the south heading north to get to the vent
Mkr-N6 is forward of us |
Photo-125
Photo-126 Photo-127 Photo-128 | ||
| 0839 | Moved up close to the Mkr. 22C at the height of Mkr-N6.Temperatures up to 27C in the pit | ||||
| 0844 | SUAVE # 8 in the Cloud Vent about 50 cm from Mkr-N6, heading 346. H2S 750 µmol, Fe 62 µmol, Mn 2 µmol | SUAVE
R461-10 | |||
| 0849 | Stopped SUAVE; moving to deploy glass wool trap and MTR | ||||
| 0853 | Moving, moved about a meter from the last spot which was Mkr-N6 (moved NNW 340), bad visibility. | Photo-129 | |||
| Lots of mat with some black basalt (?). We are sitting on an edge with lots of water coming out of a hole. | Photo-130 | ||||
| 0900 | Vent near the Cloud Vent but it was cool only 4-5C | Photo-131
FG R461-033 | |||
| 0904 | Moving back into Cloud Vent | ||||
| 0906 | Nice wall- lots of broken basalt all covered with a thin film of white mat. some pillows | ||||
| 0908 | Lots of snow and lots of bag creatures on the edge of the rock "cliffs" | ||||
| 0911 | 1523 | 423903 | 5087100 | Back on top of ridge around the Cloud Vent, heading 49 | Photo-132
FG R461-034 |
| 0920 | On the move to do some East-West lines along the bottom with ROPOS. We want to go about 100 m from this site and will look for worms and do some geology | ||||
| 0923 | 1522 | 423888 | 5087110 | Doing Suave #9, Temperature 24C
Fe 55 µmol, H2S 750 µmol, Mn 2 µmol. We are 10 m west of Mkr-N6heading 24 |
SUAVE
R461-11 Photo-133 FG R461-035 |
| 0936 | Deploy MTR0942 yellow handle MTR without the tape | ||||
| 0951 | 1523 | 423888 | 5087111 | Deployed the MTR
Deployed glass wool bacteria trap #1 Deployed glass wool bacteria trap # 2 Deployed Mkr-N4 (triangle) The GWT and MTR are in a little hole The Mkr is located 0.3 m to the left of the hole heading 30 |
FG R461-036
Photo-134 FG R461-037 Photo-135 Photo-136 Photo-137 Photo-138 FG R461-038 |
| 1010 | Moving, looking at the site | Photo-139
Photo-140 | |||
| 1012 | 1523 | On the move to do some East -West lines along the bottom with ROPOS. We want to go about 100 m from this site and we will be looking for worms and mapping geology | |||
| 1016 | Ship is moving | ||||
| 1021 | 1518 | Heading to NW to get to the start of a transect line | |||
| 1024 | At Mkr-N4, heading 311, basalt pillar (drained lava lake), snow | ||||
| 1026 | 1522 | Sheet flow with some bacterial mat in linear features | Photo-141 | ||
| 1029 | 423844 | 5087144 | Pillars and drained lava lake | Photo-142 | |
| 1033 | 423841 | 5087148 | Sheet flows with floc in the water | ||
| 1038 | 1516 | 423823 | 5087193 | Sheet flows with some pillows and broken sheet flows | |
| 1039 | 1519 | Starting transect heading 90
Pillows covered with mat, broken sheets, pillows and sheets, drained lava lake 1042 |
Photo-143 | ||
| 1042 | 423849 | 5087203 | While going east the sub will lateral north south, see some older lava. There is lots of black lava near areas of white mat. No visible venting but lots of white mat | Photo-144
Photo-145 Photo-146 Photo-147 | |
| 1045 | Pillows with lots of white mat around the borders of the pillows. Diffuse flow. Heading 90. Wide spread diffuse venting but not much in the water | Photo-148 | |||
| 1047 | 423904 | 5087214 | Smoking pit- 3.5 to 4 m deep, lots of bag creatures,
heading 92 |
Photo-149
Photo-150 Photo-151 | |
| 1049 | Starting a lateral move. Another smoking pit. Moving a little south but always facing east. Drained lava lake | ||||
| 1052 | 1518 | Pillows that are mostly covered with brown sediment | Photo-152 | ||
| 1054 | 1519 | 423945 | 5087186 | Pillow flows with sediment cover- really nice pillows. Yellow sediment still heading 90 | |
| 1100 | 1521 | 423997 | 5087200 | More pillows with yellow cover. Holothurians visible | |
| 1101 | 1521 | More holothurians and brittle stars | Photo-153 | ||
| 1103 | 1521 | 424024 | 5087210 | More sediment between lobes | |
| 1106 | Heavy lobate flows with ponding sediments | ||||
| 1107 | 1519 | Water quite turbid, now turning south | |||
| 1108 | 1519 | Drain back features | |||
| 1109 | 1521 | 424055 | 5087156 | Lava pillar seen | |
| 1111 | 1519 | Collapse pits, pillow flows | |||
| 1112 | 1521 | 424034 | 5087154 | Jumbled sheet flows | |
| 1114 | 1521 | Back in pillow lavas, quite cloudy | |||
| 1116 | 1520 | Jumbled sheet flows, water more turbid | |||
| 1116 | 1520 | Tether in sight | |||
| 1118 | 1518 | Tether still in sight on the sit cam | |||
| 1119 | 1520 | 423907 | 5087158 | Hdg 278 | |
| 1121 | 1520 | 423956 | 5087157 | Pillow lavas, rat tail fish, cloudy, hdg 283 | |
| 1123 | 1520 | 423954 | 5087164 | Hdg 280 | |
| 1124 | 1520 | Drain-out of pillow lava, surveying for worm patch | |||
| 1126 | 1519 | Considerable sediment cover of pillow lavas | |||
| 1128 | 1519 | Last fix was within 20 meters of worm field | |||
| 1129 | 1522 | Some floc in water | |||
| 1130 | 1520 | Drain back features, lava pillars | Photo-154 | ||
| 1133 | 1519 | 423896 | 5087165 | 3.2C on SUAVE, bacterial mats | |
| 1134 | 1520 | Bacterial mats | Photo-155 | ||
| 1135 | 1520 | Jumbled sheet flows | |||
| 1136 | 1519 | Bacterial mats hdg 272 | |||
| 1137 | 1517 | Over pit, bacterial mats within view, within 6 m of worms | |||
| 1138 | 1520 | 423886 | 5087099 | Over pit, hdg 271, laterally S for 60m, sulfide>30 mol | |
| 1143 | 1520 | 423864 | 5087096 | Bacterial mats with crevices, SUAVE shutting down, hdg changed to 90 degrees | |
| 1144 | 1519 | Drain back pit, hdg 92, fissures 5 meters across | Photo-156 | ||
| 1146 | 1520 | Lava pillar on sit cam | |||
| 1146 | 1520 | 423876 | 5087125 | Hdg 87 | |
| 1148 | 1521 | Drain back features, on sit cam | Photo-157 | ||
| 1149 | 1518 | Increase in floc, should be near Cloud Vent | |||
| 1150 | 1520 | Jumbled sheet flow | |||
| 1151 | 1523 | 423898 | 5087106 | Bacterial mats in cracks | |
| 1153 | 1521 | 423911 | 5087097 | Lava pillar on sit cam | |
| 1155 | 1520 | 423923 | 5087090 | Directly south of the worm site by 30 m | |
| 1156 | 1519 | Rat tail fish | Photo-158 | ||
| 1158 | 1520 | Pillow lava area | |||
| 1158 | 1519 | 423945 | 5087105 | Hdg 94 | |
| 1200 | 1519 | 423952 | 5087088 | Drained out pillow lavas | |
| 1204 | 1521 | 423975 | 5087120 | Hdg 95, pillow lavas, rat tail on sit cam | |
| 1207 | 1520 | 423990 | 5087117 | Pillow lavas, hdg 90 | |
| 1209 | 1520 | Looking back at gauges | |||
| 1209 | 1521 | 423998 | 5087105 | Same coordinates as N3 | |
| 1213 | 1521 | Pillow lavas, lump fish, lava contact | Photo-159 | ||
| 1215 | 1522 | 423994 | 5087089 | Close up of lump fish | FG R461-039 |
| 1217 | 1521 | Looking at contact between lavas | |||
| 1218 | 1522 | Bag creature sighted | |||
| 1219 | 1520 | Sitting still and changing heading 283 | |||
| 1222 | 1521 | Hdg 270, pillow lavas | |||
| 1224 | 1521 | Crab seen | |||
| 1225 | 1518 | 423985 | 5087045 | Passed transition in lava | Photo-160 |
| 1226 | 1518 | Lobate flows, looks like contact | Photo-161 | ||
| 1228 | 1519 | Again looking at contact, looks like a
dribble over older lava |
Photo-162
Photo-163 | ||
| 1229 | 1520 | Lobate flows | Photo-164
Photo-165 | ||
| 1230 | 1521 | 423967 | 5087032 | Grabbing rock with pac-man | |
| 1233 | 1521 | Still looking for glassy rock and moving pac-man | |||
| 1234 | 1520 | Gave up on sampling attempt, hdg 267 | |||
| 1235 | 1519 | Going to Mkr-N4, hdg 263 | Photo-166 | ||
| 1236 | 1518 | 423945 | 5087044 | Miss fired on photo | Photo-167 |
| 1237 | 1518 | Drainback feature, bacterial mat | Photo-168 | ||
| 1238 | 1519 | Lava pillar, drainback feature | Photo-169 | ||
| 1240 | 1522 | Coming up on wall | |||
| 1241 | 1520 | Drain out features, lava pillars, crab on pillar | Photo-170 | ||
| 1242 | 1519 | Drain out lava pit | Photo-171 | ||
| 1244 | 1522 | Milky water, in bottom of pit, hdg 271 | Photo-172 | ||
| 1245 | 1521 | Picture of spire | Photo-173 | ||
| 1246 | 1519 | Picture of spire as ROPOS rose, drain back features | Photo-174 | ||
| 1247 | 1518 | Lava pillars with drainback features, hdg 270 | |||
| 1249 | 1519 | Lava spires with drainback features, hdg 267 | |||
| 1251 | 1519 | Drained out lava pit, jumbled sheet flow, hdg 271 | |||
| 1253 | 1519 | Again looking down into drained out lava pit | |||
| 1254 | 1519 | Changing hdg to 212 to SSW | |||
| 1256 | 1515 | Rose to move SSW and to get better nav fix, hdg 360 | |||
| 1258 | 1506 | ROPOS is heading back to cage | |||
| 1302 | 1497 | Hdg 276 | |||
| 1307 | 1488 | Heading back down | |||
| 1307 | 1503 | SUAVE started, no nav since 1236 | |||
| 1309 | 1518 | On bottom again, view of lava pillar, hdg 201, target
Mkr-108 |
|||
| 1310 | 1519 | Moving south at half a knot, last view was of a lava pillar with drainback features | |||
| 1312 | 1522 | Bottom in view, hdg 186 | |||
| 1313 | 1524 | Sheet flow with some sediment cover and bacterial mat in cracks | |||
| 1317 | 1523 | Jumbled sheet flow, hdg 171 | |||
| 1320 | 1522 | Broken pillow lavas | |||
| 1321 | 1524 | Hdg 192, going to Mkr-108, lobate lavas, filled with Fe oxide | Photo-175
Photo-176 Photo-177 | ||
| 1324 | 1521 | Bacterial mats, fluffy floc, pillow lavas | |||
| 1325 | 1520 | Drained out pillow lavas, yellow hydrothermal sediment | Photo-178 | ||
| 1326 | 1519 | Yellow sediment and white bacterial mat between lobes | Photo-179 | ||
| 1328 | 1516 | Picture of pillow lavas | Photo-180 | ||
| 1330 | 1516 | Pillow lavas with striations | |||
| 1330 | 1512 | 423940 | 5086987 | Cage fix, attempting to stop ship | |
| 1332 | 1517 | 423942 | 5086976 | Cage fix, stalked and sessile organisms, first in awhile,
hdg 180 |
Photo-181 |
| 1340 | 1515 | 423966 | 5086888 | Hdg 179, cage fix, break in observations
because of problems with extending computer field |
|
| 1341 | 1517 | Sessile organisms, rat tail fish | Photo-182 | ||
| 1344 | 1513 | Hdg 179, pillow lavas | |||
| 1345 | 1518 | Contact of newer and older lavas | Photo-183
FG R461-40 Photo-184 | ||
| 1347 | 1517 | Stirred up floc, pillow lavas | |||
| 1348 | 1517 | Purple sponge on pillow lava | Photo-185
Photo-186 | ||
| 1351 | 1513 | Near caldera ridge hdg 176 | |||
| 1352 | 1514 | 423942 | 5086787 | Cage fix, hdg 177, pillow lavas | |
| 1354 | 1516 | Starfish, rat tail, lobate flows | Photo-187 | ||
| 1356 | 1516 | Hdg 189, jumbled sheet flow | |||
| 1358 | 1517 | Hdg 180, jumbled sheet flow | |||
| 1359 | 1517 | Rat tail in view, jumbled sheet flow | |||
| 1401 | 1517 | Jumbled sheet flow, quite broken up, hdg 209 | |||
| 1405 | 1518 | Touched bottom and stirred up sediment, sheet flow area | |||
| 1406 | 1514 | Gauge picture | |||
| 1406 | 1518 | Broken sheet flow, hdg 213, last good fix on ROPOS at 1236 | |||
| 1407 | 1519 | Going over ridge, pillow lavas | |||
| 1409 | 1520 | Holothurians in cracks between pillow lavas | Photo-188 | ||
| 1410 | 1519 | Large collapse pit, holothurians have removed some sediment, no temperature anomaly | Photo-189 | ||
| 1411 | 1519 | Collapse pit photo, once again milky water | Photo-190 | ||
| 1412 | 1520 | Yellow hydrothermal sediment in cracks of lobate flows, collapsed pit | Photo-191 | ||
| 1414 | 1519 | Lava spire with drainback feature | Photo-192
FG R461-041 | ||
| 1415 | 1525 | Drain back features on pillars, lava lake drainout | Photo-193
Photo-194 | ||
| 1417 | 1519 | Drained out lava lake, hdg 211 | Photo-195 | ||
| 1420 | 1524 | Yellow hydrothermal sediment in cracks, sheet flow | |||
| 1421 | 1524 | Sheet flow, hdg 213 | |||
| 1423 | 1524 | Ship stopped, jumbled sheet flow with
yellow hydrothermal sediment ponded in depressions |
|||
| 1425 | 1521 | Lava pillar on sit cam, hdg 234, stirred up sediment | |||
| 1426 | 1514 | Off bottom, hdg 232, no view | |||
| 1431 | 1508 | Off bottom since 1426, hdg 206, no view | |||
| 1433 | 1488 | Particles in water, no bottom view, hdg 212 | |||
| 1436 | 1486 | Back at cage, no view | |||
| 1440 | 1479 | 423846 | 5086597 | ROPOS visible in cage cam, cage fix | |
| 1444 | 1504 | 423844 | 5086602 | Cage fix | |
| 1445 | 1521 | 423824 | 5086598 | Bottom in view, cage fix | |
| 1446 | 1519 | Spire seen in sit cam | Photo-196 | ||
| 1448 | 1520 | Sedimented sheet flow, hdg 243 | |||
| 1455 | 1523 | Lots of lava spires/pillars, looking for Mkr-108 on top of pillar | Photo-197
Photo-198 FG R461-042 FG R461-043 | ||
| 1502 | 1519 | 423853 | 5086604 | ||
| 1503 | 1521 | 423841 | 5086599 | ||
| 1504 | 1522 | Drained out area of intense floc | |||
| 1505 | 1523 | 423831 | 5086578 | ||
| 1505 | 1523 | Passed through temperature anomaly (0.2C) with iron and manganese anomaly, but small H2S signal | |||
| 1506 | 1517 | 423821 | 5086571 | ||
| 1508 | 1521 | 423813 | 5086564 | ||
| 1511 | 1521 | More lava pillars, some bacterial mats, high floc, in right area for Mkr | Photo-199
Photo-200 | ||
| 1511 | 1521 | 423803 | 5086561 | ||
| 1514 | 1517 | Found Mkr-108. 0.2C temperature anomaly | |||
| 1514 | 1519 | 423777 | 5086584 | Mkr-108 | |
| 1516 | 1521 | White bacterial mats, scale worms | |||
| 1517 | 1521 | 423787 | 5086589 | ||
| 1518 | 1521 | White bacterial mats, scale worms, some flow | FG R461-044 | ||
| 1521 | 1520 | SUAVE #10 at Mkr-108. Max temp of 8.1C, average of 6.0C, drifting a lot due to probe position. H2S 230 µmol, Mn 45 µmol, Fe 25 µmol. | Photo-201
FG R461-045 SUAVE R461-12 FG R461-046 | ||
| 1531 | 1521 | 423783 | 5086590 | ||
| 1534 | 1521 | Flow looks significantly less than July 20 | FG R461-047 | ||
| 1545 | 1520 | Looking around Mkr-108, lots of white floc, thick bacterial mat in cracks, bag creatures, crack ejecting large amount of white floc. Highlights video 1549-1553. | FG R461-048 | ||
| 1548 | 1523 | 423793 | 5086172 | ||
| 1552 | 1514 | Going to shake the rumbleometer, hdg 7 | |||
| 1602 | 1514 | 423755 | 5086636 | ||
| 1603 | 1514 | 423738 | 5086667 | Stopped archive video | |
| 1610 | 1522 | Started archive video. Rat tail fish | |||
| 1611 | 1522 | 423710 | 5086739 | ||
| 1613 | 1521 | 423713 | 5086764 | Found rumbleometer, moving ship NW.
Rumbleometer leg wedged in rock. Hydroclastics on rumbleometer suggest turbulent area. |
Photo-202
Photo-203 Photo-204 Photo-205 |
| 1616 | 1521 | Started highlights video. Trying to wedge rumbleometer free. | Photo-206
FG R461-049 Photo-207 Photo-208 Photo-209 FG R461-050 Photo-210 Photo-211 FG R461-051 | ||
| 1620 | 1522 | 423715 | 5086767 | Rumbleometer | |
| 1650 | 1522 | Still trying to free rumbleometer. Stopped SUAVE logging. | Photo-212 | ||
| 1713 | 1521 | Rumbleometer not moving. Heading south to Mkr-113 in Axial Gardens area | |||
| 1718 | 1520 | Stopped highlights video | |||
| 1719 | 1522 | 423711 | 5086739 | ||
| 1720 | 1521 | 423714 | 5086732 | ||
| 1724 | 1519 | 423698 | 5086692 | ||
| 1731 | 1516 | 423626 | 5086669 | ||
| 1738 | 1517 | 423605 | 5086445 | Rat tail fish | |
| 1742 | 1515 | 423584 | 5086339 | ||
| 1745 | 1514 | 423525 | 5086218 | NOTE: From 1731 - 1737 crossed a couple contacts | |
| 1754 | 1524 | 423428 | 5085950 | Approaching Mkr-113, Axial Gardens. Want to scan and find tube worms. | |
| 1757 | 1521 | 423400 | 5085918 | ||
| 1759 | 1525 | Picture of lava pillar with dead tube worms on top of pillar. Highlights on at 1759. No temperature anomaly apparent. | Photo-213
FG R461-052 | ||
| 1803 | 1523 | 423400 | 5085928 | ||
| 1807 | 1524 | Group of tube worms, no inside animal visible. Region is visibly devoid of Fe-floc relative to Sonne N. | Photo-214
FG R461-053 | ||
| 1815 | 1524 | 423398 | 5085926 | Exploring tube worms with probe. No thermal or chemical anomaly detected. Moving closer to Mkr-113. | Photo-215 |
| 1822 | 1522 | Another group of dead looking tube worms on top of lava spire. | |||
| 1823 | 1524 | 423379 | 5085920 | Large clumps of white bacterial mat in crevices of basalts. | |
| 1824 | 1521 | 423373 | 5085925 | At Mkr-113. Small temperature anomaly over bacterial mats with flow. 0.5C temperature anomaly. Tube worms right below Mkr with flow. | |
| 1826 | 1524 | 423371 | 5085922 | Tube worms down side of pillar in flow. Bag creatures down side as well. Tube, scale worms, paralvinellids in flow. Everything looks alive | Photo-216
Photo-217 |
| 1832 | 1524 | 423374 | 5085927 | SUAVE #11 at Mkr-113 at top of pillar with flow and worms. Mid-water SUAVE holding on with Pacman. Temperature max at 12C. H2S 237 µmol, Mn BDL, Fe 7 µmol | SUAVE
R461-13 FG R461-054 Photo-218 Photo-219 FG R461-055 R461-056 |
| 1846 | 1523 | Surveying area for deploying bacterial traps. Lots of floc. | |||
| 1854 | Trying to reposition VEMCO [temp probe] which was dislodged. The probe looks distorted due to weight on the side | ||||
| 1856 | VEMCO redeployed near top of pillar, in worm clump (~20 cm higher on the pillar from where it was) | ||||
| 1857 | Redeployed temp probe | Photo-220 | |||
| 1904 | As above | FG R461-057 | |||
| 1911 | SUAVE temp probe T 10.5C near tip of VEMCO probe | ||||
| 1912 | Tube worms and temp probe area | FG R461-058 | |||
| 1915 | Zoom on SUAVE parked at another spot near VEMCO | FG R461-059 | |||
| 1917 | VEMCO slid downhill again | ||||
| 1919 | Suave #12 scanning at tip of VEMCO.
T = 10.5 degC, H2S 237 µmol, Mn BDL, Fe 7 µmol |
SUAVE
R461-014 | |||
| 1928 | Trying to find a few good worms | ||||
| 1931 | Biobox | FG R461-060 Photo-221 | |||
| 1941 | Tube worms being mangled, delivered to starboard bio box (a few in port bio box) Collected close to SUAVE #12 | Photo-222
Biosample R461-15 | |||
| 1942 | As above | FG R461-061 | |||
| 1945 | Looking for dying worms and a place to put bacterial traps | ||||
| 1951 | Re-re deploy VEMCO temperature probe (to the left and down the pillar), observed polynoids and limpets and paralvinellids | ||||
| 1953 | As above | Photo-223
FG R461-062 | |||
| 1956 | VEMCO location photo (tube worms) | Photo-224 | |||
| 1956 | As above | Photo-225
FG R461-063 | |||
| 2001 | 1525 | 423385 | 5085904 | Base of pillar near shimmering water for bacteria traps (have to move a rock first) | |
| 2004 | 423368 | 5085934 | Good fix; rock goes from port to starboard of biobox (this fell in accidentally during tube worm sample #15) | Photo-226
Basalt R461-016 | |
| 2005 | Bacterial trap #4 deployed on shimmering water with tube worm, polynoids, limpets, and gastropods | Photo-227 | |||
| 2007 | As above | Photo-228 | |||
| 2010 | SUAVE and bacterial traps | FG R461-064 | |||
| 2011 | Zooms of above | FG R461-065
FG R461-066 | |||
| 2012 | Highlight tapes on | ||||
| 2020 | Suave #13 at bacterial trap #4. Max T=23.5C, H2S 500 µmol, Fe 9 µmol, Mn BDL. | SUAVE
R461-17 FG R461-067 FG R461-068 FG R461-069 | |||
| 2022 | Bacteria trap #3 deployed on top of where SUAVE scanned, right next to trap #4 | ||||
| 2024 | Highlight tapes stopped, | ||||
| 2028 | FG of bacterial traps #3 deployment | FG R461-070 | |||
| 2029 | Trying to pick up detritus from Biosample R461-15 (biobox - redundant with tube worm sample) | Photo-229 | |||
| 2031 | Dead worms with bacterial sediment | ||||
| 2032 | 1524 | 423382 | 5085916 | As above | FG R461-071 |
| 2035 | Clump of dead tube worms shimmering water SUAVE #14 T=5.8C max | SUAVE
R461-018 FG R461-072 FG R461-073 | |||
| 2036 | As above | Photo-230 Photo-231 | |||
| 2037 | As above | FG R461-074 | |||
| 2039 | 1523 | 423382 | 5085917 | ||
| 2044 | Stopped SUAVE | ||||
| 2045 | Dead tube worms again | Photo-232 | |||
| 2047 | As above | FG R461-075
FG R461-076 | |||
| 2047 | Pacman sample, clump of dead tube worms | Biosample
R461-020 | |||
| 2051 | Rat tail sighted. Move northeast toward Sulfide Vent | ||||
| 2051 | Rat tail fish | FG R461-077
FG R461-078 | |||
| 2052 | Drained lava lake | FG R461-079 | |||
| 2054 | 1523 | 433404 | 5085944 | Sheet flow and crab | |
| 2055 | Lobate flows | ||||
| 2100 | 1522 | 423423 | 5085972 | Murky water | |
| 2103 | Sea fan, sponges | Photo-233
FG R461-080 | |||
| 2103 | Golfball sponges, brittle stars & sea cucumbers | ||||
| 2103 | Deep sea fauna | Photo-234 | |||
| 2105 | Starfish, jumbled sheet flow contact lobate flow, new lavas at base of a drainback feature (into older) | ||||
| 2104 | 423436 | 5086000 | |||
| 2106 | 423450 | 5086033 | |||
| 2110 | Pillar | Photo-235 | |||
| 2110 | Sea cucumber | ||||
| 2111 | As above | ||||
| 2112 | Sea cucumber and starfish | ||||
| 2114 | 1522 | 423502 | 5086092 | 2 cucumbers | |
| 2115 | Some bacterial mat, pillow flows, starfish | ||||
| 2116 | Spider crab | ||||
| 2117 | Crossed contact between older and newer lava (into younger) | ||||
| 2118 | 423601 | 5086115 | |||
| 2120 | Yellow sediment | ||||
| 2121 | As above | Photo-236 | |||
| 2122 | 423678 | 5086141 | Sheet flow | ||
| 2122 | Photo-237
FG R461-081 | ||||
| 2125 | Yellow stained basalt sheets, heading 45 | ||||
| 2126 | 1522 | 423725 | 5086220 | Heading 35, linear features in sheet flows, going from left to right with some cracks going in the same direction as we are heading. Increase in white floc. | Photo-238 |
| 2129 | 1522 | 423747 | 5086252 | Warmer area, holding stations temperature anomaly being picked up by scanner | |
| 2132 | 1512 | 423751 | 5086254 | Hanging out getting ready to do scanner, waiting for ship | |
| 2126 | 1523 | 423825 | 5086288 | Coming back down to the bottom, bacterial floc, jumbled sheet flows, fish, white bacterial mats in cracks of sheet flows and yellow staining | |
| 2137 | Lots of mat around sheet cracks and yellow staining. Lobate flows and drained lava lake | Photo-239
Photo-240 | |||
| 2139 | 423906 | 5086291 | Lobate flows with white mat and yellow film | FG R461-082 | |
| 2140 | Lobate in bottom of a pit with white in the cracks and yellow on top | Photo-241 | |||
| 2144 | 1523 | 423887 | 5086283 | SUAVE #15, hdg 211, Circular Vent | SUAVE
R461-20 Photo-242 FG R461-083 |
| 2152 | 1523 | 423887 | 5086283 | Little white blobs - hundreds of snails covered with bacterial mat, next to few scale worms. Vent surrounded by yellow bacterial mats | FG R461-084 |
| 2156 | Temp = 7.1C, H2S 87 µmol, Mn 2.5 µmol, Fe 38 µmol. Doing an east west profile. We were on top of a collapse, and we are now going east, hdg 88 | ||||
| 2202 | 1519 | 424003 | 5086304 | Collapse feature, some white bacterial mat in cracks of pillow flows. Contact of older flow with younger. Older has sponges. | Photo-243
Photo-244 Photo-245 Photo-246 FG R461-085 |
| 2203 | 424008 | 5086300 | Pillow flows with snails and sponges, new basalt has bacterial mat whereas the old basalt has snails and sponges. | Photo-247
Photo-248 FG R461-086 | |
| 2206 | 424008 | 5086303 | Going up over ridge with pillows, some of them hollow. Scarp between the new flow and the older flow is about 3 meters. The contact is not continuous along strike, could be circular | ||
| 2209 | 424025 | 5086307 | Sulfide chimneys, highlights are on | Photo-249
Photo-250 FG R461-087 Photo-251 Photo-252 | |
| 2211 | 1513 | 424021 | 5086309 | At the top of an old massive sulfide deposit. Target Sulfide. This is the largest sulfide feature in Axial. We are at the top and we are 10 m off the bottom. Worms and bacteria on the side of the sulfide. | Photo-253 |
| 2212 | The sulfide deposits is around pillows.
This site was from the Sonne camera tow |
||||
| 2214 | Some low temperature venting next to the sulfide deposit | Photo-254 | |||
| 2214 | 1520 | 424025 | 5086306 | Almost a black smoker but is a white smoker | |
| 2219 | SUAVE #16 at Sulfide Vent at a small vent at the base of a little castle. Temperature varies a lot and has gotten up to 60C. Very small orifice | SUAVE
R461-021 | |||
| 2222 | 1520 | 424026 | 5086305 | Probe is up to 71C. SUAVE #16 started, hdg 53 on the SW side of the deposit, highlights are off 2224, maxed out at 90C, H2S >>1500 µmol, Fe 65 µmol, Mn 75 µmol. Looks like phase separated fluids | Photo-255
FG R461-088 |
| 2234 | 1520 | 424024 | 5086306 | Using camera to do fine scale scanning of sulfide deposit. FG of the top of the little vent, (shrimp?), smoke is clear, light gray, not black | FG R461-089 |
| 2237 | 1520 | Using the camera to check things out | |||
| 2240 | Backing out hdg 75, going around the sulfide deposits to the left (east), looks like the deposit two years ago | ||||
| 2243 | Looking at the vent top and the smoke (not black), looks like inferno going around the deposit, looking at the tube worms | FG R461-090 | |||
| Close up look at tube worm clump. The sub is heading at 307, and the vent is about 2 m in front of the worms | |||||
| 2248 | 1520 | 424030 | 5086304 | SUAVE #17 of the tube worms about 2 m from the chimney that we just looked at. These tube worms are not looking healthy, they are not bright red, more of a light gray pink | SUAVE
R461-22 FG R461-091 |
| 2251 | 1520 | Start beta cam (2254) | FG R461-092 | ||
| 2301 | 1520 | T max 5.3C, H2S ~132 µmol (may be high), hdg 295, sample of sulfide just below tube worm grab, want to come back for it and worms, FG 094 of tube worm clump (sample we want to come back for) | FG R461-093
FG R461-094 | ||
| 2305 | Looking around for clump of tube worms just SUAVE'd, lots of floc, anhydrite chimney to west (hdg 356) of worms - high flow, in the background main sulfide spire | ||||
| 2308 | Tips of old chimneys that are now inactive | ||||
| 2309 | 1515 | 424021 | 5086307 | Thick bacterial mat over sulfides, some sulfide sediment, looking at organ pipes on top of structure in SIT cam | FG R461-095
FG R461-096 |
| 2312 | Unknown red tube-like structure on chimney in background - shrimp?, top of structure is 8.5-9 m | Photo-256
FG R461-097 | |||
| 2315 | Pillow lavas, hdg 106, ophuroid | ||||
| 2316 | 1518 | 424021 | 5086314 | Heading east | |
| 2319 | Small spire sitting in pillow lavas, hdg 69 | Photo-257
FG R461-098 | |||
| 2320 | Pillow mound at base of chimney, great pillow lavas, nice striations on the pillows. | ||||
| 2322 | Hdg 158, on the NW side of chimney, Tube worms, protozoan mats, marker obscuring color camera, fine now | ||||
| 2326 | 1517 | 424047 | 5086306 | Big clump of healthy tube worms, large protozoan and bacterial mats covering tube worms | |
| 2330 | 1515 | 424043 | 5086306 | Positioning SUAVE in tube worm clump, limpets covering Ridgeia tubes, decide to call "Sulphide Vent" "Castle Vent" now. | |
| 2335 | 1514 | 424043 | 5086306 | Hdg 142 on NW side of chimney, a few tube worms and lots of alvinellids, limpets and other fauna | |
| 2349 | 1516 | 424048 | 5086303 | Start to scan, SUAVE #18
Start highlights tape, stopped at 2357 |
SUAVE
R461-23 FG R461-099 Photo 258 |
| 2359 | SUAVE stopped. T max=20C, H2S ~200 µmol, Mn ~6 µmol, Fe ~19 µmol | ||||
| 0003
JD 243 |
424043 | 5086304 | Mkr-N5 deployed at SUAVE #18 site. Later dives reveal this to be a separate vent, distinct from Castle. Called Mkr-N5. | ||
| 0006 | At structure near Castle Vent (is Mkr-N5 site) limpets, alvinellids, tube worms, protozoan mats | Photo-259
Photo-260 FG R461-100 | |||
| 0008 | Digital camera turned on, flashes every 15 secs, lots of floc | ||||
| Looking at a new chimney, hdg 180, very near to last site, but we don't know exactly where, lots and lots of biology - tube worms, protozoan mats, alvinellids | |||||
| 0012 | Large spire with sulfide | ||||
| 0016 | 1509 | 424035 | 5086302 | Turning around, hdg 271, trying to figure out location of the sulfide chimney (Castle) in relation to the new chimney | |
| 0022 | Hdg 100, lots of floc in the water, taking digital pics from top of sulfide chimney | ||||
| 0023 | Directly over sulfide chimney, passed it | ||||
| 0025 | Moving ship to start E-W transects of area just to the south of Sulfide | ||||
| 0028 | Pillow lavas, hdg 10, spider crab | ||||
| 0030 | 1520 | 424035 | 5086298 | A few tube worms on top of pillow lavas, old broken up lavas, heading east from the castle chimney | |
| 0035 | Collapsed area, jumbled and ropey sheet flow, some staining at bottom of collapse, striated sheet flow, pelagic sediment, tube worms --look yellow and dying | Photo-261 | |||
| 0036 | 424098 | 5086294 | Striated sheet flow with some tube worm clumps in cracks | ||
| 0038 | 1527 | 424113 | 5086291 | ||
| 0039 | Lots of hexactinellids (glass sponges) and
ophuroid (brittle star) |
||||
| 0041 | 1529 | 424156 | 5086293 | Jumbled lavas, some sediment cover | |
| 0044 | Crab, more jumbled lavas, asteroid, sea cucumbers | ||||
| 0046 | Heading south, starting a grid pattern to examine area, old jumbled flows at bottom of collapsed area, some ophuroids | ||||
| 0047 | 1532 | 424237 | 5086258 | Still heading south, striated sheet flow, few white globs of floc. | Photo-262 |
| 0051 | 424231 | 5086202 | At end point of south transect, heading west now, hdg 274, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, pop can, sea stars, jumbled lava, ridge with striated sheet flow to left | ||
| 0053 | 424195 | 5086195 | Visibility is decreasing, sediment cover is increasing | ||
| 0057 | 1525 | 424103 | 5086212 | Spider crab | |
| 0101 | 1516 | 442160 | 5086215 | Ship moving, ROPOS moved out of position a bit to the east because tether was caught | |
| 0104 | Spider crab, moving west again, hdg 272,
striated sheet flow, asteroid, |
||||
| 0107 | 1520 | 424039 | 5086227 | Pillow lavas, start to move a little further south, hdg 225, coming off of the roof, back into collapsed area with pillars, lobate flow, back down into collapsed (contact around here) | |
| 0111 | Bacterial cover, increase in orange gelatinous stuff, all between the lobes - probably contact between older lobate lava on roof and new jumbled lavas on the floor that we're seeing now | Photo-263 | |||
| 0113 | 1524 | 423870 | 5086173 | Jumbled lavas | |
| 0117 | 1528 | 423805 | 5086166 | More jumbled lavas, no deep sea fauna observed, thus the vote is for new lava, lots of orange gelatinous stuff between the cracks in the jumbled | Photo-264 |
| 0122 | 1526 | 423943 | 5086056 | Turning north, hdg 359, move from jumbled lava to striated sheet flows, lava whirl, lots of orange stuff on lavas (in depressions) | |
| 0124 | 1524 | 423717 | 5086188 | Sheet flows | |
| 0126 | Rat tail, still heading north | ||||
| 0130 | 1518 | 423697 | 5086383 | Lava pillars, | |
| 0132 | 1517 | 423730 | 5086378 | Turning east, hdg 90, water very smokey, low vis, lavas still coated with orange stuff, not pelagic sediment some kind of bacteria?, photo of pressure ridge | Photo-265 |
| 0135 | 1524 | 3 m from floor of collapse to roof, white bacterial mats on pillars/in crevices, orange stuff still everywhere, increasing bacterial white mats | Photo-266 | ||
| 0137 | 1523 | 423827 | 5086418 | New vent! Snow Vent, lots of floc coming out of it (two sources?), shimmering water, not as much orange coating right next to vent, lots of polynoids, a couple small tube worms?, bag creature | Photo-267 |
| 0144 | 1524 | 423828 | 5086416 | Still looking at Snow Vent | |
| 0145 | Moving east again, coming out of collapsed area up onto the lobate roof | ||||
| 0146 | Roof collapsed again, back into pillars, more bacterial stuff (orange) on pillars | Photo-268 | |||
| 0148 | Back on lobate flow roof, sulfide, more orange stuff, jumbled flow with white and orange bacterial stuff | ||||
| 0150 | 1524 | 423985 | 5086408 | Thick orange mat, iron rich mounds, lobate flows, | |
| 0152 | Lava drips, contact between old and new lava, starfish | ||||
| 0153 | 1520 | 424039 | 5086404 | Turning back to look at contact more closely | |
| 0155 | 1521 | 424038 | 5086412 | Found contact, ophuroid, holothurians, discussing getting samples of the old and new lava | Photo-269
Photo-270 Photo-271 Photo-272 |
| 0201 | Grabbed a piece of the older lava, put in port side of biobox, beta cam stopped | Basalt
R461-25 | |||
| 0206 | 424043 | 5086406 | Trying to get piece of new lava in claw, black glassy lava very crumbly so have to try for another piece | ||
| 0220 | 1522 | 424033 | 5086409 | Got it- trying to put it in port side of biobox | |
| 0233 | Rock too big, trying to break it into a smaller piece | ||||
| 0240 | Got a small piece | ||||
| 0243 | Put new lava piece in port side of biobox | Basalt
R461-26 | |||
| 0245 | Continue traverse that was interrupted by contact discovery, moving east, hdg 93, jumbled flow | ||||
| 0248 | 1504 | 424063 | 5086416 | Tether adjustments | |
| 0250 | 1517 | Back on bottom, pillow lavas, hdg 90, jumbled flow | |||
| 0253 | 1530 | 424135 | 5086413 | Lots of pelagic sediment, older lavas, rat tail | |
| 0256 | Rat tail, old lava still, hydroids and corals, holothurians | ||||
| 0258 | Collapsed floor, jumbled sheet flows, spider crab | ||||
| 0259 | 1527 | 424275 | 5086408 | Hdg 1, north - starting a new traverse, jumbled sheet flows | |
| 0304 | 1530 | 424212 | 5086468 | Hdg 2, push-up blocks, light sed draping, accumulations are in interstices; small sponges | |
| 0308 | 1530 | 424214 | 5086488 | Jumbled flow, holothurians, branching hydroids, hydrozoans? corals? | Photo-273 |
| 0312 | 1530 | Push-up jumbled flow with a transition to a whorly sheet flow, ophuroids and holothurians | |||
| 0314 | 1531 | 424211 | 5086527 | Jumbled flow, lots of deep sea fauna, uplifted sheet flow, striated sheet flow, asteroids | |
| 0320 | Lineated sheet flow with sediments in depressions | ||||
| 0323 | Flat striated sheet flows with heavier sediment cover, crab on ropey sheet flow, asteroids, holothurians, | ||||
| 0326 | 1530 | 424170 | 5086602 | New lava! Another contact point (CONTACT 2) probably '98 lava, striations on new pillow lavas, highlights tape on, some ophuroids, vis decreasing | Photo-274
Photo-275 Photo-276 FG R461- 101 Photo-277 |
| 0331 | Dive terminated, low oil pressure in cage reservoir | ||||
| 0440 | ROPOS on deck |
Dive Map
Dive Summary:
Dive 462 started at Mkr-33 Vent. The Osmosampler was deployed at Mkr-33. Suction samples of diffuse flow, bacterial mat, bag creatures and polynoids were sampled. Bacteria traps were deployed and others recovered at Mkr-33. The digital still camera was also utilized. After a few hours at Mkr-33 Vent ROPOS headed for Mkr-N4 at Cloud Vent where bacteria traps were deployed and other traps were recovered. Niskins and Gas Tight Bottles were also collected. ROPOS continued on traversing the area of the old SONNE wormfield. No live worms were seen. An orangish/whitish mat covered the lobate lava. When the mat was brushed off the lava the basalt underneath it appeared very shiny and young.
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
| Region, Field,
Site |
Dive Begin | Dive End | Tasks |
| Axial Seamount
Vent field on east side of caldera |
Date (PDT):
August 31, 1998 Date (UTM): August 31, 1998 Julian Day 243 Time off deck: 1630 Time on bottom: 1750 |
Date (PDT):
August 31, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept 1, 1998 Julian Day 244 Time off bottom: 0021 Time on deck: 0131 Total dive time: 9 hrs 01 min Total bottom time: 6 hrs 31 min |
Mkr-33 Vent for deploying
osmosampler, bacterial traps, and
collecting animals, bacterial mat, traps,
and water
Cloud Vent for deploying bacterial traps and collecting animals, bacterial mat, traps, and water. |
ROPOS configuration:
Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper
Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper (~6" port off center line of sub)
BioBox mounted lower center work area, starboard side divided in half
Photosea 1000A 35 mm camera and strobe mounted side-by-side on upper center of bumper.
First frame is #1
Suction sampler with 8 large bottles. #1 and #8 have 200 µm on intake, all others have 200 µm on outflow
Osmosampler in BioBox and standard jaw
5 L Niskin bottle mounted upper forward on starboard bumper bar
2 gas tight water sampling bottles-- #2 port, #7 starboard
Glass wool bacteria traps in BioBox-- #9-12 in port and #14, 15 in starboard
Pacman sampler on port (5 function) arm
Standard jaw on starboard (7 function) arm
Lasers on RGB camera are 10 cm apart
| Time
UTM |
Depth
m |
X-pos
m |
Y-pos
m |
Comments | FGs and samples |
| 1630 | ROPOS entered water at Mkr-33. | ||||
| 1705 | 727 | ROPOS left cage for remainder of descent | |||
| 1741 | 1394 | Entering plume fluids | |||
| 1746 | 1472 | In plume | |||
| 1748 | 1490 | Cage stopped | |||
| 1750 | 1522 | ROPOS on the bottom | |||
| 1751 | 1519 | Wall covered with orange bacterial mat, hdg west to
Mkr-33. Linear features with white bacterial mat, sheet flows with mat in cracks. Found Mkr-33. |
|||
| 1753 | 1522 | 423858 | 5087102 | Want to deploy osmosampler and analyzer in front of
Mkr-33 near large crack. |
|
| 1755 | 1523 | Deployed osmosampler unit next to crack, trying to remove nozzle from biobox and put in crack next to marker | FG R462-001
FG R462-002 FG R462-003 FG R462-004 Photo-1 | ||
| 1808 | 1523 | Still trying to get nozzle in crack | FG R462-005
FG R462-006 | ||
| 1814 | 1524 | Got nozzle in crack | Photo-2
FG R462-007 FG R462-008 | ||
| 1817 | 1523 | Mkr-33 with osmosampler | Photo-3 | ||
| 1818 | 1524 | Suction sampler, Bottle #1, to collect fluid. Placing nozzle right into crack. Bacterial traps already have growth on lines. | Suction Sample
R462-1 FG R462-009 | ||
| 1824 | 1524 | Filling Bottle #1 with diffuse fluid at slow speed, flushed for about 5-10 minutes. | |||
| 1832 | 1523 | Flushing between sample bottles | |||
| 1834 | 1524 | Suction sampler, Bottle #7, to collect bacterial mat and worms on the sides of the crack. Sucking at medium speed in order not to homogenize mat. Suck and stop, suck and stop, got lots of polynoids | Suction Sample
R462-2 FG R462-010 FG R462-011 FG R462-012 | ||
| 1906 | Scale worms | FG R462-013 | |||
| 1912 | Suction sampler slurping | FG R462-014 | |||
| 1916 | Photo of slurp | Photo-4 | |||
| 1930 | Finished with slurp #7 | ||||
| 1933 | Start slurp gun #6, same sample goal as #7 | Suction Sample
R462-3 FG R462-015 | |||
| 1939 | Slurping as above | FG R462-016 | |||
| 1946 | Slurping as above | FG R462-017
FG R462-018 FG R462-019 | |||
| 1950 | Bacterial trap | FG R462-020 | |||
| 1953 | Will sample patch of white mat and polynoids SUAVEd yesterday; into Slurp bottle #5 | Suction Sample
R462-4 | |||
| 2000 | Patch of polynoids | FG R462-021 | |||
| 2003 | Slurping mat and worms in circular fashion to obtain semi-quantitative sample | ||||
| 2006 | Chasing down the worms that try to escape | ||||
| 2011 | Sampled area; exposed basalt
Two Paralvinella dela |
FG R462-022
R462-023 R462-024 | |||
| 2013 | Trying to slurp P.dela but he's hanging on; ultimately wasn't sampled | ||||
| 2014 | Sampled area | Phot | |||
| 2015 | Polynoid patch; just outside of sampled area for density estimation | FG R462-025 FG R462-025a | |||
| 2016 | Polynoid patch with bacterial traps in background | FG R462-026 | |||
| 2021 | Animals in slurp bottle #5 | FG R462-027 | |||
| 2024 | Attempted Slurp bottle #4 of mat and "bag creature," vacuum cleaner got clogged, we'll return to this bottle later | Suction Sample R462-5 | |||
| 2025 | 1523 | 423852 | 5087098 | Good fix; moved 2 m to "bag creature" | |
| 2039 | Trouble with the slurp pump, reversing flow to spit out a rock | Photo-6 | |||
| 2042 | Pump is clear | ||||
| 2044 | Attempted Slurp bottle #3, bacterial mat around bag creature, but it still doesn't work | Suction Sample
R462-6 | |||
| 2059 | Recovery of bacterial traps #7 & #8
Visible indications of bacterial growth |
Photo-7
Bac Traps R462-7 R462-8 FG R462-028 | |||
| 2105 | Deploy bacterial traps #9, #10, #11 & #12 | FG R462-029
FG R462-030 FG R462-031 FG R462-032 Photo-8 | |||
| 2135 | Looking down on Mkr-33 Crack Vent with bacteria traps | Photo-9
Photo-10 | |||
| 2138 | Getting in position to collect bag creatures | ||||
| 2141 | Scooped up bag creatures with Pacman and put in port side bio box on top of bacteria trap #8; first section floated out and got away, but possibly a smaller piece stayed in the box. | Biosample
R462-9 | |||
| 2148 | Looking at bacterial traps again | FG R462-033 | |||
| 2150 | Heading 222 looking at the uplifted side of the sheet flow slab at Mkr-33. Zones of venting are clearly marked by white staining. | Photo-11 | |||
| 2151 | Leaving site and surveying | Photo-12 | |||
| 2152 | Photo-13 | ||||
| 2153 | Overhead view of vent site, which is an uplifted section. | Photo-14 | |||
| 2155 | Running digital still camera, rep rate 15sec, starting at altitude of 5 meters | ||||
| 2157 | Continuing DSC run, at 8-9 meters | ||||
| 2158 | 423854 | 5087090 | Now heading east (070) toward Cloud Vent. DSC on, alt 5 meters | ||
| 2202 | Video of water column and ROPOS gauges. | ||||
| 2203 | 1515 | 423930 | 5087077 | ||
| 2204 | 1520 | 423918 | 5087111 | Still in transit to Cloud Vent | |
| 2204 | First visual of gray smoke of Cloud Vent. Much smoke venting from rubble in an apparent collapse area. | ||||
| 2210 | At Mkr-N4 in Cloud Vent area, looking at bacteria traps. | ||||
| 2211 | Positioning for recovery of bacteria traps | ||||
| 2216 | Moved suction sampler intake to port arm for deployment of bacteria traps. Bacteria trap #14 deployed at Mkr-N4. | ||||
| 2223 | Deploying bacteria trap #15, down in hole next to N4, top of rope barely visible for recovery. | ||||
| 2229 | 1523 | 423897 | 5087117 | Recovering bacteria trap #2 from Mkr-N4 at Cloud Vent. Heading 120. | Bac Trap
R462-10 |
| 2239 | Bacteria trap #2 is now in the starboard biobox. | ||||
| 2247 | 1520 | Deploying bacterial trap #14 in crack at Cloud Vent. | |||
| 2254 | 1523 | Recovering bacteria trap #1 from Mkr-N4 at Cloud Vent. | Bac Traps
R462-11 FG R462-034 | ||
| 2259 | 1523 | Debate about nature of Cloud Vent- alternating ejections of fluid that is clear then floc? Or is ROPOS just making a mess? | |||
| 2301 | 1524 | 423893 | 5087115 | Looking for a spot with high flow to collect water for gas tights and Niskin bottles around Mkr-N6 | |
| 2306 | 1525 | 423899 | 5087110 | Really high flow of gray smoke and chunks. Filling Niskin bottle right over Mkr-N6 in super high flow. | Niskin
R462-12 |
| 2310 | 1526 | Filled both gas tight bottles (#2 and #7) with fluid from high flow at Mkr-N6 | Gas Tight
R462-13 R462-14 | ||
| 2312 | 1525 | 423901 | 5087106 | Heading back towards Mkr-N4 looking for rocks with worms and bacteria | |
| 2319 | 1523 | 423897 | 5087117 | At Mkr-N4, hdg 271, not enough polynoids to sample so collecting a basalt sample with Pacman instead | |
| 2328 | 1523 | 423890 | 5087111 | Rock sample into starboard biobox | Basalt
R462-15 |
| 2332 | Heading back to Mkr-33, hdg 270 | ||||
| 2333 | At Mkr-33, sampling bag creatures with pac man | ||||
| 2338 | Bag creatures in pac man, will remain there until surface | Biosample
R462-16 FG R462-034 Photo-15 | |||
| 2339 | Hdg 85, towards worm site, digital still camera turned on for the transect from Mkr-33 over Cloud Vent to the worm site, flying at an altitude of 8m for digital stills | ||||
| 2342 | Over Cloud Vent | ||||
| 2343 | 1519 | 423903 | 5087115 | Dropping down 5 m to find worm site, couple meters east of Cloud | |
| 2346 | 1517 | 423922 | 5087131 | Turned off digital still; right over 'worm site', heavy yellow/orange coating on lobate lava flows; polynoid; orange stuff in cracks; sitting at the site of the Sonne fix for the worm field, scraping off coating to look at basalt, looks very black and glassy | Photo-16
FG R462-035 FG R462-036 |
| 2357 | Question as to what the coating is, looks fluffy, zoom on coating. Photo of the uncovered basalt | Photo-17 | |||
| 2358 | Hdg 230, towards other worm site, the shifted fix for the Sonne worm field | ||||
| 0002 | 1522 | 423892 | 5087063 | Traversing area where we think the worm field was in '97 - have they all disappeared? | |
| 0004 | 1519 | 423900 | 5087065 | Tall, thin lava pillar | Photo-18 |
| 0006 | 1524 | 423879 | 5087089 | Pushed up feature with some hydrothermal activity, thick white bacterial mat, looks like lots of Depressigyra, named Snail. | Photo-19
Photo-20 FG R462-037 FG R462-038 |
| 0012 | Moving around a few meters, pushed up sheet flows, bacterial mats, looking to see if there are any remnants of the '97 worm field | Photo-21 | |||
| 0013 | Dense patch of polynoids, Harmothoe? | FG R462-039 | |||
| 0014 | Layers of sheet flow - very distinct, polynoids all over, moving up a pillar, top of collapsed flow into lobate flows | Photo-22
Photo-23 FG R462-040 | |||
| 0017 | 423892 | 5087115 | Hdg 62, towards Cloud, flying over a collapsed pit, pillar, NW of Cloud now | ||
| 0019 | Stopped and looking around, lots of white bacteria on jumbled flow in collapsed pit | ||||
| 0021 | Off bottom, back to cage | ||||
| 0131 | ROPOS on deck |
Dive Map
Dive Summary:
Dive R463 consisted of approximately 12 hours of Imagenex survey along the South Rift Zone in the eastern caldera area. The survey was followed by a trip to Milky Vent (Mkr-N2) where the suction sampler and gas tight bottle sampled fluids. Bacteria traps were deployed and recovered at Milky Vent. Easy Vent was discovered and bacteria traps were deployed there also. ROPOS had to come to the surface because of tether problems and repairs.
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
| Region, Field,
Site |
Dive Begin | Dive End | Tasks |
| Axial Seamount
East side of caldera in southern area |
Date (PDT):
August 31, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 1, 1998 Julian Day 244 Time off deck: 0533 Time on bottom: 1946 |
Date (PDT):
Sept. 1, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept 2, 1998 Julian Day 245 Time off bottom: 0006 Time on deck: 0210 Total dive time: 20 hr, 37 min Total bottom time: 17 hr, 6 min |
Continue Imagenex sonar mapping
further to the west started on Dive
R460
Search for the missing tube worms north of Milky Vent Sample biology at Milky Vent Sample biology and sulfides at The Castle |
ROPOS configuration:
Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper
Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper (~6" port of center line of sub)
BioBox mounted lower center work area
Photosea 1000A 28 mm camera and strobe mounted side-by-side on upper center of bumper (note: the first photo of this dive will be photo-37 because film continued from R462)
Markers in BioBox: N9 in stbd side
Slurp gun with hose attached to port arm
3 sets of glass wool bacteria traps in each side of the Biobox
Pacman sampler on port (5 function) arm
Standard claw on starboard (7 function) arm
| Time
UTM |
Depth
m |
X-pos
m |
Y-pos
m |
Comments | Frame grabs, photos and samples |
| 0533 | ROPOS off deck | ||||
| 0637 | 1467 | 424157 | 5085986 | Gauge at designated depth with ROPOS | |
| 0640 | 1467 | ROPOS out of cage | |||
| 0650 | 1504 | ROPOS at designated depth for Imagenex survey at 25 meters above. Problem with imaging system | |||
| 0704 | 1504 | 424134 | 5086002 | Moving ship north long Line N9 | |
| 0710 | Commencing Imagenex survey
Proceeding north on Line N9 |
||||
| 0724 | 1504 | 424146 | 5086156 | " | |
| 0734 | 1503 | 424142 | 5086298 | " | |
| 0745 | 1504 | 424144 | 5086500 | " | |
| 0755 | 1499 | 424123 | 5086645 | " | |
| 0805 | 1500 | 424140 | 5086816 | " | |
| 0816 | 1492 | 424142 | 5086970 | " | |
| 0826 | 1498 | 424131 | 5087120 | " | |
| 0835 | 1499 | 424137 | 5087268 | " | |
| 0842 | Turning around and heading south | ||||
| 0846 | 1496 | 424113 | 5087386 | " | |
| 0856 | 424078 | 5087277 | " | ||
| 0907 | 424098 | 5087104 | " | ||
| 0921 | 1493 | 424086 | 5086943 | " | |
| 0936 | 1493 | 424082 | 5086740 | " | |
| 0951 | 1497 | 424096 | 5086514 | " | |
| 0959 | 424094 | 5086370 | " | ||
| 1007 | 1501 | 424084 | 5086255 | " | |
| 1019 | 1501 | 424079 | 5086084 | " | |
| 1023 | 1501 | 424075 | 5086000 | Turning around and heading north | |
| 1031 | 1501 | 424018 | 5085989 | " | |
| 1043 | 1502 | 424013 | 5086140 | " | |
| 1052 | 1502 | 424016 | 5086261 | " | |
| 1103 | 1502 | 424015 | 5086441 | " | |
| 1105 | End of line turning around | ||||
| 1108 | 423973 | 5086486 | Hdg 180 | ||
| 1140 | 423965 | 5086009 | |||
| 1143 | 423903 | 5085987 | Hdg 011 | ||
| 1216 | 423884 | 5086490 | |||
| 1220 | 423852 | 5086484 | Hdg 179 | ||
| 1254 | 423808 | 5085957 | Hdg 272 | ||
| 1306 | 423776 | 5086158 | Hdg 012 | ||
| 1425 | 423777 | 5087404 | |||
| 1426 | 423758 | 5087392 | Hdg 269 | ||
| 1430 | 423729 | 5087389 | Hdg 176 | ||
| 1455 | 423724 | 5087060 | Hdg 189 | ||
| 1553 | 423725 | 5086157 | |||
| 1559 | 423717 | 5086067 | |||
| 1603 | 423715 | 5086009 | End of line | ||
| 1608 | 423664 | 5086002 | Starting line, Hdg13 | ||
| 1632 | 423631 | 5086414 | Hdg 10 | ||
| 1636 | 423640 | 5081499 | Hdg 6 | ||
| 1641 | 423656 | 5086545 | |||
| 1717 | 423656 | 5087100 | Hdg 12 | ||
| 1738 | 423660 | 5087418 | End of line, hdg east 91 | ||
| 1750 | 423841 | 5087402 | Starting line, hdg 181 | ||
| 1819 | 423844 | 5086998 | End of line | ||
| 1821 | 423806 | 5087002 | Starting new line, hdg 320 | ||
| 1844 | 423594 | 5087280 | Hdg 339 | ||
| 1910 | 1494 | 423499 | 5087792 | Transit to Milky Vent | |
| 1912 | 1494 | 423497 | 5087845 | ||
| 1921 | 1502 | 423501 | 5088053 | ||
| 1925 | 1504 | 423481 | 5088190 | ||
| 1940 | 1506 | 423512 | 5088655 | ||
| 1946 | 423530 | 5088649 | Back on the bottom, spider crab | ||
| 1948 | Lobate flows | ||||
| 1951 | Archive tapes on | ||||
| 1952 | 1530 | 423481 | 5088662 | No yellow sediment, pelagic (?) | |
| 1954 | 1531 | 423532 | 5088654 | Young sheet flow, small push ups, jumbled flows | |
| 1955 | White floc, lava lake, 1 meter high pillar | ||||
| 1957 | 1528 | Drained out area, relatively fresh lava (photo 37 = photo #1 for this dive, film continued from previous dive R462) | Photo-37 | ||
| 2000 | Hydroid (photo), lava lake, floc increase, Hdg 94 | Photo-38 | |||
| 1959 | 423619 | 5088648 | |||
| 2004 | 423593 | 5088540 | Fe rich sediments, drips (stalactites) | ||
| 2009 | Hold while navigation is repaired | ||||
| 2011 | 423701 | 5088642 | Back on bottom, nav has been repaired | ||
| 2012 | Fecal trails, more oxide | ||||
| 2021 | 423798 | 5088651 | This whole east west traverse has been old lava (Bill C) | FG R463-001
FG R463-002 FG R463-003 | |
| 2024 | Increase in sediment (patch) | ||||
| 2025 | Spider crab, rat tail fish | ||||
| 2027 | Spider crab | ||||
| 2028 | 423869 | 5088657 | |||
| 2030 | Turning southwest, Hdg 216 | ||||
| 2032 | 423917 | 5088630 | Starfish | ||
| 2036 | Waiting for the ship to catch up | ||||
| 2040 | Sediment ponding - lobates and jumbled flow - no signs of hydrothermal activity | ||||
| 2042 | 423922 | 5088591 | |||
| 2046 | 423907 | 5088547 | |||
| 2048 | Hdg 243 toward Milky Vent | ||||
| 2051 | Spider crab, rat tail fish | ||||
| 2052 | Crossed NE/SW feature near drained out area, (possible indicator of tectonic control on geological features) | ||||
| 2054 | 1518 | 423838 | 5088467 | Hdg 273, golfball sponges on rocks | |
| 2056 | 423806 | 5088453 | Tube worms sighting gastropods and thick bacterial coating on tubes | FG R463-004 | |
| 2101 | Tube worms | Photo-39 | |||
| 2103 | Polynoids, blue coating on rocks, filament, ~100 meters East milky vent, tube worms are alive with top cm of tubes translucent compared to brown below | FG R463-005
FG R463-006 FG R463-007 FG R463-008 FG R463-009 FG R463-010 FG R463-011 | |||
| 2108 | 423801 | 5088441 | Moving Hdg 210, more blue stuff, more tube worms | Photo-40 | |
| 2109 | Going over old flows with a lot of sponges on them | ||||
| 2110 | 423791 | 5088413 | Old worms site, large white worms in a collapsed pit on a wall | Photo-41 | |
| 2113 | In transit still Hdg 314 | Photo-42 | |||
| 2113 | Crossing contact between old and younger lavas | ||||
| 2114 | Heavy oxide deposit | Photo-43 | |||
| Approaching Milky Vent | Photo-44 | ||||
| 2118 | 1530 | 423682 | 5088435 | Gray smoke | |
| 2121 | Mkr-N2 spotted, spinning polynoid | ||||
| 2126 | 1532 | Positioning to collect water sample with suction sampler | |||
| 2151 | 1531 | Still positioning to collect water sample. | |||
| 2155 | 1532 | 423680 | 508420 | In position for water sample collection with suction sampler | |
| 2204 | 1532 | 423678 | 5088420 | Sampler with stbd gas tight (bottle #6) | Photo-45
Gas tight R463-1 |
| 2227 | 1532 | Moving slightly forward to reach vent with suction sampler nozzle | |||
| 2238 | 1531 | Sampling with suction bottle #8 (first large container), just water | Suction Sample
R463-2 | ||
| 2244 | Sampling completed. Sampling location about 1m up on ledge from previous SUAVE scan location. Just next to Mkr-N2. | ||||
| 2249 | 1531 | 423679 | 598420 | Deploying bacterial traps at sampling site, Traps #18, #16. Good fix. | Photo-46
Photo-47 FG R462-12 Photo-48 FG R463-013 |
| 2307 | 1526 | Moving off to Oxide Vent, hdg ~270 | |||
| 2313 | 1529 | 423652 | 5088439 | Turning north towards Oxide Vent, hdg 350, floc in water, light oxide covering | |
| 2316 | 1533 | 423645 | 5088471 | Hdg 132, turning south trying to find Oxide Vent | |
| 2325 | 1529 | 423632 | 5088450 | In vicinity of Oxide Vent, lots of orange oxides in depressions of lava, trying to locate position which was scanned in R460 | |
| 2330 | 1530 | 423627 | 5088444 | ROPOS stopped, hdg 305, trying to decide if we are on target, decided we are off by at least 20m | |
| 2332 | Looking for original scan location, moving due east ~20m, then south | ||||
| 2338 | Still looking, orange fluffy floc all over the basalts | ||||
| 2340 | Found some white bacterial mat, hdg ~50; polynoid | ||||
| 2344 | 1533 | 423677 | 5088444 | New vent, named Easy Vent (Easy in nav), hdg 352 |
FG R463-014
Photo-49 |
| 2350 | 1533 | 423675 | 5088444 | Positioning to deploy Craig's bacterial trap #17, polynoid (new type), trap deployed | |
| 2355 | Tether management | ||||
| 0006
JD245 |
Coming back up to the surface because of problem with level winding, bringing cage on deck and try to fix it while ROPOS still in water | ||||
| 0210 | ROPOS on deck for repairs |
Dive Map
Dive Summary: Dive R464 began at Milky Vent where bacteria traps were repositioned. The suction sampler was utilized near Milky, MiniSnow, The Pit, Snail, and Castle Vents. Several markers were placed or repositioned on this dive. Mkr-N2 was repositioned at Milky Vent. Mkr-N9 was deployed at MiniSnow Vent. Mkr-N1 was moved to SnowBlower Vent. Mkr-N7 was placed south of Contact 4. Mkr-N9 was deployed at Snail Vent. Bacteria traps were deployed at Mkr-113 and retrieved in the same area. Gastight and niskin samples were taken near Castle Vent, as well as tubeworms and sulfide samples..
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
Site Eastern side of
caldera in
south region Sept. 1, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 2, 1998 Julian Day 245 Time off deck: 0545 Time on bottom: 0712 Sept. 2, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 3, 1998 Julian Day 246 Time off bottom: 2337 Time on deck: 0045 Total dive time: 19 hr 00 min. Total bottom time: 16 hr 25 min. Suction sample microbial mats at: Oxide
Vent Mkr-33 Floc on basalts Cirque vent Mkr 108 or 133 Gas tight water samples at vents to be
selected Niskin sample at vent to be selected Sample biology and sulfides at The
Castle ROPOS configuration: Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper (~6" port of center line of sub) Biobox mounted lower center work area Photosea 1000A 35 mm camera and strobe mounted side-by-side on upper center of bumper Markers in biobox: N7,? Suction sampler with hose attached to port arm Glass wool bacteria traps in each side of the Biobox 5 liter Niskin bottle Pacman sampler on port (5 function) arm Standard jaw on starboard (7 function) arm UTM m m m Photo-1 Photo-2 (no
flash) Photo-3 Photo-7 Photo-9, Photo-10Suction Sample R464-1 FG R464-005 Photo-12 Photo-13 Photo-14 Photo-15 FG R464-006 Photo-17 Photo-19, Photo-20 FG R464-007 FG R464-008 Photo-22 orange oxide mat with white stuff coming out, beta cam off 0904. moving into position to suck, filling big jar #18 for water sample, #18
has no filter, stopped at 0925. FG R464-010 FG R464-011 FG R464-012 FG R464-013 Suction Sample
R464-2 R464-3 Photo-23 Photo-24 Photo-26 Photo-27 FG R464-016 Photo-28 FG R464-017 Photo-29 pillow lavas. FG R464-018 drained lava features (about 3 m deep). big lava lake, more whit patches on the other side with less yellow
sediment. FG R464-019 Photo-34 collapse features. FG R464-020 Photo-37 FG R464-021 Photo-39 FG R464-024 FG R464-025 Photo-40 423720 5087830 R464-5 Photo-42 FG R464-028 Photo-45 FG R464-033 See Orange flag, broken off not attached to anything Flag. Photo-56 FG R464-035 lots of white mat. Photo-58 Photo-59 FG R464-038 R464-6 FG R464-039 FG R464-041 FG R464-042 Suction Sample R464-7 FG R464-045 Photo-73 Photo-75 Photo-76 Photo-77 Photo-78 FG R464-046 Photo-79 Photo-80 FG R464-047 Photo-81 Photo-82 Photo-83 Photo-84 FG R464-048 Photo-85 Photo-86 Photo-87 Photo-88 Photo-90 Photo-91 Photo-92 FG R464-049 Photo-94 Photo-95 Photo-96 Photo-97 Photo-98 Photo-100 FG R464-050 Photo-102 Photo-103 Photo-104 Photo-105 FG R464-051 Photo-106 Photo-107 Photo-109 FG R464-052 Photo-110 Photo-111 Photo-112 Photo-113 Photo-114 Photo-116 Photo-117 Photo-118 FG R464-053 Photo-119 Photo-120 Photo-121 Photo-122 FG R464-054 Photo-123 Photo-124 Photo-125 Photo-126 FG R464-055 FG R464-056 FG R464-057 R464-8 new venting at site Photo-129 Photo-130 FG R464-058 Photo-132 Photo-133 FG R464-060 R464-9 more tube worms Photo-134 Photo-135 Photo-136 Photo-138 Photo-145 Photo-147 hollow lobe of lava FG R464-064 Photo-152 FG R464-065 Photo-158 FG R464-066 FG R464-068 Sulfide spire R464-10 R464-11 Gas-tights R464-12 R464-13 Photo-164 FG R464-073 R464-14 JD246
Region, Field,
Dive Begin
Dive End
Tasks Axial
Seamount
Date (PDT):
Date (PDT):
Continuation of aborted Dive 463
Time
Depth
X-pos
Y-pos
Comments
Frame grabs,
photos and
samples 0545
ROPOS launched in cage.
0707
1481
Out of cage.
0712
1523
423685
5988444
On bottom heading 310, heading to oxide vent but came across a
milk -like vent.
0717
1528
423678
5088437
Another milky vent off to look for oxide, heading 282.
0720
Rat tail.
0721
1526
423683
5088416
Some diffuse venting.
0723
1526
423689
5088413
More venting, lots of cloudy water.
0725
1532
423679
5088420
Bacterial traps Mkr-N2, Milky Vent best approach is 042 THIS
APPROACH IS IDEAL FOR THIS VENT. Repositioning bacterial
traps. Bacteria on the lines of the glass wool traps 16 and 18.
FG R464-001
0739
Off the bottom and on the move to oxide vent, one of the traps is in a
hole - looks like a drained pillow, lots of white coming out.
FG R464-002
0744
Overhead shot of Milky Vent.
Photo-4 0745
1528
423668
5088421
Heading to Oxide Vent heading 313
0748
Yellow sediment with a mixture sheet flows and pillows, ropy lava,
looking for a broad pillar that is flat on top.
0752
Ropy lava - (a ridge of it).
0753
1531
423630
5088438
Good fix, milky water all around.
0754
1528
This may be it, some small chimneys
Photo-5 0757
423628
5088466
On the top of the feature - some pillows, we are going to the edge
and coming back at a heading of 180.
Photo-6
0800
1522
423628
5088455
Good fix.
0802
1529
423622
5088454
Collecting a suction sampler #4 (short jar), some shimmering water.
Photo-8 0804
423628
5088455
Sucking the stuff on top - whiter the better, having a hard time
reaching, having a difficult time getting a sample with the suction
sampler connected to Pacman.
FG R464-003
0814
Sucking working, finished at 0820.
FG R464-004
0821
Getting ready to take off and go to Pit Vent.
0825
1529
Moving ship.
0829
Off the ground moving heading 171, sheet flow lavas, ropy, little
sediment with white balls.
0831
1532
423637
5088445
Low viscosity lava, orange material still with us as we go, rattail fish,
some floc in the water.
0834
1529
423662
5088390
Now into pillow flows, contact from sheets to pillows, pillow mound.
0836
1527
Back into sheets very ropy heading 171, channel flow lavas climbing
so probably going up stream.
0838
Stopped for a moment, sheet flow, going down hill at 0839.
0840
1526
423691
5088301
Orange floc sediment, glassy dark red mottling, lots of yellow
sediment.
Photo-11
0843
Large pillows with pelagic sediment, no orange sediment coating,
nice contact from a black lava and one coated with yellow stain.
Photo-16
0846
1523
423706
5088201
Brittle star and lots of snails and sponges, pillows, rat tail, looking
for a contact between big pillows with small pillows between.
0849
Heading south, pillows with lots of yellow mat between the pillows,
collapse pillow with several cm of orange sediment.
Photo-18
0853
1523
White mats with orange stuff covering the mats - looks like loihi,
stopped, no shimmering water, unknown branchy thing.
0857
1522
Moving south, thick covering of yellow sediment, hollow pillow with
lots of yellow sediment.
0859
1521
423706
5088142
More white floc, some white mat, white floc out of vent - stopped.
Photo-21
0903
Beta cam on - thinking of sampling
0909
One of the sample inlets for the gas tight samplers was broken .
Thus must trigger both to get the sample.
0911
1522
423706
5088143
Good fix, beta cam on, beta off (0914),
FG R464-009
0925
Suction jar #1 short jar, getting white stuff from the same place that
we got water for jar #18.
Suction Sample
0935
Still getting white stuff, shifting to get white stuff from another vent,
keeping the same jar.
0948
Still sucking.
FG R464-014 1005
423710
5088141
Finished sucking, deploying Mkr-N9 rectangle-Mini Snow.
1019
Leaving site, heading south to Pit Vent, heading 176.
FG R464-015
1023
Pillow basalt with oxide deposits in cracks, rat tail.
Photo-25
1026
Driving south 180 pillows with yellow sediment in cracks.
Photo-30 1028
1521
423724
5088081
More sediment , especially in holes,
Photo-31
1032
1517
423733
5088017
Heading 180, pillows with more sediment covering everything,
drained lava lake, pillows, lots of open pillows and a big drain
feature.
1034
1515
Lava drain back feature.
1035
1515
423713
5087967
Cloudy water with pillows and drain. features.
1038
1519
423719
5087924
Much more yellow sediment cover,
Photo-32 1041
1515
423720
5087891
Heading 180, more of the above
Photo-33
1043
1518
423723
5087835
Shimmering water with scale worms, new lava - pillows, diffuse
venting FRESH LAVAS???
Photo-35 1045
1516
423711
5087834
Black lava with white between pillows
Photo-36
1048
At the Pit Vent?, or at least the Mkr-N1
1054
1517
423728
5087838
Looking for the vent, realize that we had problems with the
manipulator last time, the marker is on the rim of a hollow pillow,
dimension 3 m x 4 m.
Photo-38
1059
1518
423719
5087835
Marker in front, Snow Blower Vent to the side of the marker.
FG R464-022
1101
1519
423721
5087834
Snow blower Pit. Lots of whit stuff coming out of a hole with a
diameter 10 cm. Below is a hollow sheet, highlights still on.
FG R464-023
1103
1519
423722
5087835
Suction sample, large jar #12, no filter for water, about 3-4 m away,
marker is to left of sub, sub heading at 312, marker on edge of the pit
not in the pit.
Suction Sample
R464-4
1108
1519
423724
5087840
White floc is coming out along the roof and out the hole, lots of white
mat in jar.
FG R464-026 1111
1519
423722
5087835
Suction new jar #2A little jar for white floc, coming out in pulses not
much now, the snow blower vent died then more came out, very
sporadic venting.
Suction Sample
1124
Facing 310, the pit is behind, the marker should be back and on the
starboard side, looking into hole and see shimmering water and scale
worm coming out of hole.
FG R464-027 1128
Still looking into hole, another scale worm, hdg 311.
Photo-41
1131
Hdg 032, looking for marker.
1133
Shimmering water, see pit.
1134
The hole is NW of pit and the marker is due north of the pit.
1135
Picking up Mkr-N1 and moving it to the Snowblower Vent.
Photo-43
1137
1519
Snow blower vents seems to have lost steam. Marker just SW of
snow blower vent.
1145
Begin lines, raising sub to ~5 m above bottom.
FG R464-029 1147
1514
423718
5087828
6 METERS ABOVE, directly above Mkr-N1, hdg 350, turning on
digital camera.
1150
Ship moving 600m due east, looking for burnt tube worms, leaving
new lava, moving into old.
Photo-44
1151
1518
423739
5087825
Lobate lavas with extensive orange mat.
Photo-46 1154
1520
Orange mat still cover everything, floor still collapsed.
1155
1520
423769
5087825
Sheet flow on bottom of collapsed, orange mat completely covered,
looks like white mat covered with orange.
FG R464-030 1156
1519
Coming into rubble, edge of collapse, wall with pillars.
1159
1518
423801
5087825
Back to pillars.
1200
1519
423815
5087825
Collapse appears to be 2m deep, pillars.
1201
1517
423822
5087823
Pillars holding up some of the roof in the collapse area.
Photo-47 1202
1518
423832
5087825
More collapsed floor.
Photo-48 1205
1519
423846
5087819
More orange colored lava.
1208
Lava with orange and white mat.
1209
1519
423883
5087820
Clam shells and tube worms in old lava, our position is at or near
contact and old/new lava. Contact 4.
Photo-49
1215
1519
Sipunculid worm.
1217
1519
Tube worm remains, clam shells.
1218
1519
423881
5087821
Blue gelatinous form "Blue Blob".
FG R464-031 1221
1519
423882
5087822
Dead tube worms in old lava.
1223
1519
Turning 180 to head due West to look for contact, in old lava, see
new lava.
1223
1519
423878
5087815
At edge of new lava, highlights on.
FG R464-032
1228
1519
Crab on new lava.
1229
1519
Tube worms at edge of old lava and new lava, highlights on.
1232
1519
423883
5087818
looking at tube worms, clam shells.
FG R464-034 1234
1518
moving to look at tube worm remain, going south along the contact.
Photo-50 1236
1519
Along contact, clams and worms.
Photo-51 1237
1517
Along contact.
Photo-52 1238
1518
423879
5087808
Contact, new lava, seeing pockets of venting.
Photo-53 1239
1519
423878
5087804
Into old lava, orange sediment covered.
Photo-54 1240
1518
423879
5077795
On edge of old and new lava
Photo-55
1242
1519
Crab, dead tube worms and clams, facing south.
1244
Hdg west, on edge of old/new, see live crab and dead tube worms.
1246
1519
423879
5087793
Zooming in on live tube worms,.
1249
1519
423877
5087790
Looking for contact again, hdg 222.
1250
1518
423874
5087781
Hdg 213 following new lava.
1253
1517
423886
5087780
Live tube worms, right on contact
Photo-57
1257
1519
423889
5087783
Video quality dropped due to telemetry. Large TW.
1300
1520
423878
5087773
Placing marker
Photo-60 1306
1520
423886
5087774
Mkr-N7 placed.
Photo-61 1308
1520
423885
5087774
Straightening out marker.
1310
Having problem with cage camera.
1313
1519
423887
5087772
Tube worms, still working with cage camera, iris on camera is tired,
switched to different camera.
Photo-62 1319
1520
Iris on cage camera is tired, switched to different monitor.
1321
1519
423888
427771
Looking for spot to deploy glass wool traps - abort trap deployment.
Photo-63
1322
1520
Exploded pillow lava.
FG R464-036 1329
1520
Tube worms, diffuse flow, palm worms, right on contact, colony
appears to be between old (right) and new (to the left of the worms)
lava lobes, clams on old lava highlights on.
1336
1520
Contact, very visible.
Photo-64 1338
1514
Marker N7.
Photo-65 1340
1477
Moving to Snail.
1454
1523
Lost GPS due to fire alarm.
1517
1524
423831
5087074
Driving slowly NW, got nav back, but it seems ROPOS is stuck,
moving east over sheet flow covered with oxides and fractures.
1520
1524
423854
5087083
Good ROPOS fix, hdg towards target.
1521
1524
423878
5087088
Lots of thick chunky white bacterial mat with flow, lots of snails.
FG R464-037
1528
1524
Trying to position to suck snails and the white mat they're nibbling
on.
Photo-66 1531
1523
423878
5087086
Getting ready to suck snails, then mat, into small jar #0.
Suction Sample
1548
1524
423878
5087086
Still sucking mat now.
FG R464-040 1556
1524
423883
5087074
Still sucking.
1559
1524
423877
5087088
Deploying Mkr-N8 at Snail, hdg to Mkr-108 Vent, Digital still
camera on for a couple of pictures.
Photo-67
1620
1515
423826
5086869
Hdg 225.
1634
1523
42377
5086643
Closing on Mkr-108, hdg 179.
1636
1519
Looking for Mkr-108, lots of floc and mat, drained lava lake.
1642
1519
423787
5086586
Mkr-108 Vent, scale worm, white mat.
Photo-68 1645
1524
Lots of scale worms, some bag creatures, white mat.
FG R464-043 1649
1524
423784
5086592
Suction small bottle #2B of scale worms and mat, having problems
with sucking, giving up on sucking.
FG R464-044
1715
1519
Hdg to Mkr-113 Vent, Axial Gardens.
Photo-69 1718
1522
Proceeding south, rat tail fish, collapsed area with yellow material,
possibly new lava with covering, black glassy rock poking through
yellow, white floc.
Photo-70 1723
1520
Brown and white floc, jumbled sheet flow, rat tail fish.
Photo-71
1726
1520
423707
5086464
Leaving jumbled sheet flow into flatter area, drained out lava, spires,
pillars, not very glassy, no sessile organisms.
Photo-72
1731
1520
423646
5086364
Hdg 210, nothing active yet, lobate lavas, no sessile organisms.
1734
1521
423572
5086218
Lobate lavas with some shallow drained out areas, two rat tail fish,
really glassy area on edges of flow, star fish, some sediment, can't
tell if old or new, see contact. Collapsed pit with glassy at edges on
top of pit. Rat tail, several sea cucumbers. Shallow drained out
areas. Possible area of new sheet/lobate flow over old. Fronts of
lobate looks glassy, hard to tell age. Coming into collapsed area,
roof collapse, shrimp. Glassy smooth lobes, some sediment,
confusion! Spire, drained out area/lava lake, sea stars and
cucumbers on tops of area. Two spider crabs.
Photo-74
1747
1521
423476
5086125
Still heading towards Mkr-113, flatter glassier area, same surface,
sea star, cucumbers, rat tail, sponges, brittle stars- lots on surface.
Photo-89
1751
1521
Lobate lavas, age? Rat tail, cucumbers, some collapsed area, on
surface again. Brittle stars, sea stars, sponges. Areas with increased
sediment- correlate with new surface? Down in a hole then into
young? lobate flow with orange/ yellowish sediment on it.
Traversing between old and new flow
Photo-93
1801
1523
423416
5085934
At Mkr-113 Vent- found tube worms- don't look alive. Scattered
about. Group of tube worms that look like they've fallen off the top
of a pillar!
Photo-99
1804
1524
423390
5085922
Clumps of dead worms that look fallen. Seismic activity? Garden of
Destruction. More tube worms on top of surface. Looking for mkr.
Thick white bacterial mat, almost filamentous looking.
Photo-101
1809
1523
423367
5085919
Spider crab, looking for mkr, lots of dead tube worms! Some live
worms among the dead ones.
Photo-108
1816
1524
423372
5085927
Hdg 164, looking south, Mkr-113 Vent is on east lip of a collapse.
On edges, lots of bacterial mat, bag creatures, polynoids, looks fresh.
Alvinellids, palm worms, that are alive. Thick bacterial mat. Found
Craig's traps. Polynoids (at least 2 types). Traps look coated,
worms on trap. Recent alive tube worms.
Photo-115
1836
1524
Deploying bacterial traps #20 and #21 in crack at top of pillar (north
side) with lots of biology (tube worms, alvinellids), hdg 170
1843
Little red shrimp swimming by
1844
423370
5085922
Photo of traps and Mkr-113 Vent
Photo-127 1856
423373
5085933
Retrieving bacterial trap #3, in port side of biobox; deploying new
bacterial trap #19 at same site, CAGE CAMERA IS DOWN
Bacteria trap
1917
Move to tube worms
Photo-128
1920
1524
423376
5085939
Patch of dead tube worms, Hdg 035
FG R464-059 1926
423376
5085939
More pictures of tube worms
Photo-131
1928
1524
423377
5085935
1938
423377
5085935
Collect a batch dead or dying tube worms into port side biobox
Bio sample
1951
Moved bacterial trap #3 port to starboard
2008
Vent fish sighting
FG R464-061
2010
423378
5085937
MORE tube worms into port biobox
FG R464-062
2023
Nine anemones counted
FG R464-063
2030
Head to Castle Vent Hdg 90
2032
1524
423391
508593
Tube worm clumps, spider crabs
2033
Collapsed pits
Photo-137
2034
Pillars in the large lava lake, some venting, questionable lava age
identification
Photo-139 2036
Cruddy pillows
Photo-140 2040
Jumbled sheet flows
Photo-141 2041
Pillar
Photo-142 2043
Sediment covered lobate lava
Photo-143 2044
Orange deposit under side of lobate, staining between pillows, black
specks, "craters" apparent in sediment
2044
Large lava lake, orange sediment cover
Photo-144
2048
Jumbled sheet flow. thick orange sedimentwith "papillae" not characteristic of pelagic sediment
Photo-146
2051
Low venting, shimmering water bag creatures, polynoids, bacterial
mats
Photo-148 2052
1524
423576
5085921
Mats
Photo-149 2055
White mat and/or grout, polychaetes, bag creatures
2056
1521
423591
5085927
Emerged from lava lake (VT), Pillar Vent discovered, more vents
2058
1522
423611
5085932
Into pit, slime
Photo-150 2059
Hdg 99
Photo-151
2101
Out of venting area
2103
1521
423645
5085949
Hdg 45, heading change to castle
2105
Pillows
Photo-153 2107
1522
423654
5085962
2108
Bluish
2111
Cage in view (tether management)
2118
422117
5085933
Back on the bottom, jumbled sheet flows, same sediment, whirly
sheet flow
2121
Basalt substrate with some sediment
Photo-154 2122
Basalt substrate with some sediment
Photo-155 2122
1527
423737
5085972
2124
Crossing sheet flow with striations; "elephant tracks" in the sediment
2124
Sheet flow looks the same but losing linear features
2126
Ugly Lumpfish
Photo-156 2127
Jumbled sheet flow; sediment cover increasing
2128
Rattail fish; jumbled sheet flows
2130
Passed over oxide mound similar to previous dive
2131
Jumbled sheet flows, moderate sediment cover
2132
Murky water; nearby hydrothermal venting? Broken up lava with
orange floc sediment in interstices
2132
Orange floc is stringy; sheet flow that is heavily sedimented; visibility
compromised; prawn
2133
White mat with orange oxide--center of low temperature venting?
Back into jumbled surface with pockets of white mat with less
sediment; ratio of mat to orange sediment increasing
2134
New vent site with white mat and broken sheet flow lavas; video
overlay pause; most lavas appear to be folded like a curtain
2135
Video overlay back on; basalt glass fragment sitting on seafloor--hydroclastics
2137
Orange floc is dense, less white mat, glass shards still present (or are
they just bare spots?) Some bare spots are shiny.
2140
1525
423870
5086122
2141
1524
423878
5086128
2141
Looking for contact with pillow lavas at Castle Vent; looking for a
miracle
2142
Up and over a big rock
2143
Less sediment cover; little white mat--popcorn texture; now onto
lobate flows; fat rattail fish; moved from one rock jumble to the next;
now a drained lava lake
2143
1523
423925
5086168
2143
Large lava lake structure; pillar; more orange floc; part of one large
drainback structure; fat rattail fish; lots of orange flow--indicative of
venting just after the flow flowed
2145
Arrived at another lava lake with some tube in it; back to striated
sheet flows, coming to folded curtain-drape textures; another spire;
some parts of roof there
2146
1520
423973
5086207
2147
Lobate lavas with orange floc in interstices; popcorn white mat
2148
Glassy surface on one lava; lots of orange floc; no white mat; 50 m
SW Castle Vent
2150
1521
434937
5086254
2151
Lobate flows; more pillows; white mate; 15 from Castle Vent; a
depression about 5 m deep or so
2152
Arrived at structure with tube worms and diffuse flow; polynoid
swimming
2154
We may have missed contact while going over drop; sulfide talus
around tubeworms
2155
Abundant tubeworms; Mkr-N5; structure is 8-10m high and partially
caved in; we have arrived at Castle Vent
2155
1510
434035
5086301
2157
Highlight tape rolling
2158
Big rattail and dead tube worms; "There a whole lot of scavenging
going on" says Kim
2159
Back to the cage for tether management; cage camera has failed
2203
Cool ctenophore
2205
We must surface soon so can only do quick sampling
2209
1519
434017
5086279
2210
Lobate flows, now more pillows
2211
Tube worms, white mat
2211
1517
434032
5086297
2214
This vent does not appear to be Castle Vent, but this is were Marker
N5 is; there are 2 sulfide structures
2217
Tube worms growing out of heavily sedimented lavas; all of this
appears to be in a depression
2218
1514
434041
5086296
Arrived at Flattop again; there are 2-3 sulfide structures here and a
basalt pillar with some sulfide and worms
2221
Spider crab
2222
Another spider crab
2222
Castle vent; rocks covered with white mat; the vent is a thin spire
with black
Photo-157
2224
Kim's highlight tape still running
2225
Will sample with Pacman; spire is likely anhydrite; will try to sample
top of spire
Photo-159 2228
Spire broke off and fell behind stump
Photo-160
2231
Has some sulfide in Pacman; there is white anhydrite; "A sulfide in
the claw is worth two in the tubeworm bush" --Dave & Jon
2233
424032
5086297
Re-sampling stump with Pacman
FG R464-067
2334
424032
5086297
Niskin buoyant/exiting plume sample but not from rising plume, just
nearby sea water
Niskin
2240
Crushed a dead spire with the claw; organic pipes with anhydrite
tops; Dave saw chalcopyrite inside the spire
2241
424032
5086297
Setting up to fire gas tights at Castle Vent stump; fluid is quite clear;
both gas tights fired, one port in plume (GTB#5) and the other about
17" away in sea water (GTB#2)
Photo-161
2246
Searching for tubeworms for Tsurumi, those with Massoth's second
(#18?); FG tubeworms and lasers
FG R464-069 2247
Photo-162
FG R464-070 2255
Positioning slurp sampler to get the nice, clear fluid from the stump
of Castle Vent
2257
Trying to determine if slurp sample is actually getting fluid
2258
424032
5086297
Slurp pump is broken so we're letting fluid rise into suction canister
#1; sample is likely highly compromised
Suction sample
2302
1519
424023
5086297
Deploying Craig's bacteria trap #22 in high flow zone, hdg 69; one
trap is broken
2311
1519
Deploying bacteria traps #24 and #23 (the top is pried off one
cylinder of #23), same location as above; #22 looks like a hole has
melted through the bottom
FG R464-071 2316
One of Maia's tube worms is out of it's tube flapping in the water
FG R464-072 2321
1519
424026
5086303
Heading to sulfide chimney with Mkr-N5, hdg 90
2324
Lots of mat, found chimney (Flat Top) with Mkr-N5, hdg 125;
2330
Trying to determine where SUAVE #18 was taken exactly, so Maia
can get tube worm sample from same site; vent fish sitting by tube
worms and alvinellids
Photo-163
2334
1516
424041
5086304
Taking sample from directly behind Mkr-N5, hdg 197; tube worm
sample in stbd biobox
Bio sample
2337
Hydraulic line burst to 5-function arm, dive terminated, ROPOS
ascending to surface
0045
ROPOS on deck
Dive Map
Dive Summary:
Dive 465 was a bottom reconnaissance survey of an area south of the caldera where a comparison of SeaBeam surveys taken in 1981 and 1998 revealed bathymetric anomalies probably resulting from new lava flows. Navigation of ROPOS was bad because of incorrect delays for the transponders so positions recorded are those of the ship in P-GPS.
The eastern contact of the older partially sedimented sheet flow and new lava was encountered. The new lava appears to be dominated by pillows but there are also lobate and sheet flows. Yellow staining and floc were encountered in places. Animals ("bag creatures") and white bacterial mats are sparse to non-existent on the surface of the new flow. A 6 m high scarp strikes N-S.
Two samples were taken at the flow front; one was a branching drip structure. The dive was terminated prematurely due to failure of the 3-chip video camera.
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
Site 3 n. mi. south
of the caldera
along the rift
axis Sept. 3, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 3, 1998 Julian Day 246 Time off deck: 0741 Time on bottom: 0925 Sept. 3, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 3, 1998 Julian Day 246 Time off bottom: 1456 Time on deck: 1623 Total dive time: 8 hr 42 min Total bottom time: 5 hr 31 min SUAVE any vents discovered. ROPOS configuration: Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper (~6" port of center line of sub) BioBox mounted lower center work area Photosea 1000A 35 mm camera and strobe mounted side-by-side on upper center of bumper Markers in BioBox SUAVE mounted port side interior; sensor on port 5 function arm 2 gas tight bottles with intake on stbd arm 5 liter Niskin bottle Pacman sampler on port (5 function) arm Standard jaw on starboard (7 function) arm UTM m Longitude Latitude Photo-5 Photo-6 Photo-7 Photo-8 Photo-9 Photo-10 Photo-11 FG R465-002 FG R465-003 Photo-12 Photo-15 Photo-16 FG R465-007 Basalt R465-1 FG R465-008 Photo-18 R465-2 FG R465-009 FG R465-010 Photo-21 Photo-23 Photo-24 FG R465-012 Photo-25 Photo-28 Photo-29 FG R465-014 Photo-31 FG R465-015 FG R465-016 Photo-34 Photo-37 Photo-38 Photo-39 Photo-40 Photo-44 Photo-45 Photo-46 Photo-47 Photo-49 Photo-50 Photo-55
Region, Field,
Dive Begin
Dive End
Tasks Axial
Seamount
Date (PDT):
Date (PDT):
Bottom reconnaissance traverses over
the 1998 volcanic eruption in the upper
south rift zone.
Time
Depth
X-pos
Y-pos
Comments
Frame grabs,
photos and
samples 0741
ROPOS launched
0925
1816
Contact bottom, abundant sediment cover in topo lows, bad
fixes (due to incorrect delay for transponders), ship driving 0.5
knot, sheet flow visible, heading west
0934
Breccia
Photo-1 0937
12959.18'
45 52.18'
Ship position; still bad fixes, heading due west
0942
Crinoid, pelagic sed cover about 50%
Photo-2 0943
Jumbled sheet flows
0945
pillows, sed cover
Photo-3 0951
Jumbled sheet flow, edge of cliff/fault scarp?
0955
CONTACT-new lava! Yellow material at base of flow and in
cracks, denotes new lava, pillows
Photo-4
0957
Have come up 5 m from base
FG R465-001
0958
Pillows
Photo-13 1002
Pillows, 20 m from contact
Photo-14
1005
59.14'
52.18'
FG R465-004
1008
FG R465-005 1010
1785
Grabbed chunk, wedge/trapezoid shape, orange stripe inner
surface, step in side, port BioBox
FG R465-006
1014
1782
59.175'
52.163'
Top flow front, drip structures, must be on slope, plenty of
yellow (Fe) stuff
Photo-17
1019
1784
Grabbing flow structure, in port BioBox, long, bonelike, glass,
yellow stuff
Basalt?
1024
1781
59.18'
52.17'
Tether caught, back to cage
1029
1782
59.19'
52.17'
Pillows, up about 15 m from contact
Photo-19 1032
1780
Evidence of flow from bottom of pillows, broader lobes, more
fluid morphologies, BIG rattail!, lobate flows, no pillows
Photo-20
1034
1781
59.22'
52.18'
Seds in crevasses, yellow or white? looks white, about 10-20%
cover
1039
1781
Linear feature, broken sheet, broad lobes on top of flow
different from front, no collapse, fluid looking flows, upper
crust broken up
Photo-22
1042
1780
59.24'
52.19'
Crevasses , no flow seen, looks like iron bacteria and bag
creatures and mats, possible poop identified, fluffy material
FG R465-011
1048
1780
59.27'
52.19'
Back into broad flat pillows, flow texture seen, yellow/orange
material in cracks, near center of sonar anomaly (Bill
Chadwick)
Photo-26 1059
1781
59.30'
52.19'
75% bacterial/bag creature cover, yellowish
Photo-27
1100
1780
Temperature check in bag creatures (bag sniffing) no thermal
anomaly
FG R465-013
1102
1780
59.30'
52.19'
TopaLava Target
1106
1780
59.35'
52.18'
Broken sheet flows, ropy lavas, a little less orange mat, images
of orange goo
Photo-30
1112
1781
Little crevasse, color change (white) along crack, orange
further out, no thermal anomaly
Photo-32
1114
1781
59.38'
52.17'
Broad, massive lobes, flat regional topo, crab, less mat, getting
more pillows
1117
1781
59.42'
52.17'
Pillows
Photo-33 1121
1774
Gaining elevation, crab, little mat, pillows, staining on
underside of rocks,
FG R465-017
1124
1773
Morphology matches slope: steep=pillows, flat=more sheets
Photo-35 1125
1773
59.49'
52.16'
BIG DROP OFF, scarp about 6 m, oriented about N-S,
brecciated face of scarp, collapse pit? NICE stratigraphic
column in wall, hollow pillow at top
Photo-36
1132
1772
59.52'
52.17'
Along collapse, rubbly bottom, broken pillows in bottom
Photo-41 1137
1778
Glassy lobate pillows, varying orange mat thickness
Photo-42 1145
1772
59.63'
52.16'
Large pillows (1-2 m), 2 crabs, going upslope, reddish staining
undersides, thermal/water altering stains
Photo-43
1153
1760
Tube-like pillows, some broken, very little seds
Photo-48
1200
1749
59.74'
52.15'
Pillows, upslope, rattail
Photo-51 1205
1735
59.77'
52.15'
Pillows, sediment increase in the interstices
1208
1732
Cracks with white coating; broken up glass in pockets; looks
like we're getting to the top of the main rift zone
Photo-52 1209
1734
Stopped on broken pieces of rock, yellowish-white coating on
broken surfaces
Photo-53 1210
1733
Continuing on, ~15 from center of rift zone; ~100 m away from
plateau of rift zone; no animals so it looks like same flow
1211
1733
59.86'
52.16'
Spider crab
1212
1732
59.88'
52.15'
Smaller pillows, no striations, light sediment cover
1213
1732
Flattening out a bit, still in pillows; no animals
1214
1730
Fish; thicker coating of tan material in pockets; glassy lobes
Photo-54
1215
1727
59.95'
52.15'
Very glassy lobes in these pillows, tubular pillows broken off
Photo-56 1216
1725
Striated pillows
1217
1723
Pillows, tan material in interstices; larger pillows
Photo-57 1218
1719
Getting close to top; tubular pillows; smooth surfaces, glassy
1220
1720
Small glassy lobes; similar to pillows we've seen at other sites
on the ridge; stopping to catch up with tether
1222
1720
Continuing west; flatter here, slightly flatter lobes; collapse
1223
1719
1300.03'
52.14'
Brecciated sheet flow; fish; ropes
Photo-58 1224
1720
Jumbled sheet flow
Photo-59 1225
Glassy surfaces; jumbled flow
Photo-60 1227
Squatty mounds/spires in jumbled flow; tether management -
going back to cage
1322
0.046'
52.14'
S. Contact 2
1456
Looks like a fried 3 color camera cable, coming back on deck.
1513
1230 wire out
1623
ROPOS on deck
Dive R466
Dive Map
Dive Summary: Dive R466 took place at ASHES Vent Field. A HOBO temperature probe and Osmosampler were deployed at Hell Vent. Twenty-one SUAVE samples were taken at various vent sites. Bacteria traps were deployed at Hillock/Phoenix Vent and ROPOS Vent. A huge clump of tubeworms and biota were sampled at Hairdo Vent. Time was spent observing sulfide worm behavior at several vents. The dive concluded with a Digital Still Camera session.
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
Site ASHES site Sept. 3, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 4, 1998 Julian Day: 247 Time off deck: 0102 Time on bottom: 0230 Sept. 4, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 4, 1998 Julian Day 247 Time off bottom: 1711 Time on deck: 1829 Total dive time: 17 hr 27 min Total bottom time: 14 hr 41 min Survey of field, check chimney locations Check HOBO probe deployments Low temp diffuse flow scans (SUAVE) Worm samples at the same spots as
SUAVE SUAVE scans and video mapping of sites
on chimneys Must be back on deck by noon for air
drop of electronic board by C140 ROPOS configuration: Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper (~6" port of center line of sub) Biobox mounted lower center work area Markers in Biobox: 2, 11, J1, L SUAVE mounted port side interior; sensor on 7 function arm Osmosampler for deployment Pacman sampler on port (5 function) arm Standard jaw on starboard (7 function) arm Gas Tight #6 on port side (black tape on peek tube near end Gas Tight # 7 starboard Niskin bottle (5 L) UTM m m m FG R466-003 FG R466-005 FG R466-007 FG R466-008 FG R466-009 FG R466-011 FG R466-012 FG R466-016 FG R466-017 FG R466-018 FG R466-019 FG R466-020 Biosample R466-1 FG R466-027 FG R466-031 FG R466-035 FG R466-037 Max. T = 5C, no chemical anomalies. FG R466-040 FG R466-041 SUAVE R466-2 FG R466-042 Changed archive tapes at 0631. Biosample R466-3 FG R466-044 Max. T = 6C, H2S ~1 µmol, Mn = 4 µmol, Fe = below
detection. SUAVE R466-4 FG R466-047 R466-5 FG R466-049 2.8-3.0 C, with maximum of about 3.5C. The little spire on the
top of ROPOS Vent is dead. FG R466-051 FG R466-052 heading 165, scanning with temperature up to 17C. Started a SUAVE
at 0759. SUAVE #4 stopped at 0806. T= 29C, H2S 340 mol, Mn 40 mol, Fe 80 mol. R466-6 FG R466-053 FG R466-055 SUAVE R466-7 Stuffing the pile into the box and counted millions and millions of
organisms. Done with the collection at 0900. Biosample
R466-8 R466-9 Highlight video is on; watching the battle of the worms. R466-10 themselves, ended at 1039. Max. T=15C. R466-11 FG R466-062 R 466-12 FG R466-064 R466-13 taking temperature measurements on different sulfide worms. R466-14 R466-15 FG R466-066 R466-16 R466-17 R466-18 R466-19 R466-20 R466-21 R466-22 R466-23 FG R466-069 FG R466-070 FG R466-071 R466-24 R466-25 R466-26 R466-27 Dive Summary: Dive R467 began with a search for the elevator that was deployed before the dive. The
elevator was located and next the search was on for the extensometers deployed on the North Rift Zone.
They were located remarkably quickly and all five extensometers were loaded into the tubes on the elevator.
An Imagenex survey of the extensometer deployment area was conducted, followed by a search for the 91
Vent. What was believed to be the 91 Vent was located over 50 meters to the west of the original target.
The site was named Bob Vent. Suave and biology samples were collected at Bob Vent. Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
Site North Rift Zone Sept. 5, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 5, 1998 Julian Day 248 Time off deck: 0943 Time on bottom: 1110 Sept. 5, 1998 Date (UTM): Sept. 6, 1998 Julian Day 249 Time off bottom: 0517 Time on deck: 0634 Total dive time: 20 hr 51 min Total bottom time: 18 hr 07 min Recover extensometers at North Rift Imagenex survey of North Rift area 1 -
2 nautical miles North of the caldera. Search for "91 Vent" found by camera
tow in 1991 and seen again in 1996 ROPOS configuration: Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper Biobox mounted lower center work area Photosea 1000A 35 mm camera and strobe mounted side-by-side on upper center of bumper on stbd SUAVE mounted port side interior; sensor on stbd arm 5 liter Niskin bottle mounted on upper stbd bumper bar 2 gas tight bottles with intake on stbd arm: #5 on port ,black tape, #2 on stbd Claw on port (5 function) arm Claw on starboard (7 function) arm UTM m m m
Region, Field,
Dive Begin
Dive End
Tasks Axial Seamount
Date (PDT):
Date (PDT):
Short-term Osmo deployment at Hell
Vent
Time
Depth
X-pos
Y-pos
Comments
Frame grabs,
photos and
samples 0102
ROPOS launched.
0105
ROPOS leaving cage.
0218
Entered plume.
0230
Sighted bottom, ropy sheet flow, lots of floc in water, orange oxide
clumps/mounds in cracks.
FG R466-001 0233
1546
421358
5087086
South of ASHES, mores oxides, glass sponges, about 40m south of
Hell.
0236
1545
421354
5087107
Heading North, jumbled flow, lots of sponges, high density of
suspension feeders.
0239
Floc increasing as we head into ASHES, lots of oxides, sighted Hell.
0240
At Hell, lots of tube worms, zooming in on base, lots of snails
(Provanna), little anemone, coming around south side of Hell.
FG R466-002
0244
1545
421372
5087130
Hdg 283, looking at Hell Vent. Sulfide worms hanging out in their
tubes in between live Ridgeia..
FG R466-004
0248
1547
421374
5087134
Shimmering water under a flange, highlights tape on.
FG R466-006
0252
421378
5087134
Highlights tape off, moving up Hell, hdg 290. Highlights back on.
0254
At top of Hell, multiple spires, can see 4 smoking spires so far, lots
of tube worms, sulfide and palm worms. Looking for a place to
deploy the Osmosampler.
FG R466-010
0301
421374
5087136
Highlights tape off, still looking at Hell Vent.
0308
421371
5087129
FG R466-013 0311
FG R466-014 0312
1544
421375
5087129
Spire with sulfide worms, beautiful smoking top.
FG R466-015
0323
421373
5087130
Sampled spire with sulfide worms, top of spire broke off, sample will
stay in Pacman; highlights tape off.
FG R466-021
0326
Deploying a high temperature Hobo probe into the spire just sampled
(for Osmosampler), hdg 312. Getting pulled off site a bit.
0350
1544
421374
5087128
Beehive where attempting to deploy Hobo.
FG R466-022 0356
Hobo dropped and recovered (0400).
0406
1544
"
"
Hobo successfully deployed, ~same hdg.
FG R466-023 0415
1544
"
"
Osmosampler probe successfully deployed.
FG R466-024 0420
1546
Moving NE to Inferno, sheet and lobate, popcorn, dense floc in
water column and on lavas.
0426
1547
421401
5087178
See clams 4 cm long, first time seen in this vent field.
FG R466-025
0428
1547
Continuing transit, see tube worms, arrived at Mushroom Vent. Has
grown in thickness and height since 1986.
0430
421389
5087162
Inferno Vent. "Flame" (2 phase separation) in chimney on top.
Hobo deployed by Alvin in July has coating of bacteria. Marker 19
(flag marker from 1986) now unreadable because of bio-coating.
Highlights video from 0431-0433.
FG R466-026
0439
1547
421390
5087159
Palm worms on base of chimney on south side, hdg 351
FG R466-028 0443
palm and sulfide worms
FG R466-029 0445
Hdg E to Virgin Vent, doing tether management
0447
1542
Mushroom Vent
0450
Problem with cage camera. Image broken up.
0451
1545
Heavy coating of floc on lobate lavas, tube worms, anemones, white
mat, limpets. Awaiting ship to move.
0457
1545
421420
5081763
Chuck Fisher's markers dropped out of Alvin's basket. Just beyond is
a new low temperature vent field named Gollum Vent. Good
biological gradient: white mat, limpets, anemone, scale worms,
gastropods (Provanna)
0504
1546
421431
5087173
Hdg 72 Virgin Vent. Hobo deployed in July. Anhydrite spire has
grown since July. Seems darker (sulfide) at its base.
FG R466-030
0507
Heading North to look for more Virgin-like vents.
0508
1545
Hdg 000, Virgin's Daughter being colonized by Provanna,
paralvinellids, and polynoids. Tube worms to North on sheet flow.
FG R466-032 0513
Hdg 180 over bacterial mats, clams, anemone, iron oxide floc and
mini-mounds over sheet flows looking for Crack Vent.
0515
1547
421440
5087132
Marker 117, Crack Vent. Installation from July Alvin dive for
filtering diffuse flow from a small crack. Leaking vent water on NE
corner. Not in a good position.
FG R466-033 0522
1547
421426
5087134
Hdg 168, see several anhydrite mounds of Crack Vent, some with
small (30 cm) spires.
FG R466-034
0526
Moving West to look for Phoenix Vent.
0527
1547
Phoenix Vent. Solitary chimney ~4 m high. Only diffuse flow.
Marker 2 at hdg 142.
0532
1544
421391
5087132
Hdg 143 looking at Phoenix Vent.
FG R466-036
0535
Moving to NW looking for ROPOS Vent.
0536
1548
Hdg 254, at ROPOS Vent. Fat pancake- shaped mound ~2 m
diameter with small spire on top. Diffuse venting. Lots of animals.
No fixes.
FG R466-038
0545
Moving SE to Hillock Vent, intact and broken sheet flows. Possible
that Hillock and Phoenix are one and the same (bad navigation
previously).
0551
Heading for Hell Vent over lobate flows.
0604
Lost overlay for 3 minutes.
0607
1547
421368
5087140
At Hell Vent facing south.
0614
421367
5087140
Start SUAVE #1 in clump of mostly dead tube worms in diffuse flow
about 1m North of Hell Vent. Same location as 0607. Tickling the
tips of the worms.
FG R466-039
0622
SUAVE #1 completed.
0624
Taking entire clump of tube worms. In port BioBox. Hdg 220.
FG R466-043
0635
SUAVE #2 in hole left by sampling tube worm bush. Hdg 220.
FG R466-045
0640
421365
5087140
End SUAVE #2. First fix in a long time. Dropping Mkr-L (eyeball)
beside hole left by sampling hat-like tube worm bush.
0648
Moving over lobate lavas to ROPOS Vent.
0701
421387
5087132
At Phoenix Vent. Small Fe oxide mound? Or oxidized sulfide
chimney?
FG R466-046
0710
421393
5087132
Deploying glass wool bacteria traps #26 and #25 in shimmering
water at Phoenix Vent.
FG R466-048 0718
1547
SUAVE #3 in-between bacterial glass wool samplers - started at
0719 then restarted at 0723 and ended at 0728; Max. T =16C, H2S
= 135 mol, Mn = 7.5 µmol, Fe = 5 µmol.
SUAVE
0732
ROPOS Vent.
0733
1547
421390
5087135
In transit to ROPOS Vent.
0737
Arrived at ROPOS Vent. Thinking about deploying two glass wool
traps. First checked temperatures which are around
FG R466-050
0752
Moved around to the other side with a heading of 76 degrees.
measuring the temperature at 3.6-4 C with the hottest in the "blue"
stuff.
0752
1547
421385
5087131
Moving around again at ROPOS Vent,
SUAVE
0807
1547
Deploying glass wool bacteria traps #26 and #27 on ROPOS Vent at
site that we just scanned with SUAVE.
0810
1547
421386
5087134
Best fix for ROPOS Vent to date.
Still deploying Moyer glass wool traps number #28 and #27 finished
deploying traps 0819.
FG R466-054
0820
Moving to collect worms going through pillows with little mat and
some yellow staining.
0827
1546
421389
5087154
We are going to SUAVE a pile of organisms with tube worms and
the rest. Hairdo Vent SUAVE #5. T = 14C, H2S 138 mol, Mn
12.5 mol, Fe 8 µmol, temp average about 12.5C.
FG R466-056
0833
1546
421391
5087156
Good fix for Hairdo Vent.
FG R466-057 0838
Highlights are on.
0840
1546
421391
5087156
Good fix for Hairdo Vent. Suave stopped at 0841. Another good fix
1391 and 7157.
0842
421391
5087156
Grabbing "hairdo" for collection and will put it in the starboard side
of the BioBox.
FG R466-058
0900
421391
5087156
Going back to the hole where the "hairdo" was taken and doing
another SUAVE. SUAVE #6 started at 0904. T 14.8C, H2S 200
µmol, Mn 15 µmol, Fe 10 µmol, average temp of 13.5C, stopped
at 0913.
SUAVE
0914
Attempting to stuff the rest of the worms into the BioBox.
0922
1547
421392
5087136
Moving to Phoenix, at Phoenix Vent 0924. We are on the NW side
and facing SE (127).
0931
Removing one worm from the basket because it is blocking the view.
Frame grab with the sit camera.
FG R466-059 0934
We are going to remove a few more worms so that we can see in
front of us.
FG R466-0600939
Just hanging out watching biology in action at the base of Phoenix.
FG R466-061 1000
421392
5087136
SUAVE #7, started, below the worms. Trying to get a good spot at
Phoenix Vent. Starting at 1008. Max. T=20C.
SUAVE
1024
SUAVE #8 started and now at the worms
SUAVE
1033
FG R466-063 1044
SUAVE #9 at the "frisky boys". Max. T=6C.
SUAVE
1057
SUAVE #10 slightly higher up in Community II; Hdg. 145. Max.
T=8C.
SUAVE
1107
1546
Finished SUAVE and now
1133
1546
421388
5087135
Video of new site just to the left of where SUAVE #10 was. To the
left of Mkr-2.
1155
1546
421388
5087135
Hdg 210. Can see Marker 2 in background. Starting first SUAVE
#11 (first SUAVE at this second site). No fauna here (Community
0). Max.. T=4.2C.
SUAVE
1205
421388
5087135
Finished SUAVE and prepping to SUAVE again--#12 on two sulfide
worms. Started at 1209.
SUAVE
1218
Terminating SUAVE. Max.. T=6.1C.
1221
Resetting Science STS.
1225
1545
Found another spot to SUAVE.
1230
Video taping sulfide worms. Community I.
FG R466-065
1238
1545
FG R466-067 1244
1545
Finished video of sulfide worms. Positioning arm for next SUAVE.
1246
421388
5087135
Beginning SUAVE #13, 2 m stbd. of Marker 2, hdg. 089.
SUAVE
1258
End SUAVE #13, Max.. T=80C.
1300
1545
Moving arm into position for next SUAVE.
1303
421388
5087135
Starting SUAVE #14.
SUAVE
1312
End SUAVE #14. Max. T=24C.
1314
Moving arm into position for SUAVE #15. Begin SUAVE #15 at
1316.
SUAVE
1326
421388
5087135
End SUAVE #15. Max. T=3C. Moving probe to next spot. Begin
SUAVE #16 at 1329.
SUAVE
1332
Power cable was kicked out of the transformer and we lost power to
everything on sub/cage.
1337
1500
SUAVE back on line. But, SUAVE #16 was essentially aborted.
1343
Back on bottom, anhydride mound, heading NE to Inferno Vent
1344
Passing starboard side of Phoenix
1347
At Inferno, see Hobo.
1356
1546
Reconnaissance
1406
1545
Videoing sulfide worms at Inferno.
1417
Bad fix
SUAVE #17 at South side of Inferno on palm worms.
SUAVE
1425
End of SUAVE #17. Max. T=5.5C.
1442
1546
Trying to get a gas tight sample at little onion bulb to the right and
below the Embley VEMCO.
1445
Bad fix
Gas tight #6 port at Inferno Vent at top of black beehive spire on
south side, hdg 350, near VEMCO
Gas Tight
1446
421395
5087162
Gas tight #7 starboard side at Inferno Vent at top of black beehive
spire on south side, hdg 350, near VEMCO
Gas Tight
1454
1545
421392
5087136
Looking for Hell Vent
1455
1545
421373
5087136
At Hell Vent to scan sulfide worms
1505
1546
421373
5087136
SUAVE #18 at Hell Vent at leading edge of Porkchop near sulfide
worms near diffuse flow, hdg 355.
SUAVE
1517
1546
421373
5087136
SUAVE #18 complete. Max T=16C, H2S 1.18 mol, Mn 70 µmol,
Fe 90 µmol
1523
1546
421373
5087136
SUAVE #19 at Hell Vent at back of Porkchop near sulfide worms
again. Watching worms fight.
SUAVE
1535
1546
SUAVE #19 complete. Max T=19C, H2S 470 µmol, Mn 60 µmol,
Fe 87 µmol.
1545
1546
421373
5087136
SUAVE #20 at Hell Vent at bone of Porkchop near sulfide and
palm worms.
SUAVE
1557
1546
SUAVE #20 complete. Max T=19C, H2S 470 µmol, Mn 45 µmol,
Fe 85 µmol.
FG R466-072 1605
1546
421373
5087136
SUAVE #21 at Hell Vent in group of palm worms.
SUAVE
1615
1546
SUAVE #21 complete. Max T=20C, H2S 650 µmol, Mn 75 µmol,
Fe 90 µmol.
1619
1546
421375
5087135
Surveying Hell Vent for Niskin deployment.
1623
1542
Closing Niskin at Hell Vent in buoyant plume at top of triple
chimney, top of chimney at 1542 m.
Niskin
1626
1544
421374
5087135
Setting up to begin line for Imagenex and Digital Still Camera.
1629
1538
421374
5087150
1631
1538
421367
5087145
1632
1546
421362
5087145
Hdg 93, turning on Digital Still Camera, going up by 1 m from 1546,
taking picture(s) each meter every 15 seconds to 1536 m.
1639
1536
421366
5087143
Stopped recording video, holding position and changing exposure of
DSC to 75, going down by 1 m from 1536 taking picture(s) each
meter every 15-30 seconds to bottom.
1646
1544
421358
5087145
Holding position and changing exposure of DSC to 100, same as
before but seems to take longer between shots, up from 1544.
1658
1536
421375
5087140
Holding position and changing exposure of DSC to 50 - having
trouble firing- got it. Taking pictures every 15 seconds, now going
down water column - more trouble.
1709
1541
421381
5087164?
Fiddling with DSC - forget it.
1711
1540
ROPOS going back to cage.
1739
920
Playing with DSC on way up.
1801
500
ROPOS into cage.
1830
ROPOS on deck.
Dive Map
Region, Field,
Dive Begin
Dive End
Tasks Axial Seamount
Date (PDT):
Date (PDT):
Deploy elevator
Time
Depth
X-pos
Y-pos
Comments
Frame grabs,
photos and
samples 0820
421200
5096700
Elevator launched.
0943
421650
5096600
ROPOS launched.
1015
421189
5096647
Elevator fix.
1057
1266
Jellyfish.
1105
1416
Another jellyfish.
1110
1500
Hdg 200, first task is to find elevator
1116
1578
Gauge check, SUAVE calibration started at 1115.
1117
1575
ROPOS out of cage.
1118
1574
Tether visible.
1119
