Cruise Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cruise Location Map ( Fig.1)................................................................................................. 3
NeMO 98 Scientific Party..................................................................................................... 4
1.0 CRUISE OVERVIEW........................................................................................................ 5
1.0.2 Background........................................................................................................................... 5
1.0.3 New Eruption Site................................................................................................................. 6
1.0.4 Mooring Searches.................................................................................................................. 7
1.0.5 Seafloor Experiments............................................................................................................ 7
1.0.6 Studies of ASHES and other Vents....................................................................................... 7
1.0.7 Other Operations................................................................................................................... 8
1.0.8 Outreach................................................................................................................................ 8
NeMO'98 ROPOS Tracks ( Fig. 2)........................................................................................ 10
SE Caldera SRZ, Vent Names and Locations ( Fig. 3).......................................................... 11
Instruments Placed Summer'98 ( Fig. 4)............................................................................... 12
ASHES Vent Field, Vent Names and Locations ( Fig. 5)...................................................... 13
DISCIPLINE SUMMARIES.............................................................................................. 14
2.0 VOLCANOLOGY............................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Principal Findings................................................................................................................. 14
2.2 Acoustic Extensometers........................................................................................................ 15
3.0 CHEMISTRY...................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Vent Fluid Sampling............................................................................................................. 16
3.1.1 Description of Hot Fluid Sampler......................................................................................... 16
3.1.2 Samples Recovered............................................................................................................... 17
3.1.3 Preliminary Results............................................................................................................... 17
3.2 SUAVE Studies..................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.1 Description of Operations..................................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 SUAVE Summary for Project NeMO (Station List and Preliminary Results)..................... 19
3.3 OsmoSampler and OsmoAnalyzer Operations..................................................................... 20
3.4 Gas Sampling........................................................................................................................ 22
3.5 H2 and CH4 Oxidation........................................................................................................... 22
3.6 Determination of Sulfide, Nitrate and Salinity Concentrations
Without the Use of Reagents................................................................................................. 22
4.0 MICROBIOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Non-Mat Microbial Ecology................................................................................................. 23
4.2 Microbiological Sampling for Molecular Microbial Ecology Analysis............................... 24
4.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.2 Shipboard Processing and Storage of Samples..................................................................... 25
4.2.3 Laboratory Processing and Molecular Biological Analysis.................................................. 25
4.3 Biomineralization/Lava Mats................................................................................................ 26
5.0 MACROBIOLOGY............................................................................................................ 27
5.1 High Temperature Chimney Biology.................................................................................... 27
5.2 Stable Isotope Food Web Analyses....................................................................................... 27
5.3 Biology of Low Temperature Sites....................................................................................... 28
5.3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 28
5.3.2 Colonization.......................................................................................................................... 28
5.3.3 Regional Character................................................................................................................ 28
5.3.4 Local Variation...................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.5 Ridgeia piscesae.................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.6 A Final Comment.................................................................................................................. 29
5.3.7 MacroBiological Sample List from Low Temperature Sites................................................ 29
6.0 HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION...................................................................... 30
7.0 NON-ROPOS OPERATIONS............................................................................................ 31
7.1 CTD Operations.................................................................................................................... 31
7.1.1 NeMO'98 CTD Casts............................................................................................................ 31
7.1.2 NeMO'98 CTD Cast Locations and Stations Table.............................................................. 32
7.2 Rock Sampling...................................................................................................................... 33
7.2.1 Operations............................................................................................................................. 33
7.2.2 Rock Core Sample List......................................................................................................... 33
7.3 SeaBeam 2100 Survey of Brown Bear Seamount................................................................. 35
8.0 NeMO '98 New Millennium Observatory WEB SITE.................................................... 35
9.0 NAVIGATION.................................................................................................................... 36
9.1 Navigation Overview............................................................................................................ 36
9.2 Final Calibrated Transponder Positions................................................................................ 37
9.3 Vents/Markers/Targets Location Table................................................................................ 38
9.4 NeMO Observatory Instruments in Place, September'98 Table........................................... 41
10.0 NeMO'98 OPERATIONS - ROPOS DIVES R460 - R480............................................. 42
10.1 ROPOS Dive Dates and Locations Table............................................................................. 42
10.2 NeMO'98 Markers/Experiments Deployed and Recovered
(also includes ALVIN 3245-3247 deployments).................................................................. 44
10.3 Sample Types (Total and per Dive)...................................................................................... 46
10.4 ROPOS Samples, Dives R460 - R480.................................................................................47
10.5 Dive Map Nomenclature....................................................................................................... 57
10.6 ROPOS Dive Logs, Dives R460 - R480 (Dive Log follows Dive Map)............................. 59
R460 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 58
R461 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 68
R462 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 84
R463 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 89
R464 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 94
R465 Dive Map......................................................................................................................105
R466 Dive Map ..................................................................................................................... 110
R467 Dive Map ..................................................................................................................... 116
R468 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 122
R469 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 126
R470 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 132
R471 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 134
R472 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 138
R473 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 142
R474 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 150
R475 Dive Log (no dive map)............................................................................................... 157
R476 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 158
R477 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 163
R478 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 166
R479 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 172
R480 Dive Map..................................................................................................................... 179
GEOLOGY
Bob Embley, Chief Scientist (PMEL)
Bill Chadwick (CIMRS)
Steve Scott (U. Toronto)
Susan Merle (CIMRS)
Julia Getsiv (Vanderbilt U.)
John Chadwick (U. Florida, Gainesville GS*)
Mike Stapp (PMEL)
CHEMISTRY
Dave Butterfield (JISAO-U. Washington)
Gary Massoth (PMEL)
Kevin Roe (JISAO-U. Washington)
Betsy McLaughlin-West (Rutgers U.)
Stacey Maenner (PMEL)
Jim Gendron (PMEL)
Geoff Wheat (U. Alaska)
Elizabeth Guenther (Moss Landing GS*)
Leigh Evans (CIMRS)
MACROBIOLOGY
Verena Tunnicliffe (U. Victoria)
Jean Marcus (U. Victoria GS*)
Maia Tsurumi (U. Victoria GS*)
Kim Juniper (U. Quebec)
Damien Grelon (U. Quebec GS*)
Christian Levesque (U. Quebec GS*)
MICROBIOLOGY
Jon Kaye (U. Washington GS*)
Julie Huber (U. Washington GS*)
Craig Moyer (Western Washington U.)
Karen Pelletreau (Western Washington U.)
EDUCATION
Gene Williamson
ROPOS CREW
Keith Shepherd
Bob Holland
Keith Tamburri
Kim Wallace
Ian Murdock
Mike Dempsey
*GS = Graduate Student
1.0 CRUISE OVERVIEW (R. Embley)
1.0.1 General Overview
This report details the results of the operations that occurred during the NeMO98 cruise on the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown from August 25th to September 20th, 1998. The team of 33 chemists, biologists, geologists, and engineers used the scientific remotely operated vehicle ROPOS (Remotely Operated Platform for Ocean Sciences) (Shepherd and Juniper, 1997) to investigate in detail the aftermath of the diking event and its effect on hydrothermal chemistry and on the seafloor and subseafloor biological communities. This was a highly leveraged expedition, with substantial operational support coming from several portions of NOAA (WCNURC, Sea Grant, PMEL VENTS) and from the Canadian National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Twelve principal investigators and eight graduate students from the U.S. and Canada participated in the expedition. Support for the research of the investigators and graduate students came from a variety of sources, including the NOAA Sea Grant Program, the National Science Foundation, NSERC, the NOAA VENTS Program, and MBARI (the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute). More than 200 samples were collected, 40 experiments were deployed (most for a year deployment), and 15 experiments were recovered during the 252 hours (over 21 dives) of bottom time with ROPOS. The extraordinary amount of bottom time (about 100 hours more than an equivalent length submersible dive program) allowed the entire scientific party to participate in a careful exploration of the new eruption site and the other hydrothermal systems on the summit of Axial Volcano.
1.0.2 Background
A major focus of the cruise was the NeMO (New Millennium Observatory) project. The primary goal of NeMO is to investigate the effect of dike intrusions and eruptions on the chemistry and micro- and macrobiology of hydrothermal systems (Haymon et al., 1993; Holden et al., 1998; Tunnicliffe et al., 1997; Butterfield, 1997; Delaney et al., 1998). NeMO was conceived in 1996 as a multiyear effort to perform chemical, biologic, hydrographic (plume), and geologic time series studies of Axial Volcano on the central Juan de Fuca Ridge (Fig. 1) (Johnson and Embley, 1990). Axial was chosen for this study because: (1) its shallow depth and large mass of Axial Volcano implies a long-term frequency and volume of volcanic activity significantly higher than the adjacent mid-ocean ridge [Baker, 1992 #60], and (2) hydroacoustic monitoring using SOSUS (Dziak and Fox, 1997) and an ocean floor pressure gauge (Fox, 1990; Dziak and Fox, 1997) showed that the summit of Axial is the most seismically active site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (Embley et al., 1990), and (3) intensive seafloor surveys by camera and submersible in the 1980s showed extensive evidence for recent volcanism and hydrothermal activity at its summit.
The approach of NeMO is to combine baseline in situ sampling and high resolution mapping with continuous monitoring of the hydrothermal systems over several years with the expectation of several magmatic perturbations occurring within that interval. Extensive seafloor investigations using deep-towed cameras and submersibles took place in the 1980s (CASM, 1985; Johnson and Embley, 1990) and renewed investigations in 1995-97 provided an excellent baseline for the NeMO program. The continuous monitoring aspect of NeMO reached a critical level by 1997, when the instrument suite was expanded to three complementary components: (1) Volcano System monitors (VSMs) to measure vertical crustal motion and seismic tremor, (2) an array of current meter/temperature recorder moorings along the shallowest portion of the south rift zone within the caldera, and (3) deployment of an array of acoustic extensometers (from the R/V Sonne in 1996) capable of recording horizontal strain over a 400-500 meter distance across the north rift zone (Fig. 2). Long-baseline-navigated towed camera surveys and CTD casts and tows from the Sonne (P. Herzig, Chief Scientist) in 1996 and the Brown in 1997 (G. Massoth, Chief Scientist) and several dives with ROPOS in the caldera in 1997 (V. Tunnicliffe, Chief Scientist) provided important baseline data and set the stage for the extensive surveys and sampling planned for NeMO-98.
On January 28, 1998, an intense earthquake swarm lasting 11 days began on the summit of Axial. Migration of the seismicity 50 km southward during the first few days revealed the similarity of the event to Icelandic and Hawaiian diking/eruptive events (Dziak and Fox, 1998). After the first two days, virtually all of the events located either on the southwestern part of the summit or at the extreme end of the southern rift zone. In mid-February, a rapid response cruise on the Wecoma by NSF and NOAA investigators (J. Cowen, Chief Scientist) found enormous increases in the hydrothermal discharge from the summit of Axial (Baker et al., 1998). In July, 1998, Alvin made four dives into the caldera during a combined NSF and NOAA effort (J. Cowen, Chief Scientist), confirming an area of new hydrothermal activity within a zone of young lavas in the SE part of the caldera. The Brown completed an extensive plume survey in early August and recovered one VSM (Volcano System Monitor) and two of the three temperature sensor moorings deployed in 1997. Temperature data from two of the water column moorings (Fig. 3) recovered by the Brown showed a large heat pulse coincident with the onset of the earthquake swarm and a pressure gauge on the VSM recovered from the center of the caldera showed a 3 meter subsidence of the seafloor (Fox, 1998). The high probability of a summit eruption indicated from these data set the stage for NeMO-98.
1.0.3 New Eruption Site
Much of the bottom time was used to investigate the eruptive site of a new lava flow in the southeast portion of the caldera which erupted along a fissure system at least 3 km long (Figs. 2 and 3). We had an excellent, state-of-the-art set of tools on ROPOS to accomplish this. These included: (1) an in situ chemical scanner (SUAVE) which measured Fe, H2S, Mn, light scattering, and temperature, (2) a suction device primarily used for taking up to 8 samples of unconsolidated material such as microbial mats, meiofauna, and vent animals, (3) a new vent fluid sampler capable of taking as many as 18 water and particle samples for chemical and microbiological analyses, (4) a pencil beam scanning sonar for detailed mapping, and (5) a 3 chip RGB pan/tilt/zoom video system.
A large percentage of the surface of the lava flow was coated with a brown to tan microbial mat which masked the glassy surface of the new flow and caused some initial uncertainty about the age of the lava. The very recent age of this lava was eventually verified by the partial burial of a seafloor instrument (see below) and a line from a navigation transponder mooring that had been deployed in the summer of 1997. The eruption was in the form of a drained-out sheet flow, in contrast to the (primarily) pillow lava erupted during previously monitored NE Pacific eruptions. Sheet flow morphology is thought to be caused by a higher effusion rate, which is consistent with the enhanced magma supply at Axial. High resolution surveys with the downward-scanning sonar revealed that the source of the eruption was an en echelon series of north-south collapse depressions characterized by lava spires and floored by sheet flow. Camera tows and submersible dives in the 1980s and 1990s found numerous vent communities over several kilometers on the southeast part of the caldera where the south rift zone begins near the eastern wall of the caldera. The ROPOS dives showed dramatic changes in the hydrothermal systems on the southeast part of the caldera, most notably the partial burial of the pre-existing vent communities. The eastern part of the lava flow had numerous sites of diffuse venting with extensive white bacterial mats colonized by small polychaete worms and snails (Fig. 3). These sites were devoid of tubeworms except near the eastern edge, where colonization had begun to occur, probably from surviving communities east of the lava flow contact. At one location, dead tubeworms and clams were found partially buried by the lava flow. Farther south, older vent communities still survived just beyond the limit of the new eruption. In one place an older lava drainout area had been penetrated by the new lava. Here, old tube worm communities barely survived on top of lava spires or were dying or dead after the spires had been toppled, possibly by the impinging lava flow and associated seismic activity.
Accompanying the eruption was an intense microbial bloom that was still ongoing in August/September, seven months following the event. A dramatic manifestation of the bloom was the production of large
amounts of white floc, which filled shallow cavities in the lava flow and flowed out in large amounts when the seafloor was disturbed.
1.0.4 Mooring Searches
ROPOS recovered five "prototype extensometer" (PE) instruments (Chadwick et al., 1995), via an elevator mooring. The PE instruments had been recording acoustic range data since they were deployed across Axial's north rift zone in June 1996, at a site about 4 km north of Axial caldera (Figs. 2 and 4). These data (which are still being analyzed) will show any horizontal strain along the north rift zone caused by the dike injection to the south. During the last ROPOS dive of the NeMO98 cruise four PE instruments (the fifth instrument had not worked) were redeployed near the same location across Axial's north rift zone for another year of continuous strain monitoring. Arrays of these instruments are planned for both north and south rift zones over the next several years.
Another role for ROPOS was a search for two seafloor instruments deployed in 1997 that could not be recovered during a previous attempt by the Brown in early August. A current meter/temperature monitor mooring had not responded to acoustic commands and one of the VSMs ("Rumbleometers") confirmed a release from the deployment weight but subsequent ranging indicated that it remained on the seafloor. ROPOS located this VSM by acoustic ranging (Dive R461) and a careful survey of it revealed that it was apparently overcome by flowing lava which had prevented the package from floating free of its deployment weight (Fig. 3). Subsequent attempts to pry it loose with the ROPOS manipulator (Dive R461) and pull it free with a line attached to the cage (Dives R474 and R477) were unsuccessful. An extensive search for the missing water column mooring on R460 and R461 failed to locate it. A bottom search with ROPOS at the deployment location of the mooring base (R477) revealed that new lava covered the site, so it seems likely that the mooring base was overrun by the lava flow, possibly resulting in the release of the mooring.
1.0.5 Seafloor Experiments
ROPOS deployed short-term and long-term experiments (Fig. 4). Several types of experiments were deployed for a year duration at the eruption site. These include: (1) two osmotic fluid samplers, (2) a time-lapse camera, (3) five temperature probes, and (4) several microbial mat collectors. The camera, one of the osmotic samplers, a temperature probe, and several microbial collectors were placed at the Marker 33 site, at which the highest flow rate was observed and the highest temperatures recorded. A short-term osmotic sampler was deployed and recovered from the same site as the long-term experiments. These experiments complement additional NOAA instrumentation emplaced before and after the ROPOS cruise. A replacement VSM was deployed at the eruption site in early August from the Brown. Following the ROPOS cruise, nine water-column moorings were deployed in and around the caldera from the Brown. These moorings include temperature sensors, optical sensors, and current meters to monitor the hydrothermal plume discharge for the next year. Finally, data from a year-long array of ocean bottom seismometers (beginning in July, 1998) at the summit of Axial by Scripps scientists in July 1998 (R. Sohn, S. Webb, and W. Crawford) should provide very valuable correlations between subsurface activity and effects on the hydrothermal system as recorded on the mooring and the in situ experiments.
1.0.6 Studies of ASHES and other Vents
The ASHES high temperature vent field in the SW portion of the caldera (Butterfield et al., 1990)(Figs. 2 and 5) was also extensively surveyed and sampled by ROPOS. It is not yet clear whether the 1998 diking event induced significant changes at ASHES vent field, but detailed analyses of the chemical samples will reveal any major changes induced since the last sampling effort in 1995. Several temperature probes deployed at both diffuse flow and high-temperature sites were left and will be recovered in the summer of 1999. A short-term osmotic water sampler was deployed and later recovered from a high-temperature site and several microbial mat collectors were left in place until 1999.
ASHES was also the focus of detailed studies of the macrofaunal communities. Intensive studies of the ecology of the tubeworm and polychaete communities at this site used a combination of video observations, chemical scanning, and sampling to better understand the relationships between chemistry, temperature, and biology. ASHES has been the focus of more than a decade of studies of the macrofaunal communities and continues to be an important study site for hydrothermal ecology.
Other long-term venting sites in and near the caldera visited and sampled by ROPOS included the CASM site (CASM, 1995) located at the northernmost end of the caldera near the intersection of the caldera wall and a small diffuse vent about 5 km north of the caldera along the north rift zone. The chemical and biological samples taken during these dives will establish a firm baseline for future magmatic perturbations occurring on the north rift zone.
1.0.7 Other Operations
Between dive operations included rock coring and CTD operations. These operations provided valuable additional data about Axial Volcano and used the valuable shiptime with maximum efficiency. The rock coring program concentrated on the South Rift Zone. Very few previous basalt samples had been collected from this site, and extensive analyses of these samples will help put the chemistry of the 1998 eruption into better regional context. The CTD program represented a continuation of the post-eruption plume time series begun in February.
1.0.8 Outreach
A web site (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo_cruise98/) was updated (A. Bobbitt) on a daily basis with transmissions of still images, an occasional video clip, and descriptions of the latest results. A secondary school science educator (G. Williamson) provided material to a complementary shore-based educator (Mike Goodrich), who then gave daily public lectures on the seagoing activity at the Hatfield Marine Science Center Public Wing and publicized the web site to the educational community. This program will continue in 1999 with Sea Grant funding (V. Osis and W. Handshumaker).
References
Baker, E. T., J. Cowen, S. Walker, and D. Tennant, The 1998 volcanic eruption at Axial Volcano: Hydrothermal plume monitoring from
moored instruments and shipborne response cruises, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. (Fall Mtg. Suppl.), 79, F922, 1998.
Butterfield, D. A., G. J. Massoth, R. E. McDuff, J. E. Lupton, and M. D. Lilley, The chemistry of phase-separated hydrothermal fluids from ASHES Vent Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12,895-12,921, 1990.
Butterfield, D., I.R. Jonasson, G.J. Massoth, R.A. Feely, K.K. Roe, R.W. Embley, J.F. Holden, R.E. McDuff, M.D. Lilley, and J.R. Delaney,
Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lon. A, 355, 369-386, 1997.
CASM (Canadian American Seamount Expedition), Hydrothermal vents on an axial seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Nature, 313, 212-214, 1985
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., H. B. Milburn, and R. W. Embley, Acoustic extensometer: Measuring mid-ocean spreading, Sea Technol., 36, 33-38, 1995.
Delaney, J.R., D.S. Kelley, M.D. Lilley, D.A. Butterfield, J.A. Baross, W.S.D. Wilcock, R.W. Embley, and M. Summit, The quantum event of crustal accretion: Impacts of diking at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Science, 281, 222-230, 1998.
Dziak, R. P., and Fox, G. G., Long-term seismicity and ground deformation at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge,
Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., 78, F641, 1997.
Dziak, R. P., and C. G. Fox, Hydroacoustic detection of submarine volcanic activity at Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, January 1998, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. (Fall Mtg. Suppl.),79, F922, 1998.
Embley, R.W., and J. W. W. Chadwick, Volcanic and hydrothermal processes on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4741-4760, 1994.
Fox, C. G., Evidence of active ground deformation on the Mid-ocean Ridge: Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12813-12823, 1990.
Fox, C. G., In situ deformation measurements from the summit of Axial Volcano during the 1998 volcanic episode, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. (Fall Mtg. Suppl.),79, F921, 1998.
Haymon, R.M., D.J. Fornari, K.L. Von Damm, M.D. Lilley, M.R. Perfit, J.M. Edmond, W.C. Shanks III, R.A. Lutz, J.M. Grebmeier, S. Carbotte, D. Wright, E. McLaughlin, M. Smith, N. Beedle, and E. Olson, Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 945-52'N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption eventin April, 1991, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 119, 85-101, 1993.
Holden, J.F., M. Summit, and J.A. Baross, Thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms in 3-30° C hydrothermal fluids following a
deep-sea volcanic eruption, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 25, 33-41, 1998.
Johnson, H.P., and R.W. Embley, Axial Seamount - An active ridge-axis volcano on the central Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12,689-12,696, 1990.
Shepherd, K., and S. K. Juniper, ROPOS, creating a scientific tool from an industrial ROV, Mar. Tech. Soc. J., 31, 48-54, 1997.
Tunnicliffe, V., R.W. Embley, J.F. Holden, D.A. Butterfield, G.J. Massoth, and S.K. Juniper, Biological Colonization of New Hydrothermal Vents Following an Eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge, Deep-Sea Res., 1997.
DISCIPLINE SUMMARIES
2.0 VOLCANOLOGY
2.1 Principal Findings (Bill Chadwick, Bob Embley)
One of the principle findings of the NeMO98 expedition is that the January 1998 earthquake swarm resulted in the eruption of new lavas along the upper south rift zone of Axial volcano. We know that new lava was erupted from the rift zone in at least two locations, 1) the upper most south rift zone between 4555.3' and 4557.2' (129 59.0'), on the SE edge of the caldera where many 1998 ROPOS dives took place, and 2) at a location where a prominent SeaBeam anomaly was found at 4552.0'/130 00.0', about 4 miles south of the caldera where one ROPOS dive was made. It should be emphasized that while we mapped the eastern and western lava contacts in both areas, we never defined the northern or southern limits of the new lava flows in either of these areas. Therefore, the full extent of the 1998 eruption is not yet known, and it is entirely possible that new lava was erupted continuously between the northern and southern study areas. For example, a second, smaller SeaBeam anomaly was found between 4554.5' to 4555.0'. This area was not visited by ROPOS during this cruise, but observations from Alvin dive 3247 in July 1998 suggest that new lava in the northern study area extends at least as far south as 4554.8'.
In the northern study area, it took a while for us to be convinced that new lava had indeed erupted, because in many areas it is covered by a tan/orange deposit of bacterial mat and does not look as fresh and pristine as we have observed at other recent eruption sites. However, by the end of the NeMO98 cruise the cumulative evidence for recent eruption was unequivocal. This evidence includes, 1) the mapping of new/old lava contacts and collapse features in the interior of the new flow in a geologically meaningful pattern from both bottom traverses and Imagenex sonar mapping, 2) a transponder mooring line that was deployed in 1996-97 found to be overrun by new lava along one of the new/old lava contacts, 3) the consistent absence of macrofauna on the new lavas except in new hydrothermal vent areas (contrasted with abundant sponges and other sessile animals on most of the surrounding older lavas), 4) the complete absence of "missing" tubeworm communities that had been photographed by camera tows in 1996 and visited by ROPOS in 1997 and were apparently buried by new lava, 5) the consistent distribution of new hydrothermal vent sites near the center of the new lava flow, and 6) the consistent (and virtually exclusive) association of the tan/orange bacterial mat coatings within the new lavas.
The new lava flow in the northern study area is narrow (300-600 m) and long (at least 3.5 km, but probably more than 4.5 km), and appears to be up to ~5 m thick. It was apparently erupted from a fissure on the rift zone, probably along the entire length of the flow. The lava flow is primarily a lobate sheet flow with extensive areas of roof collapse along its center, where it was thickest before drainout. In the floor of collapse areas are ropy, lineated, and jumbled sheet flows, and many areas with lava pillars up to 4 m in height. Near the margins where the flow is thin it has either lobate morphology or pillows. In places, the new lavas invade and fill in collapse areas in older lavas. The distribution of the tan/orange bacterial mat is variable, but generally it is thinnest near the flow margins and thickest near the center of the flow. The mat distribution is probably related to the way in which heat was dissipated from the new sheet flow as it cooled. The lava flow was hard on instrumentation that had been deployed in the area last summer - it surrounded and partially buried a NOAA/PMEL rumbleometer instrument and apparently buried or caused the premature release of a NOAA/PMEL current meter mooring.
High-resolution bathymetric maps made from data collected during surveys with an Imagenex scanning-sonar over the area show the distribution of collapsed and uncollapsed areas on the new flow, the topographic barriers in surrounding older terrain that limited its lateral extent, and the structural context of vent sites and sample locations. The Imagenex maps show about an order of magnitude higher resolution than hull-mounted multibeam bathymetry and reveal features on the seafloor that would be otherwise impossible to visualize. They will be extraordinarily useful for characterizing the eruption and the distribution of lava types, as well as for assessing the structural interaction between the south rift zone and Axial's eastern caldera wall. Imagenex surveys were also made on the north rift zone of Axial (where the extensometer instruments were recovered) and at ASHES vent field.
Our one ROPOS dive in the southern study area (dive 465) showed that the boundaries of the new lava flow there agreed almost exactly with the edge of the SeaBeam anomaly, which is about 1 mile E-W and 0.5 mile N-S, and is at least 27 m thick. The new flow was clearly erupted along the rift zone and flowed downslope to the east where it increased in thickness. This southern lava flow is primarily formed of pillow lavas, but also has lobate and jumbled sheet morphologies and localized areas of collapse and channelized flow. No active venting was observed on this lava flow, although there was extensive evidence that it had occurred previously.
The volume of lava erupted at Axial in 1998 is definitely larger than that erupted at either the 1993 CoAxial or 1996 Gorda eruptions, judging from the areas we have already mapped. However, we cannot put an upper bound on the eruptive volume until the area between 4552' and 4555' is mapped and the full extent of new lavas is determined.
2.2 Acoustic Extensometers (Bill Chadwick, Bob Embley, Mike Stapp)
The acoustic extensometer instruments were developed by NOAA/PMEL's engineering division with funding from NOAA/NURP and the VENTS Program. They are designed to measure and quantify seafloor spreading events. They do this by acoustically measuring the distance between pairs of instruments very precisely (~1 cm) over a short baseline (100-200 m between instruments). The instruments are deployed in a linear array to span larger distances (up to 1 km). They have enough power and memory to make daily measurements for about a year and a half.
On June 20, 1996 we deployed 5 extensometer instruments on the north rift zone of Axial at about 4601.2'N latitude from the SONNE. We had intended to deploy them with ROPOS that year, but due to the unavailability of the ROPOS winch at the last minute, we were forced to simply drop them from the surface and hope for the best (that they would land in such a way that they would have the required acoustic line-of-sight between them). We had also hoped to recover them in July 1997 from the TULLY, but this was the first shake-down cruise for the new ROPOS and there was not enough dive time available. However, this means they were still deployed when the earthquake swarm occurred on Axial in January 1998, giving us the opportunity to see if the north rift zone was involved in the 1998 eruption.
The five extensometer instruments were recovered by ROPOS and the elevator mooring (equipped with 5 large black plastic tubes) on September 5, 1998, on ROPOS dive 467. By luck, ROPOS landed right on top of instrument #2, after a short test above the bottom with the digital camera. All five instruments were in the elevator with 3.5 hours (surprisingly fast). The instruments had all landed within 9 to 39 m of their drop positions. An Imagenex survey was made of the area where the instruments were located to aid in finding the best sites for their re-deployment and to study the structure of the north rift zone.
Four of the five extensometers recorded data. Instrument #4 would not respond after recovery, and its data could not be retrieved. Of the 4 remaining, one ended up in a hole (#1) and could not see the others for ranging (this is why ROV deployment is so important!). The remaining 3 ranged to each other for about 20 months (until ~March 2, 1998), and luckily spanned the axis of the north rift zone. Of the two range legs between the 3 instruments, one range leg (#5<->#3) spanned the north rift zone and was 300 m in length (the dead instrument was in the middle there) and the other range leg (#3<->#2) was 100 m in length and east of the rift axis.
The good news is that most of the instruments worked. We obtained a good Imagenex sonar survey of the site, and an excellent ROV deployment of the instruments. They will provide an exceptional monitoring baseline for the next year. We deployed the 4 working instruments back on the north rift in about the same location. Future plans call for extensometer arrays on both the north and south rift zones with new instruments that can remain on the bottom for 5 years with annual data retrieval by acoustic modem.
3.0 CHEMISTRY
3.1 Vent Fluid Sampling (Dave Butterfield)
One of the goals of the NeMO 98 Cruise was to understand the connections between microbiology, geology, and chemistry. Specifically, we wanted to address whether fluid chemistry is a controlling factor in the abundance and type of microbes present in hydrothermal vents. This fits in nicely with the studies of vent fauna and how they relate to fluid chemistry. This part of the project requires collecting coordinated samples for fluid chemistry and microbiology, and for that purpose, we constructed the Hot Fluid Sampler (HFS).
3.1.1 Description of the Hot Fluid Sampler
HFS was designed to collect fluid and particle samples from vents with a wide range of temperature and flow rate. The system consists of a titanium intake nozzle with 1mm slits to exclude large particles and a platinum resistance thermometer in a titanium sheath with the sensing tip located about 1 cm above the inlet slits. Hydrothermal fluids are pulled through the intake nozzle, past the temperature sensor, through a ball joint, into a 0.5 inch diameter PEEK plastic tube (~1.5 m long). This flexible tube connects to a 0.5 inch titanium tube (~1.3 m long), which in turn connects to 0.5 inch teflon tubing. A second temperature sensor is located at the junction of the titanium and teflon tubing, in order to assure that the temperature of the fluids has cooled to below 100°C prior to being pulled into the various samplers or passing through the flushing pump. The flushing pump pulls the sample from the intake nozzle past the samplers, and operates at adjustable rates from 1 to 5 liters per minute. The sample pathway is made entirely of titanium, PEEK, and teflon. There are nine teflon cross fittings along the fluid path, allowing a maximum of 18 individual samples to be taken per deployment. By maintaining a constant and smooth inner diameter through the fluid pathway, the system promotes easy flushing of any entrained particles and provides minimal dead spots for particles to accumulate. To protect the flushing pump, we are limited to relatively "clean" samples, i.e. we can't use the fluid sampler as a suction sampler.
A separate sample pump (100 to 250 ml/min) pulls the fluid into the sampler selected by a 25-port valve. The sample pump pulls the backfill water out of the samplers to draw the fluid in, and does not contact the sample fluid, except in the case of the filter samples for particle collection, when filtered water is pulled through the sample pump. In addition to the dive sample number assigned to every ROPOS sample, we assign a water sample number which is the dive number followed by the type of sample (P for piston, B for bag, F for filter) and the valve position number. Pistons are numbered 8-13, with 8 and 9 used for gas sampling. Bag samples are numbered 2-7 and 23 and 24. Filters occupy positions 16-18.
The sampler uses 4 wires: ground, +26-35V DC, and RS232 transmit and receive. The software used to control the sampler runs on a PC under a DOS window. When data logging is on, we record (once per second) temperature, valve position, pump status (on/off), and volume pumped. By tracking the intake temperature of the sample throughout sampling, we get an average temperature for the water sampled, so we can calculate element/heat ratios.
Part of the philosophy of this sampler was to collect a large number of fluid and particle samples on a single dive dedicated primarily to fluid sampling, alternating with dives serving other purposes. Because the sampler is so large, few other operations are possible when the sampler is in use. The sampler is best utilized when there are a number of known targets to sample, or when replicate sampling of a few sites is desirable.
HFS takes 3 types of samples. There are 6 PVC piston samplers, 4 with teflon check valves for general water chemistry, and 2 with steel check valves with o-ring face seals for gas sampling. The piston samplers can hold up to 800 ml of sample when full. For gas sampling, we take only 150-200 ml so as not to exceed the capacity of the gas extraction line. There are 8 bag samplers, each with a teflon check valve. We have the option of placing filters in front of the bag samplers to remove particles. Our standard configuration took six filtered samples, with the filters going to Feely's group at PMEL for XRF and SEM analysis. The bags themselves are either Tedlar or laminated, high-density polyethylene-lined, and both types are reasonably impermeable to gases. Finally, we use a variety of filters with no fluid collection to trap particles. On this trip we used 3 micron GFF followed by 0.2 micron Sterivex cartridge filters for microbiological work (DNA analysis).
3.1.2 Samples recovered
The fluid sampler was deployed on 4 dives: 468 (shortened by mechanical problem with the 7-function arm), 469, 473, and 479. During these dives, we collected 42 fluid samples. We sampled focused, hot fluids from Virgin Mound, Crack, Mushroom, Inferno, and Hell vents, and diffuse vent fluids distributed throughout the ASHES vent field. We took one sample (20°C) at Tombstone vent located about 500 meters south of the ASHES field. On dive 473, we sampled a wide variety of fluids associated with the new lava flow in the SE corner of the caldera. These samples included the "milky" fluids venting along a line in the northern part (Milky, Easy, Magnesia vents), floc-producing vents (Snowblower near The Pit), clear fluids venting through holes in the roof of drain-back areas (Roof vent), hotter clear-venting fluids (marker 33), and a smoky vent (Cloud). We sampled two of the 3 sites sampled during the July Alvin dives (marker 33 and marker 108). We also found and sampled a hot vent (275°C) near the eastern contact of the new flow. Between the HFS samples, additional water samples collected with the suction sampler and ROV-mounted Niskins, and chemical data from SUAVE scans, we have excellent spatial distribution for vent fluid chemistry. Our assessment of what is actually venting from the recent eruption area at Axial is more comprehensive than the 1993 sampling after the CoAxial eruption.
3.1.3 Preliminary results
Our shipboard analyses included hydrogen sulfide, silica, pH, alkalinity, ammonia, and refractive index for salinity. We found that Virgin Mound still has a very low salinity, and that the salinity at Hell and Inferno has decreased significantly since 1995. This is the first time we have found all the high-temperature fluids to be less than seawater salinity at ASHES. Maximum temperatures measured with the fluid sampler were 297 at Hell, 261 at Virgin, 256 at Inferno, and 179 at Mushroom. (There may be higher temperature fluids venting from other orifices that we did not measure. We did not measure what was the hottest orifice on Inferno, because there was a HOBO temperature probe left in it.)
Many of the samples we collected were very gas-rich. The HFS sample containers hold the gas quite well, so we recovered much more sample than we typically get with the major samplers, which are designed to leak. Castle vent was charged with CO2, with over 5 mM H2S, and low salinity. The present venting at Castle is limited to a small anhydrite chimney near the base of what appears to be a decaying sulfide structure. This gives the impression that the venting at Castle has been rekindled by the recent eruptive activity.
We see a wide range of H2S/heat or H2S/Si ratios in the collected vent fluids. This range is a potential indicator of both differences in the reaction zone temperature and sulfide-consuming reactions in the sub-seafloor. Further study of the vent fluid and particulate chemistry combined with the microbiological results should clarify what processes are involved, and how they relate to the eruptive activity.
Although we saw significant thermal and particle plumes over some distance south of the ASHES field, our one dive there did not turn up much venting. We saw only one large patch of venting with tube worms, anemones, crabs, and other biota, and took one sample there. The sample has a moderate H2S/heat ratio. Because of the length of the transect (over a kilometer) we could not do a thorough search. Overall, we obtained an excellent set of samples that should allow us to learn how the free-living microbes and the mats relate to the vent fluid chemistry.
3.2 SUAVE Studies (Gary Massoth)
3.2.1 Description of Operations
The Submersible System Used to Assess Vented Emissions (SUAVE) was conceived from the need for a better tool to probe the submarine hydrothermal environment. Chemical oceanographers within the NOAA Vents Program require information about the concentration, distribution, and inventory (flux) of key chemical species in seafloor effluents and hydrothermal plumes that has a much higher spatial resolution than that typically afforded by conventional "n-limited" discrete sampling procedures. In situ chemical analyzers or "scanners" of the type first described by Ken Johnson and associates (Johnson et al., 1986) are an ideal solution to this need. By matching high-resolution chemical data provided by scanner technology with continuously-sensed physical property information, unprecedented insights about processes occurring in the submarine hydrothermal environment are in the offering. Similarly, by coordinating in situ chemical measurements with observations of vent field macro- and micro-biology, the effects of chemistry on hydrothermal biota, and vice versa, can be rigorously evaluated (Sarrazin et al., submitted). Finally, chemical analyzer data collectable over the "operational-day" time scale, both on the seafloor and within hydrothermal plumes, provides both the spatial and temporal resolution necessary to discriminate ephemeral processes critical to understanding the evolution of seafloor hydrothermal systems. These attributes plus the species/concentration-range adaptability, multiple-platform compatibility, reduced opportunity for sample contamination, and "quicktime" feedback inherent to chemical analyzers provided extreme incentive to develop a SUAVE capability within the Vents Program.
SUAVE is an integrated instrument system consisting of an evolved chemical analyzer patterned after the original in situ chemical analyzer, the "scanner"(Johnson et al., 1986), and an array of physical property sensors (temperature, conductivity, pressure, light scattering and/or attenuation). Co-funded by the NOAA NURP and Vents Programs, design and fabrication were initiated in 1991, incorporating modifications suggested by Ken Johnson and Kenneth Coale of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, based on their experience with the "scanner." Schematic block diagrams of SUAVE electronics and chemical components are shown in Figure 1. The SUAVE chemical analyzer is based on principals of flow analysis and colorimetric detection. For NeMO 98 SUAVE was configured to measure H2S (simultaneously by two methods: nitroprusside over the range ~50 to 2000 æmol/L and molybdenum blue over the range ~1 to 200 æmol/L), Mn(II) and Fe(II+III) dissolved in vent fluids. Sensors data was recorded for temperature (0 to 120øC), pressure (depth), conductivity (salinity), and light scattering. All data channels logged readings each 5 seconds during deployment.
During NeMO 98 SUAVE was deployed on ROPOS-II during 10 of the 21 dives conducted. SUAVE was engaged in thermochemical surveys of seafloor venting for over 67 hours during which 55 scans (extended measurements for over 5 minutes at a single point in space: 30 along the East Rift eruption mound, 22 at ASHES vent field, 2 at CASM and 1 at the 91 vent field on the North Rift Zone of Axial Volcano) were made. The SUAVE measurements will be used to determine the spatial variability in concentration of the various measured chemical species and their ratios to heat for comparison to historical data. The SUAVE data set will be extended both spatially and elementally by merging with vent fluid data collected by Butterfield. Evidence for selective regional exhalation of H2S, a product of magmatic degassing and dike cooling and also a primary microbial nutrient, will be sought to guide studies of temporal variability of hydrothermal effluents. Identification of signature' ratio values indicative of the recent lava intrusion/eruption at Axial Volcano will be characterized. SUAVE H2S data will be merged with micro- and macro-biological data collected by Juniper, Tunnicliffe, and Moyer to help define thermochemical niche values for various biological communities.
References:
Johnson, K. S., C. L. Beehler, and C. M. Sakamoto-Arnold (1986). A submersible flow analysis system, Anal. Chim. Acta, 179:245-257.
Sarrazin, J., K. Juniper, G. Massoth, and Legendre (submitted). Physical and chemical factors controlling hydrothermal species distributions on two sulfide edifices of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Northeast Pacific, Deep-Sea Res.
Tunnicliffe, V., R.W. Embley, J.F. Holden, D.A Butterfield, G.J. Massoth and S.K. Juniper (1997). Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge, Deep-Sea Res. 44(9/10):1627-1644.
3.2.2 SUAVE Summary for Project NeMO (Station list and preliminary results)
Site Tmax Tave H2S Mn Fe H2S/Q Mn/Q Fe/Q
°C °C M M M nM/J nM/J nM/J
SE Caldera
ROPAX 97@ huge worm field 6.4 6.4 82 ? BDL 4.8 - -
R460-1 bacteria floc by Milky Vent 2.9 6 BDL (45) 3.7 - (37)
R460-2 MKR N2@ Milky Vent 8.0 8.0 175 40 90 7.9 1.8 1.1
R460-3 MKR N3@ hole in basalt 13 11.5 200 40 40 5.5 1.1 1.1
R460-5 MKR N1@ Pit Vent 13.7 13 180 50 15 3.3 0.9 0.3
R461-1 @ MKR 33 bacteria mat, crack 15 8 470 2 47 9.3 0.04 0.9
R461-2 @ MKR 33 over white mat 11 15 5 2 0.4 0.2 0.1
R461-3 @ MKR 33 over hole in above mat~4.5 ~10 BDL BDL ~1.2 - -
R461-6 @ MKR 33 crack with floc flow 37 26 1000 18 40 7.2 0.1 0.3
R461-7 @ MKR 33 mat @ Bag Creature 17 700 2 5 12.0 0.1 0.1
4R61-8 @ MKR 33 Bag Creature 2.8 75 BDL BDL 62 - -
R461-9 @ MKR 33 Baby Bag Creature 3.1 40 BDL BDL 16.5 - -
R461-10 @ MKR N6 Cloud Vent 27 750 5.5 62 7.6 0.1 0.6
R461-11 @ MKR N4 Cloud Vent 24 750 2 55 8.7 0.1 0.6
R461-12 @ MKR 108 8.1 6.0 230 45 25 10.0 2.0 1.1
R461-13 @ MKR 113 flow @ top of pillar 10 237 BDL 7 7.7 - 0.2
R461-14 @ MKR 113@ Vemco probe tip 10.5 307 BDL 8 8.0 - 0.2
R461-17 @ MKR 113@ bacteria trap 23.5 20 500 -BDL 9 13.0 - 0.2
R461-19 @ MKR 113base of tall tubes 5.7 45 -BDL 8 4.5 - 0.1
R461-21 @ Cirque Vent and hole in 6.5 6.5 87 3.0 57 6.2 0.2 3.5
basalt with Fe floc cover
R461-22 @ Castle Vent@ base of 90 60 1400 18 71 6.1 0.1 0.3
Hi-T vent
R461-23 @ Castle Ventprobe in 5.3 5.0 132 BDL BDL 13.0 - -
tubes @ base
R461-24 @ Castle Vent and MKR N5, 21 19 200 6 19 3.0 0.1 0.3
@ healthy tube worms
R478-1 @ MKR 33 17
R478-2 MKR 33 Near OSMO Sampler 42.2
and MTR
R478-4 20 m SW of MKR 33 13.0
at crack venting floc
R478-5 ~5 m NW of CLOUD VENT 18.7
R478-? Scan 5 at Nascent Vent 23.5
R-478-? Scan 6 at MKR N41 22.7
R478-? Scan 7 on old flow just N of N41 9.5
R478-? Scan 8 on old flow and 16.3 16.1
within big tube worms
ASHES Vent Field
ROPAX 97@ Hat Vent 30.5 90 21 15.5 0.8 0.2 0.1
ROPAX 97@ Phoenix 4.9 93 4 12.5 9.9 .4 1.3
ROPAX 97@ Phoenix 19.5 320 4.8
ROPAX 97@ Phoenix 37.2 150 1.1
ROPAX 97@ Crack Vent 61.6 725 13 55 3.1 0.1 0.2
ROPAX 97@ Wall 80 m W 19.5 4 11.5 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.001
R466-20 @ Inferno near palm worms 5.5 4.0 45 10 45 7.4 1.6 7.5
R466-23 @ Hell front edge pork chop 16 12 1690 70 90 2.8 1.8 2.3
R466-24 @ Hell back of pork chop 19 17 420 60 87 7.3 1.0 1.5
R466-25 @ Hell center of chop 19 17 420 45 85 7.3 0.8 1.5
R466-26 @ Hell tip of chop 19.5 18 650 75 90 10.4 1.2 1.4
R466-5 @ Hillock@ bacteria traps, tubes 15.9 120 7.5 5 3.4 0.1 0.1
R466-10 @ Hillock@ Phoenix I, base 20 16 290 22 68 5.3 0.4 1.3
R466-11 @ Hillock@ Phoenix I, higher 15 11 1170 38 75 34 2.2 2.6
R466-12 @ Hillock@ Phoenix I, higher 6 4 360 15 62 59 2.5 10
R466-13 @ Hillock@ Phoenix II 8 4.5 360 17 67 45 2.1 8
R466-14 @ Hillock@ Phoenix II 4.2 3.0 54 1 8 27 0.5 4.0
R466-15 @ Hillock@ Phoenix II 6.1 4.0 67 4 17 11 0.7 2.8
R466-16 @ Hillock@ Phoenix III 80 65 380 25 70 1.5 0.1 0.3
R466-17 @ Hillock@ Phoenix III 24 22 27 BDL 10 0.3 - 0.1
R466-18 @ Hillock@ Phoenix III 3 2.8 81 3 17 67 2.5 14
R466-6 @ ROPOS@ bacteria trap site 29 24 305 40 80 3.4 0.4 0.8
468 Scan #1 early@ Crack Vent 77 70 1260 45 5 4.6 0.16 0.02
468 Scan #1 late@ Crack Vent >125 105 2120 <0 9 5.1 - 0.02
R466-7 @ Hair-doo at top of worms 14 12.5 125 12.5 8 3.1 0.3 0.2
R466-8 @ Hair-doo where worm 14.8 13.5 180 15 10 4.1 0.3 0.2
roots were
CASM
R480-1 @ T&S Vent base diffuse flow 41.9 37 232 73 >91 1.7 0.5 >.7
R480-5 @ T&S Vent top in lush tube 20.3 16 177 40.5 86 3.3 0.8 1.6
worm community
91 Vent (N. Rift) 4.5 4 124 5 2 14 0.8 0.3
in most intense flow near worms, clams
Through R481:
10 SUAVE Dives
55 SUAVE Scans
67 h of bottom time
3.3 OsmoSampler and OsmoAnalyzer Operations (Geoff Wheat)
Changes in the chemical composition of hydrothermal effluent after a tectonic-volcanic event have been documented (e.g., Baker et al., 1987, 1998; Butterfield and Massoth, 1994; Von Damm et al, 1995; Massoth et al., 1995; Massoth et al., in press; Wheat et al., to be submitted) and a conceptual model has been developed that theorizes the chemical evolution of venting fluids (Butterfield et al., 1997). However, the timing of these changes is uncertain. To date observations of temporal variability in the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids has relied on repeated submersible operations and the collection of discrete samples. While this technique provides some temporal constraints, a continuous water sampler or analyzer allows one to collect more samples with limited need for costly submersible operations. Our goal for this cruise was to deploy two short-term (two weeks) and two long-term (one year) continuous sampling systems to provide temporal constraints for observing hourly to daily and weekly to monthly chemical cycles in the hydrothermal effluent. Data from these samplers and their comparison to samples collected using traditional discrete sampling techniques will allow us to determine the temporal scale of chemical change in the hydrothermal effluent as the hydrothermal system evolves and may provide constraints for understanding the physical and chemical conditions at depth and the path for fluid circulation.
Two sampling systems were deployed, OsmoSamplers and OsmoAnalyzers. OsmoSamplers are continuous water samplers that use the osmotic pressure that is created across a semi-permeable membrane by solutions of differing salinity (Theeuwes and Yum, 1976; Jannasch et al., submitted). This pressure drives water across the membrane at a speed that is dependent on the surface area of the membrane, type of membrane, salt gradient, and temperature. An excess of salt is maintained on one side of the membrane, thus only temperature affects the flow of water in the sampler. Pumps in an OsmoSampler are used to continuously draw sample through a small bore (0.8 mm id) tubing that is attached to a 40-cm-long T-handle. An additional pump was used to add acid to the sample stream in most of the OsmoSamplers. A 1.5-m-long section of tubing separates the sample intake from the pump to allow the pump to be placed in an area void of hydrothermal influence and thus minimizes temperature (pump rate) fluctuations. A temperature recorder with a resolution of 0.0018°C is attached to the T-handle to monitor the same water that is being collected by the OsmoSampler. Chemical data are obtained by retrieving the sampler, cutting the sample tubing into sections, extracting the seawater, and analyzing the seawater for chemical species of interest. Time-stamps for individual samples are determined assuming a uniform temperature at the pump that translates into a uniform rate of pumping.
OsmoAnalyzers, in contrast to OsmoSamplers, use osmotic pumps to deliver reagents into a sample stream for in situ analysis (Jannasch et al., 1994). These analyzers are very similar to the SAUVE, which is described above. OsmoAnalyzers were designed to measure concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese at 30-minute intervals for up to six months. These analyzers thus compliment data collected by the SUAVE, which can measure concentrations continuously but only for a maximum of about three days.
Two long-term acid-addition OsmoSamplers were deployed. One was deployed at Milky vent and the other at Marker 33. Each sampler was positioned away from visual flow to decrease the potential in temperature fluctuations at the pump. For example, the SAUVE measured a temperature of 3.0°C, relative to a bottom temperature of 2.7°C, at the sampler deployed at Marker 33. At both sites the sample input was positioned into the most vigorous flow. Temperature recorders were attached to these inputs and will provide a yearly record of temperature at 30-minute intervals. We expect that these OsmoSamplers will provide four 0.5-mL samples per week for the length of the deployment.
Two short-term deployments were conducted and both samplers were recovered. One sampler package was deployed at Marker 33. During the two-week deployment measured temperatures varied from about 10° to 50°C. This vent was sampled using two OsmoSamplers and two OsmoAnalyzers. One OsmoSampler consisted of an acid addition pump and a Teflon sample tubing for shore-based chemical analyses of the major and minor ions in seawater and several trace metals. 240 0.5-mL samples were collected. The other OsmoSampler had a copper sample tubing. This sampler provided 48 2.5-mL samples for shore-based analyses of dissolved gases. The two OsmoAnalyzers were designed to measure concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese, respectively. On the basis of initial inspection of these analyzers, the iron analyzer work, but the manganese analyzer did not.
The other short-term sampler package was deployed at Hell vent in the ASHES vent field for two weeks. This high temperature black-smoker vent was leveled before the acid addition sampler was deployed. The sampler had a temperature probe attached to the pump and an additional high-temperature (>100°C) probe was placed in the venting hydrothermal fluid. Both probes recorded temperature every 30 seconds for a maximum of about 30 days, however, the high-temperature probe was not recovered. The probe attached to the sampler recorded temperatures of about 3.6°C for the first week, then recorded temperatures of about 10°C for the second week. A total of 301 0.5-mL, one 1.0 mL, and one 1.5 mL samples were collected. Because sulfides were deposited in and on the sample inlet, it is likely that only a portion of these samples are directly from the vent orifice. Altered seawater likely entered through a weak link about 30 cm from the input.
References:
Baker, E. T., G. J. Massoth, and R. A. Feely. 1987. Cataclysmic hydrothermal venting on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Nature, 329, 149-151.
Baker, E. T., G. J. Massoth, R. A. Feely, G. A. Cannon, and R. E. Thomson. 1998. The rise and fall of the CoAxial hydrothermal site, 1993-1996. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9791-9806.
Butterfield, D.A., and G. J. Massoth. 1994. Geochemistry of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relation to recent volcanism. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4951-4968.
Butterfield, D. A., I. R. Jonasson, G. J. Massoth, R. A. Feely, K. K. Roe, R. E. Embley, J. F. Holden, R. E. McDuff, M. D. Lilley, and J. R. Delaney. 1997. Seafloor eruptions and evolution of hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 355, 369-386.
Jannasch, H. W., K. S. Johnson and C. M. Sakamoto. 1994. Submersible, osmotically pumped analyzers for continuous determination of nitrate in situ. Anal. Chem. 66, 3352-3361.
Jannasch, H. W., C. G. Wheat, M. Kastner, and D. Stakes. 1998. Long-term in situ osmotically pumped water samplers. Deep Sea Res., submitted.
Massoth, G. J., E. T. Baker, R. A. Feely, D. A. Butterfield, R. E. Embley, J. E. Lupton, R. E. Thomson, and G. A. Cannon. 1995. Observations of manganese and iron at the CoAxial seafloor eruption site, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 151-154.
Massoth, G. J., E. T. Baker, R. A. Feely, J. E. Lupton, R. W. Collier, J. F. Gendron, K. K. Roe, S. M. Maenner, and J. A. Resing. 1998. Manganese and iron in hydrothermal plumes resulting from the 1996 Gorda Ridge Event. Deep Sea Res., in press.
Theeuwes, F., and S. I. Yum. 1976. Principles of the design and operation of generic osmotic pumps for the delivery of semisolid or liquid drug formulations. Ann. Biomed. Eng., 4, 343-353.
Von Damm, K. L., S. E. Oosting, R. Kozlowski, L. G. Buttermore, D. C. Colodner, H. N. Edmonds, J. M. Edmond, and J. M. Grebmeier. 1995. Evolution of East Pacific Rise hydrothermal fluids following an oceanic eruption. Nature, 375, 47-50.
Wheat, C. G., H. W. Jannasch, F. J. Sansone, J. N. Plant, and C. L. Moyer. 1998. Hydrothermal Fluids From Loihi Seamount After the 1996 Event: A Year of Change Monitored With a Continuous Water Sampler. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., to be submitted.
3.4 Gas Sampling (Lee Evans)
The primary goal of gas sampling during the NeMO '98 expedition was direct sampling of vent fluids by way of Titanium Gastight Bottles and modified gas pistons on the PMEL Hot Fluid Sampler. Approximately 24 useful samples were gathered and their available gas contents extracted and sealed in glass ampoules for chemical analysis. These ampoules will be used for the analysis of helium concentrations and helium isotopes at PMEL, Newport and other gases such as hydrogen and methane at the University of Washington.
The geographic coverage of vent fluid sampling included the east side of Axial Volcano's caldera, Ashes vent field on the west side and CASM vent field at the north end of the caldera. Samples from the east side were largely low temperature diffuse fluids spanning most of the north to south extents of the known vent field. The one high temperature sample was from Castle Vent. At Ashes Vent Field numerous high temperature chimneys and diffuse sites were sampled. Some repeated sampling from July Alvin dives. Only two diffuse vents were sampled at CASM.
Other samples for helium analysis included about 80 samples in crimped copper tubing from 12 hydrocasts. Most were from just above vents which were sampled directly. They are expected to be useful in conjunction with methane analyses from the same Niskin bottles. One of the Osmosamplers consisted of a reel of thin copper tubing. Forming a time series over about 15 days at Marker 33, the reel was segmented into 48 samples, each of which represents about an 8 hour average of what emerged from the vent.
3.5 H2 and CH4 Oxidation (Betsy McLaughin-West)
A seafloor eruption event can result in any number of effects in existing hydrothermally active areas. The event that occurred at Axial Volcano during February 1998 presented an opportunity for further study of the types of changes that occur as a result of a seafloor eruption. One effect is an elevation of hydrogen concentrations in the venting fluids as a result of increased hot water/rock reactions. This dissolved hydrogen may be a significant energy source for bacteria. Previous work at Loihi Seamount following an eruption showed that microbial hydrogen oxidation rates were elevated in the hydrothermal plumes found above the seamount immediately following the event but dropped to background seawater levels within a few months. The February 1998 eruption event at Axial Volcano offered a second opportunity to study the microbial response to a sudden change in available hydrogen. During the NeMO 98 cruise, samples were collected from the plumes above Axial Volcano approximately 6-7 months after the event. Microbial hydrogen oxidation rates for these fluids will be determined from the results of radioisotopic uptake experiments performed aboard ship. These rates will be compared with a similar set of measurements made during the Axial Rapid Response cruise in February 1998. Microbial hydrogen and methane oxidation rates will also be determined for samples collected directly from the diffuse venting areas and the buoyant portions of the plumes so that the relative importance of these two gases to the microbial communities can be estimated.
3.6 Determination of Sulfide, Nitrate and Salinity Concentrations Without the Use of Reagents (Elizabeth Guenther)
I am a graduate student at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, my name is Elizabeth Guenther. Gary Massoth invited me on this cruise. I have been working on a project for my thesis work at Moss Landing with the help of my advisor, Ken Johnson. I have been working on a new method for the determination of sulfide, nitrate and salinity concentrations without the use of reagents. I measure the UV absorbance of a seawater sample and various standards and from that information I am able to predict the concentration of nitrate, salinity or sulfide. The purpose of this cruise was to determine if this method could be applied to vent fluids and if so, what are the possible interferences involved, if any?
I have collected samples from the fluid sampler that Dave Butterfield brought on the cruise as well as from the slurp sampler. These samples were analyzed for sulfide concentrations and will be used to determine if salinity and nitrate can also be calculated. The sulfide concentrations were compared to those predicted by the Methylene blue chemistry performed by Kevin Roe on this cruise. Preliminary examination of the data indicates that this new method may provide good estimates of the sulfide concentrations in the vent fluid samples. These data will be used in the MSC thesis and for publication.
4.0 MICROBIOLOGY
4.1 Non-Mat Microbial Ecology (Jon Kaye and Julie Huber)
We focused on several aspects of vent microbial ecology during this cruise, much of which is geared toward defining time point #1 in a multi-year chemistry-microbiology data set with Dave Butterfield. We have used non-mat microbial samples and have cultured from 2-90°C, covering all thermal classes and many metabolic groups of bacteria and archaea, in order to develop a comprehensive picture of non-mat microbial ecology at Axial Seamount. In addition, more narrowly focused goals include obtaining novel physiological classes of hyperthermophiles and quantifying halotolerant microbes in the vent environment and the overlying water column. 36 ml of water from all samples was preserved in 3.7% formaldehyde for microbial enumeration.
Hyperthermophiles were cultured in a 0.6% (w/v) organic medium, with and without native sulfur (yeast extract and peptone, YP, and with sulfur, YPS). Positive enrichments (which require confirmation on land) came from Crack, Gollum, Milky Vent, Mushroom, Bubbler #2, Marshmallow, background water in ASHES, Marker 33, Easy Vent, Roof, Castle, Styx, Magnesia, Old Tubeworms, West Caldera Wall, Snowblower, Medusa, Porkchop, near Cloud, Marker 113 Pandora worm slime, other animal inocula, and sulfide rock from Hell. Methanogens were enriched from many of these same locales. The Slurp Sampler and Dave's Fluid Sampler were equally effective for culturing purposes. Overall, hyperthermophiles are ubiquitous in and around ASHES and found in all sampled diffuse fluids in the caldera. However, no hyperthermophiles were cultured in YPS from a putative buoyant plume hit during hydrocast V-98-002 (Niskin #18) above Cloud.
Quantitative enrichments (MPNs, Most-Probable-Number technique) were performed at 90°C from several sites. The table below contains the 95% confidence interval for the abundance of hyperthermophiles that grow in the given media, given in microbes/liter. These data are preliminary and must be confirmed by microscopy on land.
YPS (likely Thermococcus) YE (likely methanogens)
Marker 33 >48,000 140-4200
Marshmallow 3000-96,000
"Background" in ASHES 300-7600 <60
Caldera Wall, west of ASHES in progress
Total community DNA was captured from various diffuse flow, high-temperature and background sites and split into free-living (0.2-3 m) and particle-attached (>3m) fractions by filtration. Filters were frozen at -80°C. Enrichments for methanogens, heterotrophic hyperthermophiles, sulfur oxidizers, and sulfate- and nitrate-reducing microbes were performed simultaneously from 2 to 90°C, with the majority at 50 and 90°C. Dave Butterfield, Kevin Roe, and Betsy McLaughlin-West made and will make further chemical measurements at the same sites. Likewise, complementary SUAVE data from Gary Massoth will be correlated with this microbial work.
Diffuse fluids, high-temperature fluids, sulfide rock, homogenized Paralvinella specimens, and animal mucus were inoculated into modified high-organic hyperthermophile media (YP and YPS) and incubated at 90°C. Halotolerant hyperthermophiles able to grow in a 5% NaCl YPS medium appear ubiquitous, though media with 0.2% and 8% NaCl did not appear to allow growth. Metal-resistant hyperthermophiles capable of tolerating mM levels of Cd, Hg, Cu and Co were routinely cultured. Confirmation of growth must await phase-contrast microscopy on land.
Eight MPNs for mesophilic halotolerant microbes were performed on diffuse fluids, near-vent bottom water and hydrocast samples. The medium used enriches for heterotrophic bacterial and archaeal aerobes at room temperature. To complement these quantitative enrichments, water was filtered (0.2 m) and the filters frozen for Halomonas (a halotolerant bacterial genus) DNA probe work on land.
4.2 Microbiological Sampling for Molecular Microbial Ecology Analysis (Western Washington University, Biology Department: Craig L. Moyer & Karen Pelletreau.)
4.2.1 Introduction
One of the greatest challenges in microbial ecology is the accurate identification and description of microbial populations within their respective communities. This information is central to determining the extent of global microbial diversity, which remains the least understood of all the biological size classes. To address this challenge, molecular biological techniques using small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences have been applied to describe the structure and diversity of different microbial communities. The current endeavor is to examine specific habitats with known biogeochemical characteristics (e.g., S, Fe, Mn) to learn more about the dominant microorganisms residing therein. The focus of this study at Axial Volcano is to estimate the microbial community structure and diversity to assess the degree of commonality and uniqueness among local hydrothermal vent habitats, (i.e., vent-associated sediments, free-living microbial mats, microbes associated with subsurface floc-ejecta), and to also compare these results with distal hydrothermal vent habitats. This study will also allow for the enhanced development of a comprehensive global perspective regarding the diversity of deep-sea microbial communities.
Selective enrichment culture has severe limitations as an approach to the cultivation of naturally-occurring microorganisms. The majority (typically >90-99%) of microbes in nature have not yet been cultivated using traditional techniques. Consequently, it is very unlikely that collections of microbial isolates are representative of in situ diversity and community structure. Furthermore, because relatively nutrient-rich media are generally used for isolations, "weedy" or opportunistic microorganisms may be selected rather than those dominant in the natural community. The approach, herein, is to ascertain a microbial community's primary members through molecular (i.e., cell component) means and then to attempt to further characterize their respective phylogeny or natural history. Obtaining a better representation of microbial community structure and diversity is crucial to aspects of microbial ecology where Bacteria and Archaea interact with one another and with their environment, e.g., global biogeochemical cycling of matter, succession and disturbance responses, predator-prey relationships, and trophic-level interactions. These lessons can then be used to focus enrichment culture techniques towards ecologically significant taxa. This approach has been successfully used to isolate the dominant iron-oxidizer bacterial taxon found within the microbial community at hydrothermal systems located at Loihi Seamount, North Gorda Ridge, and other habitats (Emerson and Moyer, 1997; unpublished results).
Cell component analyses provide a culture-independent means of investigating microorganisms as they occur at hydrothermal vent systems (Moyer et al., 1994;1995; 1998). While several types of cell components have been analyzed, the SSU rRNA molecule offers an amount and type of information that makes it one of the best culture-independent descriptors or biomarkers of microorganisms. In recent years a detailed theory of evolutionary relationships among the domains Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya has emerged from comparisons of SSU rRNA "signature" sequences. For example, each SSU rRNA gene contains highly conserved regions found among all living organisms as well as diagnostic variable regions unique to particular organisms or closely related groups. Additionally, each SSU rRNA gene contains about 1,500 nucleotides of sequence information that can be obtained and utilized to differentiate among closely-related and distantly-related groups of microorganisms. This type of molecular approach allows the autecology of microorganisms to be studied whether or not they can be been cultivated (Moyer et al., 1996). In addition, the phylogenetically described taxa or "phylotypes" can be placed in a synecology context through the examination of SSU rRNA clone libraries generated from a microbial community and habitat diversity can be analyzed through rarefaction (Moyer et al., 1998). These features make SSU rRNAs particularly useful for studies of molecular microbial ecology, where a broad and unknown range diversity of microorganisms is likely to exist. Currently, over 10,000 SSU rRNA sequences from both cultured isolates and environmental phylotypes have been made available for study through the Ribosomal Database Project at NSF's Center for Microbial Ecology at Michigan State University.
4.2.2 Shipboard Processing and Storage of SamplesA dual approach was used for microbial sampling. First, a "slurp" gun suction device was be used in combination with a rotating rosette of sample bottles to "vacuum" and capture free-living microbial mats from the surface of various hydrothermal vent habitats. Slurp gun samples were successfully obtained from the East-Side of Axial at (1) Marker #33 Vent, (2) Snow Blower Vent near Pit, (3) Milky Vent Floc, (4) Cloud Vent Floc, (5) yellow mats near EZ Vent, and (6) red iron-oxides near Milky Vent. Similar samples obtained in and around the ASHES area include, (1) orange oxides near Gollum Vent, (2) white mat from Gollum Vent, and (3) yellow mat from the West Wall to the northwest from ASHES.
Second, the deployment and recovery of bacterial traps using glass wool as a substrate for microbial growth. Bacteria traps were constructed using a cluster of three 3" sections of 4"o.d. Plexiglas tubing, surrounded top and bottom by a 202 µm nylon mesh (Nytex) to exclude macrofauna grazing. These were placed directly into diffuse vents and were used to collect colonizing microorganisms in an effort to examine community succession. These were deployed with the idea of attempting a time-series with both short-term (days) and long-term (annual) time scales. This objective was partially achieved with short-term recoveries made at Marker #33, Cloud Vent, and Milky Vent on the East-Side of Axial Volcano. Long-term deployments were made at these three sites as well as at EZ Vent, Axial Gardens, Castle Mound, and at four sites within the ASHES Vent Field (Gollum, ROPOS, Hillock, Mushroom). Short-term recoveries from these sites (especially at ASHES) will be attempted again next year, in addition to the long-term recoveries from each of the sites listed above.
Microbial samples collected were each independently processed. Microbial biomass preservation was achieved by quick-freezing in liquid nitrogen and storing on dry ice or ultrafreezer (-80C) until return to the laboratory. These samples will be used for the direct extraction of nucleic acids. A series of sub-samples were also (i) cryo-preserved (again using liquid nitrogen quick-freezing) with 40% glycerol, and (ii) aliquots were stored at 4C, both for enrichment culture selection. Another series of sub-samples was fixed with 2.5% EM grade glutaraldehyde for examination with SEM and epifluorescence microscopy.
4.2.3 Laboratory Processing and Molecular Biological Analysis
Initially, all samples will be examined by epifluorescence microscopy in an effort to ascertain biomass estimates and examine morphological diversity. A subset of these will also be examined through SEM and an analysis of extractable lipids, which provides an estimate of microbial biomass and initial clues into community structure. The overall molecular biological strategy used will be essentially that of Moyer et al. (1994, 1995; 1998) with a few technical and logistical improvements. The first step will be the efficient and direct extraction of high molecular weight nucleic acids from quick-frozen samples. This will be followed by PCR amplification of SSU rDNAs using previously defined conditions to maximize the equal representation from each population contained within a respective community. The concept is to proportionally amplify or make several copies using the total genomic DNA from a natural community serving as the template for oligonucleotide primers that are complementary to universally conserved SSU rDNA sequence positions. Representative SSU rDNA amplification products are cloned generating a clone library. Clone libraries will then examined through the use of Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis or ARDRA and by using rarefaction as a metric for organismal diversity (Moyer et al., 1998). This approach, using tetrameric restriction enzymes, has been shown to detect >99% of the taxa (i.e., phylotypes) present within a model dataset with maximized diversity (Moyer et al., 1996). SSU rDNA sequences will also be subjected to phylogenetic analysis (using distance matrix and maximum likelihood algorithms) to estimate the affiliated ancestral lineage for each dominant community member thereby yielding clues as to their respective evolutionary history and potential physiology.
References
Emerson, D., and C. L. Moyer. 1997. Isolation and characterization of novel iron-oxidizing bacteria that grow at circumneutral pH. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4784-4792.
Moyer, C. L., F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1994. Estimation of diversity and community structure through restriction fragment length polymorphism distribution analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA genes from a microbial mat at an active, hydrothermal vent system, Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:871-879.
Moyer, C. L., F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1995. Phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial community from a microbial mat at an active, hydrothermal vent system, Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1555-1562.
Moyer, C. L., J. M. Tiedje, F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1996. A computer-simulated restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of bacterial SSU rRNA genes: efficacy of selected tetrameric restriction enzymes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2501-2507.
Moyer, C. L., J. M. Tiedje, F. C. Dobbs, and D. M. Karl. 1998. Diversity of deep-sea hydrothermal vent Archaea. Deep-Sea Res. II. 45:303-317.
4.3 Biomineralization/Lava Mats (Kim Juniper, University of Quebec, Montreal: Steve Scott, University of Toronto)
Early in the cruise we observed extensive deposits of iron-rich floc of possible microbial origin covering the new lavas in the East Rift Zone. The deposits were heavy enough to mask the normally glassy appearance of the new lavas and actually prevented us from confirming the present of the new flow until early in the second week of the cruise. Similar deposits had been observed and sampled on the new lavas at the FLOW site on CoAxial segment shortly after the June 1993 eruption. However, this coverage was much more extensive and was not the same bright orange color as the CoAxial oxide mats. The extent and thickness oxide deposits on the new Axial lavas varied along an east-west traverse across the flow. Heaviest deposits were in the central part of the lava flow where some bright-orange oxide material was still being deposited at a few active vents. At the edges of the flow, oxide material was brownish in color, and was being reworked by deposit feeding invertebrates such as holothurians (sea cucumbers) that had moved in from adjacent older lavas.
A systematic sampling of the putative microbial floc was undertaken during dives 474 and 476 that conducted a series of East-West and West-East traverses of the new lava from beginning in the south and ending near Milky Vent. Samples (7 in all) were both fixed for electron microscopy and frozen for elemental and mineralogical analyses, and measurements of microbial enzyme activity. This work will be carried out by an M.Sc. student at the University of Toronto who will work under the direction Steve Scott, and who will travel to UQAM in Montreal to work with Kim Juniper on biological aspects. The aim of the study will be to characterize the material mineralogically, confirm its microbial origin and map relative density of the deposits across the lava flow in order to understand the relationship to thickness of the underlying new lavas. The latter information is important to testing a working hypothesis that heating of surface flows by underlying lava caused leaching of reduced iron into the seawater, permitting colonization by iron-oxidizing bacteria.
Samples were also collected of iron-oxide deposits and small oxide mounds near the ASHES field for comparison of mineralogy and microbiology with the oxide material from the East Rift Zone lava flows.
5.0 MACROBIOLOGY
5.1 High Temperature Chimney Biology (Damien Grelon, Christian Levesque & Kim Juniper, University of Quebec, Montreal UQAM)
This work focused on study of the feeding behavior and microbial food resources of the sulfide worm, Paralvinella sulfincola, on newly-formed surfaces of sulfide chimneys in the ASHES field. The worm lives in a mucus tube cemented to the sulfide and appears to feed around the opening of its tube by scraping organic material off the mineral surface. Temperatures in excess of 50C have been measured in this habitat and the worm is a prime candidate for a first-ever identified trophic link between thermophilic/hyperthermophilic bacteria and an animal. Field work concentrated on:
1) Making in situ video recordings of worm behavior for analysis of feeding behavior and territoriality .
2) Collecting samples of worm populations and chimney material for analysis of population structure, organic matter concentration and stable isotope ratios in food and animal tissues.
3) Acquisition of temperature/chemistry information from the worm's habitat to examine environmental controls on feeding behavior and food abundance
The behavioral and environmental data form the core of an M.Sc. thesis by Damien Grelon while the stable isotope study is part of a M.Sc. project on hydrothermal vent trophic links by Christian Levesque.
We obtained 3-4 hours of recordings of worm behavior from 5 sites in the ASHES field. Worms from all but one of the observational sites were sampled using the ROPOS suction sampler, and either frozen or formalin-fixed prior to analysis at UQAM. One site was designated for time series observations and revisited twice during the cruise to follow worm migration and behavioral changes in relation to changes in fluid flow patterns.
In collaboration with Gary Massoth, a total of 15 SUAVE scans were performed among sulfide worm populations after behavioral observations.
The big surprise was the aggressive territoriality of the worms, in relation to each other. Individuals frequently probed and entered the feeding area of others, and physical contact between residents and invaders often resulted rapid, aggressive striking movements. Both feeding and territorial behavior will be systematically analyzed in relation to organism density, site and environmental factors.
5.2 Stable Isotope Food Web Analyses (Christian Levesque, Damien Grelon & Kim Juniper, University of Quebec, Montreal)
The importance of free-living microbes as a food source for deposit feeding and suspension feeding animals at hydrothermal vents is still poorly understood. The intent of the study was to concentrate on identifying the food resources exploited by two co-occurring polychaete worms that colonize sulfide chimneys in the ASHES field. The working hypothesis was that the sulfide worm (Paralvinella sulficola) and the palm worm (Paralvinella palmiformis) manage to share the same space by not competing for food. Preliminary data showed clear differences in stable isotope ratios between the two species, confirming apparent differences in feeding behavior with the sulfide worm seeming to deposit feed on surfaces while the palm worm appeared to mainly feeding by trapping suspended particles in turbulent flow. Several collections were made of both worm species as well as of organic material from chimney surfaces. We were also able to use the ROPOS suction sampler to make 3 collections of suspended particles from above colonies of palm worms. All material will be analyzed for stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen.
The stable isotope work was also expanded in response to the observation of extensive white bacteria mats at new vents on the lava flow in the East Rift Zone. These mats were being grazed upon by at least two species of scale worm. These first vent animal colonists could be seen to be actively scraping microbial mat from rock surfaces. At a few locations, small vent snails were also abundant and grazing on bacterial mats. Collections of scale worms, snails and bacterial mats were made at several sites for stable isotope analysis to confirm this trophic link. Previous observations at CoAxial suggested the importance of post-eruptive microbial blooms as a resource for vent animals. These samples will permit us to make considerable progress in understanding this early phase of ecosystem development.
5.3 Biology of Low Temperature Sites (Verena Tunnicliffe, Maia Tsurumi and Jean Marcus)
5.3.1 Introduction:
This biology program focused on four study themes: i) evaluation of colonization on the new lavas, ii) nature of the regional distribution of species and populations, iii) the composition of communities in different fluid chemistries, and iv) the biology of the vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae. We were most fortunate to receive over a dozen samples that had either SUAVE or fluid sampler information with them. To our knowledge, this is the first such coordination of widespread sampling at low temperature sites. Previously, it has been very difficult to obtain environmental information with biological samples. For us, this information is a triumph for the cruise.
5.3.2 Colonization:
The opportunity to observe colonization of new hydrothermal vents so soon after a known eruption is a rare opportunity. From our limited experience at CoAxial, we had predicted small vestimentiferan recruits with three or four other known species. Our dives, however, identified three types of colonization, one of which was the predicted pattern. The others were dense snails and a mix of scale worm species. The large expanse of new lava created geographic separation among the sites. The cause of three distinct colonization patterns likely relates to either stochastic events governing larval delivery or differing chemical character across the flow. Hopefully, chemical and microbial information will help resolve this issue.
In addition to type of colonization, extent also varied. The most vigorous flows of Milky and Cloud Vents hosted few animals while nearby vents were colonized. To understand more about sources, we were able to sample vents on old lavas. A large field of tubeworms (the SONNE field) was obliterated by the eruption but outlier colonies remained. We can compare composition of these colonies with recruits this year and next. We also have taken samples for a genetic analysis of one species to determine the likely source of the new populations. An interesting complication is that many of the "old" worm colonies are now experiencing rejuvenated fluid flow resulting in morphological changes in the resident worms and new recruitment.
5.3.3 Regional Character:
Axial Volcano is one of the few places on the Ridge that allows us to study discrete well-separated communities. A current question in vent ecology is how populations interchange among sites. We need better description of species distributions in a regional setting. We are finding that some species are curiously patchy and are attempting to apply ecological concepts of metapopulations to model population patterns. To this end, samples from the Eastern Rift (north and south), ASHES, Northern Rift and CASM form five essential contemporaneous points in this model. These samples will be sorted to determine compositional differences as well as including a population genetic analysis of one species.
5.3.4 Local Variation:
Collections at ASHES are to be used in two studies. Firstly, they set the basis for local variability for assessment of regional differences in the study above. Secondly, they provide an important set of samples to complement samples from earlier years in a study of spatial and temporal change. The polychaete species will be examined in detail to relate relative abundances to position and chemical character of the fluids. As little work has been published on "whole communities" this basic step is a useful contribution to understanding vent community dynamics. As part of this work on polychaetes, the unusual scaleworm collected from the new lavas of the Eastern Rift will be examined in detail in conjunction with Juniper's isotope work.
5.3.5 Ridgeia piscesae:
The tubeworm forms the basis for the vent communities of Juan de Fuca. As such, there is considerable interest in understanding more about its requirements and basic biology. Samples that were collected with coordinated fluid data will be examined in a study of size, reproductive condition, trophosome condition and juvenile recruitment. The aim is to understand the chemical conditions that are optimal and marginal for both reproduction and recruitment. Specimens were also processed for ultrastructural examination on the beach. Here, the intent is to collect detailed morphological characters to test models of the evolutionary relationships of vestimentiferans. Lastly, specimens of live tubeworms were transported to the Aquatic Facility of University of Victoria to attempt in vitro fertilization of eggs. Study of embryological characters adds information to both phylogenetic studies and dispersal capabilities.
5.3.6 A Final Comment:
The interdisciplinary nature of this cruise has been of considerable benefit to understanding biological features of the vent communities. It is an important learning environment for experienced researchers and students alike. Particularly welcome, is the opportunity to develop collaborations when new opportunities present themselves.
5.3.7 MacroBiological Sample List from Low-Temperature Sites
S=SUAVE; HFS=Hot Fluid Sampler
ASHES
Tube worm grabs
· R466-3: Mkr L, tube worm grab of hat-like structure (S)
· R466-8: Hairdo vent, huge tube worm grab of bouquet-like structure (S)
· R471-6: Mkr i, tube worm grab, left a marker to SUAVE later
· R471-3: Gollum vent, tube worm grab (HFS)
· R472-3: Medusa vent, tube worm grab (HFS)
EAST RIFT ZONE
Suction Samples from new lavas
· R462-2: mkr 33, suction sample of mat and polynoids (S)
· R462-3: mkr 33, suction sample of mat and polynoids (S)
· R462-4: mkr 33, suction sample of mat and polynoids (S)
· R473-6: easy vent, suction sample of polynoids and mat
· R473-18: mkr 33, suction sample of new polynoids and mat (S)
· R473-21: mkr 108, suction sample for new worm and mat
· R474-3: mkr N41, suction sample of tube worms (S)
Tube worm grabs
· R461-15: mkr 113, tube worm grab from a new vent on old lavas (S)
· R464-9: near mkr 113, tube worm grab of moribund worms on old lavas
· R464-14: mkr N5, tube worm grab of live-looking worms on sulfide structure near Castle (S)
· R476-3: oldworms, tube worm grab of reinvigorated venting on old lavas (HFS)
· R478-8: nascent vent, tube worm grab of new tube worms on new lavas (S)
· R478-11: old flow, tube worm grab of reinvigorated venting on old lavas (S)
· R478-13: large tube worms, tube worm grab of reinvigorated venting on old lavas (stayed in Pacman until surface) (S)
NORTH RIFT ZONE
Tube worm grab
· R467-4: Bob vent, tube worm grab of old venting (S)
CASM
Tube worm grab
· R480-7: T & S vent, tube worm grab of healthy worms on sulfide (S)
6.0 HYDROTHERMAL MINERALIZATION (Steve Scott)
Hydrothermal deposits are known from previous expeditions at the ASHES, Southeastern Rift and CASM Vent fields. During the NeMO expedition, considerable work was done in and around ASHES and USRZ (Upper South Rift Zone). A short visit was made to CASM.
At the ASHES field, Hell, Inferno, ROPOS and Mushroom are sizable hydrothermally active sulfide spires a few meters high. Virgin and Virgin's Daughters are small active anhydrite chimneys. Those who had seen ASHES on previous expeditions commented that Mushroom, Inferno and Hillock had thickened considerably. Hillock, for example, had grown from a small spindle to a much more massive structure. A small chimney and flange were sampled at Hell. The chimney is predominantly iron-rich zinc sulfide (probably wurtzite based on the hexagonal shape of its millimetric crystals) with a central conduit lined by a copper -iron sulfide (probably isocubanite). The flange, although finer grained, appears to have the same mineralogy with the probable isocubanite forming in hot water ponded buoyantly against the underside.
At Southeastern Rift, a sulfide structure that had been seen in a 1996 Sonne camera tow was named "Castle" by the NeMO expedition. The main structure is about 10 m high, 3 m diameter at its base and 5 m at its top. The top is festooned with 50 cm high chimneys which inspired the name Castle. The edifice appears to be sitting on a small pillow mound within what otherwise is a ~5 meter depression. Diffuse venting is occurring in many places on Castle. On its southwest side there is a small anhydrite spire that is actively venting hot water. This was sampled on an early dive and had regrown to its ~50 cm height just 9 days later. About 10 m southeast of Castle there is another sulfide structure of similar size to Castle named "Flat Top" by the NeMO expedition. It, too, has diffuse venting although seemingly not as much as Castle. About 10 m south of Castle is a small spire, about 1 m tall, that appears to be extinct. It could be gathered in its entirety using the elevator.
CASM was a huge surprise. The site is within and adjacent to a 5-10 m wide fissure on the floor of the caldera where the north rift slices the northern wall. When discovered in August 1983 on a Pisces IV dive, there were just a few diffuse vents supporting small colonies of tube worms and other animals. Now, vents such as Shepherd Vent, for example, are much more robust. About 50 m north of Shepherd there are several hydrothermally active spires ~3 m tall and supporting abundant life. Hot focused flow, wide spread diffuse flow and abundant gas bubbles characterize the hydrothermalism. Samples of one spire are predominantly zinc sulfide, with well formed crystals (wurtzite?) in places. Small patches of coarse crystalline copper-iron sulfide are also evident. Despite being very prominent and obvious features within the confines of the fissure, these spires were not seen in 1983 dives nor in 1988 dives (V. Tunnicliffe). They must have formed since 1988.
A quick look was taken at the Lamphere Chimneys about 20 m east of the fissure. The main structure, whose diffuse venting supported abundant life in 1983, is no longer active and is practically devoid of animals.
Is the recent volcanic activity in the caldera reflected in the sulfide deposits? It is tempting to contemplate that the renewed high temperature hydrothermalism at Castle may be a consequence of the nearby volcanism. There is no obvious effect on the deposits at ASHES (although there may be in the vent fluids themselves, see report by Butterfield). The new (since 1988) CASM chimneys are too large to have been formed since the January-February eruptions.
With three sulfide sites now known (and there may be more) in widely separated places within the caldera, there is now the opportunity to study mineralization processes through time in somewhat different settings and to study the interaction of mineralization and biology at different stages of population development. Also, if the petrological studies (see report by J. Chadwick) demonstrate that there are differences in basalt chemistry at the different sites, the opportunity exists to examine the relation, if any, between the composition of sulfides and their host rocks.
7.0 NON-ROPOS OPERATIONS
7.1 CTD Operations (Jim Gendron)
7.1.1 NeMO'98 CTD Casts
During leg IIb of the NeMO98 Vents cruise a total of 11 vertical casts and 2 tows were completed. Samples that were collected included 55 filters for XRF analysis and 53 salinity samples. Other samples that were collected included He, methane, hydrogen, H2S, O2 and bacteria samples. Samples for particulate organic carbon were also taken.
In general, most of the results of the sampling will not be known until the samples are analyzed on shore. The distribution of the particle plumes that were seen by the nephelometer seemed to follow the same patterns as were found on leg 1. Large concentrations of particles were present over the new vent area southeast of the caldera, at ASHES vent field and south of ASHES. The CASM site showed similar plumes and it is possible that a buoyant plume was detected there on the downcast.
7.1.2 NeMO'98 CTD Cast Locations and Stations Table
| Vents98C | Brown leg IIb | cast | latitude | longitude |
| site | SE caldera | cast 1 | 45 55.2' | 129 59' |
| date | Aug 27 | |||
| station | V98c01 | |||
| site | MKR 33 | cast 2 | 45 55.99' | 129 58.89' |
| date | Aug 28 | |||
| station | V98C02 | |||
| site | BKG | cast 3 | 46 0.00' | 129 55.5' |
| date | Aug 30 | |||
| station | V98C03 | |||
| site | CASTLE | cast 4 | 45 55.58' | 129 58.78' |
| date | Aug 31 | |||
| station | V98C04 | |||
| site | ASHES | cast 5 | 45 56' | 130 0.84' |
| date | Sep 1 | |||
| station | V98C05 | |||
| site | E BKG | cast 6 | 45 46' | 129 44' |
| date | Sep 2 | |||
| station | V98C06 | |||
| site | S CALDERA | cast 8 | 45 54.4' | 129 59.6' |
| date | Sep 6 | |||
| station | V98C07 | |||
| site | S CALDERA | cast 9 | 45 54.6' | 130 00.0' |
| date | Sep 8 | |||
| station | V98C08 | |||
| site | ASHES | cast 10 | 45 56' | 130 0.84' |
| date | Sep 9 | |||
| station | V98C09 | |||
| site | CASM | cast 11 | 45 59.35' | 130 1.63' |
| date | Sep 10 | |||
| station | V98C10 | |||
| site | MRK 33 | cast 13 | 45 56' | 129 58.89' |
| date | Sep 17 | |||
| station | V98C11 | |||
| site | W WALL | cast 7 | 45 54.4' | 129 59.92' |
| date | Sep 4 | |||
| station | T98C01 | |||
| site | W WALL | cast 12 | 45 59.96' | 130 3.2' |
| date | Sep 12 | |||
| station | T98C02 |
7.2 Rock Sampling (John Chadwick, University of Florida)
7.2.1 Operations
Core sampling was performed on the NeMO August/September 1998 cruise to acquire basaltic glass samples during intervals between ROPOS dives. Forty-nine coring attempts were made using the sampler borrowed from Dr. Dan Fornari at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. In addition, 22 rock and glass samples were acquired on ROPOS dives, both as large specimens and also small glass shards collected inadvertently by the "slurp sampler" used to obtain biological specimens. Glass from these samples will be analyzed for major and trace element compositions at the University of Florida and laboratories at other universities, including microprobe analysis. Specimens from the January, 1998 flow collected by the ROPOS will be sent to the University of Hawaii for Polonium/Lead age testing.
Six core samples were acquired on the north flank and north rift zone of Axial Volcano, one each on the east and west flanks, one in the Vance segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (sediment collected only) and the remaining forty core samples were obtained on the southern flank and southern rift zone. Glass quality ranged from very fresh (found largely on the rift zone directly south of Axial) to very degraded. Fe-sediments, palagonite, and pelagic sediments were commonly associated with the more degraded samples. Fresh glass samples have conchoidal fracture and usually have little or no associated sediment. The degree of degradation of the glass and amount of sediment is a first-order assessment of the age of the basalts, and suggests that the ridge directly south of the caldera has witnessed the most recent activity on the volcano, including the 1998 eruption.
The core sampling was performed on a CTD wire, and bathymetry was acquired in real time using the Bathy-2000 unit on the Ronald Brown. The sampler was sent down at 30 meters/minute for the first 50 meters below the surface, then the speed was subsequently increased to 60 m/min. A 30 second stop was performed about 30 m above the bottom to allow the sampler to settle and the wire angle to decrease to vertical. The sampler was then driven into the bottom at 60 m/min, and an additional 15 m of wire was unspooled to allow for errors in the bathymetry. This method led to a 100% success rate in contacting the bottom in a vertical position and acquiring samples. The sampler was then withdrawn from the bottom at 20 m/min until off the bottom, then the speed was increased to 50 m/min to the surface.
7.2.2 Rock Core Sample List
| Core Samples | |||||||||
| sample | map loc. | date | lat | lon | map depth (m) | bathy depth (m) | sample | wire angle | location |
| 98-JDFRC-01 | 21 | 8/29/98 | 45d 53.53' | 129d 59.82' | 1635 | 1631 | glass | ~0 | South Rift |
| 98-JDFRC-02 | 34 | 8/29/98 | 45d 51.21' | 129d 58.55' | 1790 | 1820 | glass+seds | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-03 | 29 | 8/29/98 | 45d 49.72' | 130d 00.78' | 1775 | 1770 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-04 | 28 | 8/29/98 | 45d 49.95' | 130d 00.70' | 1780 | 1823 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-05 | 27 | 8/29/98 | 45d 49.96' | 130d 00.32' | 1805 | 1801 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-06 | 26 | 8/29/98 | 45d 50.18' | 130d 00.58' | 1760 | 1930 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-07 | 15 | 8/31/98 | 45d 47.20' | 130d 03.58' | 1840 | 1838 | seds+grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-08 | 14 | 8/31/98 | 45d 47.85' | 130d 03.56' | 1845 | 1839 | seds+grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-09 | 13 | 8/31/98 | 45d 48.07' | 130d 03.45' | 1840 | 1979 | seds+grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-10 | 36 | 9/1/98 | 45d 57.69' | 129d 57.80' | 1530 | 1532 | seds+glass | ~0 | E. Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-11 | 24 | 9/3/98 | 45d 51.03' | 130d 00.37' | 1755 | 1759 | glass+boulder! | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-12 | 25 | 9/3/98 | 45d 50.40' | 130d 00.53' | 1765 | 1805 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-13 | 17 | 9/3/98 | 45d 50.64' | 130d 01.61' | 1785 | 1869 | glass+seds | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-14 | 37 | 9/5/98 | 45d 56.45' | 130d 01.50' | 1415 | 1425 | grungy glass | ~0 | SW Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-15 | 1 | 9/5/98 | 45d 53.66' | 130d 01.91' | 1625 | 1635 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-16 | 33 | 9/6/98 | 45d 47.54' | 130d 01.55' | 1845 | 1865 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-17 | 32 | 9/6/98 | 45d 47.90' | 130d 01.70' | 1845 | 1916 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-18 | 31 | 9/6/98 | 45d 48.52' | 130d 01.16' | 1820 | 1870 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-19 | 38 | 9/6/98 | 45d 41.52' | 130d 02.48' | 1840 | 1823 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-20 | 39 | 9/7/98 | 45d 40.30' | 130d 03.30' | 1975 | 2001 | seds only | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-21 | 40 | 9/7/98 | 45d 38.20' | 130d 04.88 | 2025 | 2000 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-22 | 3 | 9/8/98 | 45d 52.24' | 130d 02.80' | 1670 | 1700 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-23 | 2 | 9/8/98 | 45d 52.82' | 130d 02.50' | 1655 | 1730 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-24 | 6 | 9/9/98 | 45d 51.16' | 130d 02.28' | 1745 | 1810 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-25 | 7 | 9/10/98 | 45d 50.60' | 130d 02.78' | 1765 | 1770 | seds only | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-26 | 9 | 9/10/98 | 45d 50.06' | 130d 02.91' | 1780 | 1785 | glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-27 | 18 | 9/10/98 | 45d 50.05' | 130d 01.55' | 1785 | 1791 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-28 | 43 | 9/10/98 | 46d 0.45' | 130d 01.50' | 1555 | 1584 | glass | ~0 | N. Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-29 | 42 | 9/10/98 | 45d 59.68' | 130d 00.45' | 1485 | 1497 | grungy glass | ~0 | N. Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-30 | 19 | 9/11/98 | 45d 49.27' | 130d 02.25' | 1785 | 1786 | grungy glass | <5 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-31 | 20 | 9/11/98 | 45d 49.00' | 130d 01.66' | 1825 | 1820 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-32 | 30 | 9/11/98 | 45d 48.80' | 130d 00.78' | 1830 | 1942 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-33 | 16 | 9/12/98 | 45d 50.62' | 130d 01.89' | 1800 | 1802 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-34 | 8 | 9/12/98 | 45d 50.42' | 130d 02.85' | 1760 | 1776 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-35 | 22 | 9/14/98 | 45d 51.67' | 130d 00.68' | 1740 | 1754 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-36 | 35 | 9/14/98 | 45d 49.58' | 129d 57.83' | 1915 | 1925 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-37 | 44 | 9/14/98 | 45d 47.38' | 129d 55.48' | 2235 | 2241 | seds only | ~0 | Vance |
| 98-JDFRC-38 | 41 | 9/14/98 | 45d 45.75' | 130d 02.25' | 1720 | 1754 | seds+glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-39 | 23 | 9/15/98 | 45d 51.65' | 130d 00.17' | 1730 | 1746 | glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-40 | 4 | 9/15/98 | 45d 50.40' | 130d 04.20' | 1860 | 1860 | seds+grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-41 | 5 | 9/15/98 | 45d 53.36' | 130d 01.74' | 1645 | 1653 | seds+glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-42 | 46 | 9/16/98 | 46d 01.36' | 129d 59.79' | 1585 | 1586 | glass | ~0 | N. Flank |
| 98-JDFRC-43 | 10 | 9/16/98 | 45d 49.86' | 130d 02.85' | 1785 | 1786 | glass+seds | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-44 | 11 | 9/16/98 | 45d 49.65' | 130d 03.00' | 1780 | 1778 | glass+seds | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-45 | 12 | 9/16/98 | 45d 48.32' | 130d 03.61' | 1835 | 1830 | grungy glass | ~0 | SR |
| 98-JDFRC-46 | 47 | 9/16/98 | 45d 44.90' | 130d 01.85' | 1700 | 1740 | glass | ~0 | N. Rift |
| 98-JDFRC-47 | 48 | 9/18/98 | 46d 02.93' | 129d 58.97' | 1640 | 1724 | grungy glass | ~0 | N. Rift |
| 98-JDFRC-48 | 49 | 9/18/98 | 46d 03.96' | 129d 58.07' | 1675 | 1768 | glass | ~0 | N. Rift |
| 98-JDFRC-49 | 50 | 9/18/98 | 46d 03.74' | 129d 57.78' | 1680 | 1771 | glass | ~0 | N. Rift |
| ROPOS SAMPLE | latitude | longitude | hand sample | glass subsample | comments | ||||
| R460-04 | 45d 56.63' | 129d 59.13' | n | y | |||||
| R460-06 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.90' | y | y | cloud vent | ||||
| R461-25 | 45d 55.62' | 129d 58.79' | y | y | |||||
| R461-26 | 45d 55.62' | 129d 58.79' | y | y | 1998 flow ** | ||||
| R461-16 | 45d 55.36' | 129d 59.30' | y | y | marker 113 | ||||
| R462-08 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.94' | n | y | marker 33 | ||||
| R462-15 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.91' | y | y | cloud vent | ||||
| R464-06 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.91' | n | y | |||||
| R465-01 | 45d 52.16' | 129d 59.17' | y | y | |||||
| R465-02 | 45d 52.17' | 129d 59.18' | y | y | drip structure | ||||
| R467-01 | 46d 01.13' | 130d 00.98' | n | y | north rift | ||||
| R471-04 | 45d 56.02' | 130d 00.82' | n | y | gollum vent | ||||
| R471-06 | 45d 56.02' | 130d 00.82' | n | y | white vent | ||||
| R473-18 | 45d 56.00' | 129d 58.93' | n | y | marker 33 | ||||
| R473-21 | 45d 55.72' | 129d 58.98' | n | y | east axial-mkr 108 | ||||
| R473-06 | 45d 56.73' | 129d 59.09' | n | y | easy vent | ||||
| R474-03 | 45d 56.16' | 129d 58.89' | n | y | 1998 flow** | ||||
| R474-02 | 45d 55.98' | 129d 58.68' | n | y | |||||
| R476-07 | 45d 56.78' | 129d 59.10' | n | y | magnesia vent | ||||
| R476-02 | 45d 56.76' | 129d 59.08' | y | y | 1998 flow ** | ||||
| R478-08 | 45d 56.15' | 129d 58.89' | n | y | nascent vent | ||||
| R479-15 | 45d 56.00' | 130d 00.84' | n | y | medusa vent-ASHES | ||||
7.3 SeaBeam 2100 Survey of Brown Bear Seamount (Susan Merle)
A SeaBeam survey was conducted during weather-down time, September 6, 1998. The goal was to survey Brown Bear Seamount along the edge of previous multibeam data, extending our coverage to the west. Only 22 kilometers of the proposed survey were completed, but data were collected while transiting.
SeaBeam was started up shortly after leaving Axial Caldera area. A 30 km line (east to west) took us to the start point of the proposed survey area. A 22 km line (southwest to northeast) brought us over what we presume was the western edge of the seamount summit. At that point the weather cleared, and we steamed back to Axial caldera, a 38 km line (northwest to southeast).
Grid extents: 130deg 43min W, 129deg49min W, 45deg40min N, 46deg10min N.
90 km of tracklines total, including transit. (22 km of the proposed survey completed)
Depth range from 2800 meters to 500 meters.
Most swath data collected with 4500 meter swath width, at shallowest point swath width was 2700 meters.
Ship speed averaged about 12 knots.
Total survey time, including transit: 4 hours.
8.0 NeMO'98 New Millennium Observatory WEB SITE (Gene Williamson, Susan Merle, Andra Bobbitt)
Our goal was to create a web site that would attract the interest of secondary school students and teachers and would allow interested individuals to follow the progress of the expedition to the Axial Seamount. The ship-based portion of the web site was designed with five major components. The first was a daily science summary that was to outlined the work that was being done. The second was a personal perspective written each day by a different member of the investigation team or ship's personnel. The third was a daily perspective and reaction paper written by the "teacher-at-sea." The fourth was a weekly science summary written by the Chief Scientist. The final component was an interactive question and answer section that would allow inquisitive students to funnel questions through Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC), at Newport Oregon, directly to the science staff aboard the ship.
The web site was designed, and all of the entries were coordinated, onshore at HMSC. Text and images were sent from the ship to HMSC to be inserted into the NeMO html maintained by Andra Bobbitt in Newport. On shore there were also two complementary educational components. A teacher working at HMSC who identified or designed hands-on activities for students coordinated with the work being done aboard the ship. These activities were posted to the web for use by classroom teachers or individual students. The teacher on shore was also responsible for using material from the web site to make daily presentations to the general public at HMSC.
While we do not have a count of the number of hits on the web site, we do have a few indicators of how the site was received. Several e-mails received from relatives of science and ROPOS personnel indicated they were very pleased with the ability to know what was happening and how there family member was involved in the process. Likewise, those on board the ship expressed positive reactions to the information that was being posted. We do not have any indication at this time of success in integrating our material into classrooms. We were disappointed by the lack of questions from students to scientists. This was due in part to the fact that most schools opened after we were already at sea. We will need to reassess this part of the program to see if we can improve the performance in the future.
The website has served as a valuable reference tool postcruise. We have received numerous contacts from publications inquiring about the NeMO mission and requesting images and information. The site will remain on the web until our NeMO 99 cruise.
9.0 NAVIGATION
9.1 Navigation Overview (Julia Getsiv)
All ROPOS dives were navigated using long-baseline transponder nets in the Seascape navigation program. The navigation computer had three main inputs into the Seascape navigation program to aid in ROPOS navigation: P-code GPS input from the R/V Brown SCS system, ROV depth data provided by the ROPOS sensor input and the PS8000 data input for the range meter. Transponder deployment and calibration took approximately 22 hours, beginning on August 27th (GMT time) and nine transponders were deployed (six expendables, two NOAA recoverables and one ROPOS recoverable). Three transponder nets were calibrated on a net by net basis using the Seascape Relcal Acquisition program. Transponder ranges were gathered while the ship drove a diamond-shaped pattern, allowing us to gather range data across each transponder baseline and within the middle of each net. The data were first crunched in the Seascape program Relcal, which determines the relative positions of the transponders to each other. Next, absolute transponder positions were calculated in Abscal, which applies a rotation about the net center to the relative positions of the transponders, ultimately fitting them into the best 'real' space positions.
Navigation of the cage and the ROV on the seafloor went very well and provided excellent navigation for most of the dives. Once the cage reached its final depth and ROPOS drove to the seafloor, the cage depth was manually entered into the Seascape program and was held constant, unless the wire out for the cage changed during the dive. The range meter was attached to the top of the cage, was hard-wired to the hydro lab and triggered by Seascape on the navigation computer. Cage fixes were excellent for most of the dives with RMS errors of 4 or less. Unfortunately, a software bug was discovered a few dives into the cruise, where ROV fixes were calculated based on the cage depth, even though sensor data was providing updated ROV depths. This was brought to our attention when we noticed the transponder ranges were all overshooting at the ROV fix, giving RMS errors in excess of 15 to 20. This also meant that there was a significant offset between 4 transponder fixes and 3 or 2 transponder fixes. Testing the ROV fixes using the cage depth in 2-D further confirmed our conclusion on the software error. We then began navigating trying both 3-D and 2-D navigation and finally settled on using 2-D navigation since 3-D navigation was giving ROV depth values off by as much as a few hundred meters. 2-D navigation provided consistent navigation fixes between 2, 3 and 4 transponder fixes with RMS errors as low as 2 in some areas. 2-D navigation did however require periodically updating the ROV depth as we navigated along the seafloor. Navigation fixes are recorded in latitude/longitude and UTM x/y (in meters) in the log files and were processed by Julia Getsiv in the IDL programs navedit2 and navedit3 (written by Bill Chadwick).
9.2 Final Calibrated Transponder Positions
North Rift Net
| Transponder | UTM-X (m) | UTM-Y (m) | Latitude | Longitude | Depth |
| 9.5 | 420814.65 | 5098603.9 | 46° 02.1857' | 130° 01.3988' | 1433.9 |
| 10.5 | 422722.92 | 5097596.31 | 46° 01.6548' | 129° 59.9096' | 1395.43 |
| 8.0 | 420055.52 | 5095969.44 | 46° 00.7580' | 130° 01.9608' | 1377.93 |
| 7.5 | 422074.85 | 5094971.24 | 46° 00.2330' | 130° 00.3862' | 1294.46 |
ASHES Net
| Transponder | UTM-X (m) | UTM-Y (m) | Latitude | Longitude | Depth |
| 11.5 | 424283.25 | 5087181.51 | 45° 56.0418' | 129° 58.6011' | 1305.4 |
| 10.5 | 424221.58 | 5084426.79 | 45° 54.5540' | 129° 58.6227' | 1340.36 |
| 9.5 | 422490.35 | 5086188.55 | 45° 55.4937' | 129° 59.9789' | 1324.67 |
| 11.0 | 422556.72 | 5088014.47 | 45° 56.4800' | 129° 59.9453' | 1330.85 |
South Rift Net
| Transponder | UTM-X (m) | UTM-Y (m) | Latitude | Longitude | Depth |
| 10.0/G | 424339.74 | 5080575.33 | 45 52.476' | 129 58.494' | 1471.69 |
| 10.5/ROPOS | 421633.49 | 5080433.39 | 45 52.380' | 130 00.588' | 1401.68 |
| 12.5/E | 423532.00 | 5078487.15 | 45 51.342' | 129 59.100' | 1492.90 |
9.3 Vents/Markers/Targets Location Table
| Target | Latitude | Longitude | UTM X | UTM Y |
| ASHES Transponder Net
ASHES and Southeast Caldera |
||||
| 98V103 | 4555.977 | 129 59.056 | 423694 | 5087067 |
| ANCHOR | 4555.923 | 129 58.741 | 424099.8 | 5086961.7 |
| BLUEGOO | 4556.725 | 129 58.985 | 423803.2 | 5088450.7 |
| CASTLE | 4555.568 | 129 58.794 | 424022.7 | 5086305.8 |
| CIRCVENT | 4555.555 | 129 58.899 | 423887 | 5086283 |
| CLOUD | 4556.001 | 129 58.894 | 423903.5 | 5087108.6 |
| CONTAC10 | 4556.389 | 129 59.248 | 423455.7 | 5087832.8 |
| CONTAC11 | 4556.505 | 129 58.917 | 423885.6 | 5088041.9 |
| CONTAC12 | 4556.525 | 129 59.230 | 423482.1 | 5088085.7 |
| CONTACT1 | 4555.622 | 129 58.790 | 424029.2 | 5086406.5 |
| CONTACT2 | 4555.727 | 129 58.686 | 424166 | 5086599 |
| CONTACT3 | 4556.700 | 129 59.025 | 423750.1 | 5088405 |
| CONTACT4 | 4556.385 | 129 58.918 | 423881.8 | 5087820.2 |
| CONTACT5 | 4555.961 | 129 59.224 | 423476.3 | 5087040.6 |
| CONTACT6 | 4555.944 | 129 58.793 | 424033.5 | 5087002.2 |
| CONTACT7 | 4556.162 | 129 58.834 | 423985.6 | 5087406.7 |
| CONTACT8 | 4556.171 | 129 59.298 | 423385.3 | 5087430.2 |
| CONTACT9 | 4556.322 | 129 59.314 | 423368.5 | 5087711.1 |
| CRACK | 4555.998 | 130 .813 | 421424 | 5087135 |
| DAVES | 4556.011 | 130 .826 | 421408.3 | 5087158.6 |
| DYING | 4555.011 | 129 59.511 | 423083.7 | 5085286.4 |
| EASY | 4556.720 | 129 59.083 | 423676.5 | 5088443.2 |
| Fe-HYDE | 4555.979 | 130 .827 | 421406 | 5087099.7 |
| FISSURE | 4556.698 | 129 59.082 | 423677.6 | 5088403.5 |
| FLAG | 4556.372 | 129 58.920 | 423879.1 | 5087796.4 |
| FLATTOP | 4555.566 | 129 58.787 | 424032.8 | 5086301.9 |
| GOLLUM | 4556.015 | 130 .815 | 421422 | 5087166.1 |
| HAIRDO | 4556.010 | 130 .839 | 421390.7 | 5087156.8 |
| HELL | 4555.998 | 130 .854 | 421372 | 5087135 |
| HILLOCK | 4555.997 | 130 .842 | 421387 | 5087132.7 |
| HILPHNX | 4555.995 | 130 .839 | 421390.9 | 5087130.4 |
| INFERNO | 4556.013 | 130 .834 | 421397.2 | 5087162.2 |
| LARGETW | 4556.359 | 129 58.915 | 423885.2 | 5087772.1 |
| LIVEWRMS | 4555.359 | 129 59.293 | 423374 | 5085927 |
| MAGNESIA | 4556.774 | 129 59.096 | 423660.7 | 5088544.7 |
| MARSHMALLOW | 4556.022 | 130 .817 | 421420.4 | 5087179 |
| MEDUSA | 4556.001 | 130 .836 | 421394.7 | 5087141.1 |
| MILKY | 4556.707 | 129 59.080 | 423679.4 | 5088419.7 |
| MINISNOW | 4556.557 | 129 59.053 | 423711 | 5088141 |
| Mkr-1 | 4556.022 | 130 00.820 | 421416 | 5087180 |
| Mkr-108 Vent | 4555.719 | 129 58.982 | 423784 | 5086589 |
| Mkr-113 Vent | 4555.356 | 129 59.296 | 423370 | 5085922 |
| Mkr-2 | 4555.998 | 130 00.838 | 421392 | 5087136 |
| Mkr-21 | 4556.016 | 130 00.815 | 421422 | 5087168 |
| Mkr-33 | 4555.996 | 129 58.935 | 423850.3 | 5087101.1 |
| Mkr-D | 4555.995 | 130 0.836 | 421399 | 5087129 |
| Mkr-L | 4556.000 | 130 00.859 | 421365 | 5087140 |
| Mkr-N1 | 4556.388 | 129 59.045 | 423718 | 5087828 |
| Mkr-N2 | 4556.707 | 129 59.082 | 423679.4 | 5088419.7 |
| Mkr-N3 | 4556.628 | 129 59.112 | 423637 | 5088278 |
| Mkr-N4 | 4556.002 | 129 58.906 | 423888 | 5087111 |
| Mkr-N41 | 4556.173 | 129 58.883 | 423922.4 | 5087428.2 |
| Mkr-N44 | 4556.368 | 129 59.090 | 423658 | 5087792 |
| Mkr-N5 | 4555.627 | 129 51.047 | 434035 | 5086301 |
| Mkr-N6 | 4556.002 | 129 58.896 | 423901 | 5087111 |
| Mkr-N7 | 4556.358 | 129 58.914 | 423886 | 5087774 |
| Mkr-N8 | 4555.992 | 129 58.914 | 423877 | 5087088 |
| Mkr-N9 | 4556.556 | 129 59.054 | 423710 | 5088141 |
| MUSHROOM | 4556.016 | 130 .828 | 421405.3 | 5087167.9 |
| NASCENT | 4556.146 | 129 58.891 | 423911 | 5087378 |
| NEWMOOR | 4555.970 | 129 58.671 | 424191.2 | 5087047.5 |
| OLDWORMS | 4556.703 | 129 58.996 | 423788.8 | 5088410.1 |
| OUZO | 4556.749 | 129 59.081 | 423679.6 | 5088496.8 |
| OXIDE | 4556.727 | 129 59.105 | 423647.9 | 5088456.4 |
| PILLARVENT | 4555.362 | 129 59.125 | 423591 | 5085929.1 |
| PIT | 4556.385 | 129 59.045 | 423718 | 5087823 |
| PORKCHOP | 4555.999 | 130 0.853 | 421373 | 5087136 |
| RAILROAD | 4555.936 | 129 59.022 | 423737.3 | 5086990.7 |
| REALROPE | 4555.953 | 129 58.794 | 424032.4 | 5087018.6 |
| ROOF | 4556.550 | 129 59.069 | 423689.8 | 5088129.1 |
| ROPOS | 4555.997 | 130 .843 | 421386.1 | 5087134.1 |
| RUMBLE | 4555.814 | 129 59.038 | 423713 | 5086766 |
| SLEDMOOR | 4555.985 | 129 58.685 | 424173.1 | 5087075.8 |
| SNAIL | 4555.990 | 129 58.913 | 423878.6 | 5087089.7 |
| SNOW | 4555.627 | 129 58.947 | 423827 | 5086417 |
| SNOWBLOWER | 4556.392 | 129 59.044 | 423719 | 5087835 |
| STEVEMOUND | 4555.995 | 130 .805 | 421434.8 | 5087128.6 |
| STRTEX | 4556.504 | 129 59.070 | 423688 | 5088043 |
| STYX | 4555.997 | 130 .822 | 421412.2 | 5087132.2 |
| SULFIDE | 4555.570 | 129 58.796 | 424021 | 5086309 |
| THEPIT | 4556.385 | 129 59.045 | 423718.2 | 5087823.2 |
| TOMBSTONE | 4555.769 | 130 0.680 | 421590 | 5086597 |
| TUNNICLIFF | 4556.020 | 130 .949 | 421248.7 | 5087178 |
| VIRGDAUT | 4556.025 | 130 .804 | 421436 | 5087184 |
| VIRGIN | 4556.019 | 130 .809 | 421430 | 5087174 |
| VSM1F | 4556.188 | 129 59.001 | 423770.2 | 5087457.8 |
| WHITE | 4556.024 | 130 .818 | 421419 | 5087182.9 |
| North Rift Zone Transponder Net | ||||
| 91VENT | 46 2.316 | 130 0.745 | 421661.4 | 5098834.3 |
| 98 E1 | 46 1.156 | 130 1.059 | 421228 | 5096691 |
| 98 E2 | 46 1.181 | 130 1.215 | 421027.9 | 5096739.8 |
| 98 E3 | 46 1.188 | 130 1.283 | 420940 | 5096755 |
| 98 E4 | 46. 1.211 | 130 1.462 | 420710 | 5096800 |
| BOB | 46 2.335 | 130 0.770 | 421629.2 | 5098870.2 |
| CLAMBED | 46 2.331 | 130 0.801 | 421581.7 | 5098862.6 |
| CLAMMAX | 46 2.336 | 130 0.783 | 421612.9 | 5098871.7 |
| RIFT1 | 46 1.177 | 130 1.228 | 421010.5 | 5096833.2 |
| SHEPHERD | 4559.394 | 130 1.601 | 420486.4 | 5093373.6 |
| SOCASM | 4559.322 | 130 1.575 | 420518.6 | 5093304.6 |
| South Rift Zone Transponder Net | ||||
| ANOM | 4552.151 | 129 59.131 | 423509.6 | 5079985.2 |
| CTD1 | 4555.205 | 129 59.030 | 423710.6 | 5085638.9 |
| S CONTACT2 | 4552.142 | 130 0.464 | 421785.7 | 5079989.9 |
| TOPLAVA | 4552.188 | 129 59.298 | 423294.4 | 5080055.9 |
9.4 NeMO Observatory Instruments in Place September '98
-129.9842 45.9329 98V103 Mooring
-129.9830 45.9420 97T41 Mooring
-129.9870 45.9250 97T42 Mooring
-129.9821 45.9332 Temperature Probe
-129.9818 45.9334 Temperature Probe
-129.9882 45.9227 Temperature Probe
-129.9815 45.9360 Temperature Probe
-130.0136 45.9333 Temperature Probe
-130.0136 45.9336 Temperature Probe
-130.0135 45.9337 Temperature Probe
-130.0140 45.9336 Temperature Probe
-130.0263 45.9887 Temperature Probe
-129.9847 45.9451 Osmosampler
-129.9822 45.9332 Osmosampler
-129.9822 45.9332 Time Lapse Camera
-129.9834 45.9365 Rumbleometer Deployed 98
-130.0000 45.9567 Rumbleometer Recovered 98
-129.9840 45.9302 Rumbleometer Stuck in 98 Lava Flow
-129.9550 45.8850 OBS6
-130.2283 45.9067 OBS7
-130.1250 45.8500 OBS8
-129.9167 45.9333 OBS9
-129.8150 45.8950 OBS10
-130.0333 45.9467 OBS11
-130.1283 45.9517 OBS12
-130.0167 46.0167 OBS13
-130.0283 45.9833 OBS14
-129.9767 45.9767 OBS15
-129.9850 46.0750 OBS16
-129.9167 46.0300 OBS17
-130.0617 46.0500 OBS18
-130.9133 46.1200 OBS19
-130.1850 46.0667 OBS20
-129.8200 46.0267 OBS21
-130.0383 45.8917 OBS22
-129.9967 45.8183 OBS23
-130.0133 46.1283 OBS24
-129.9807 45.9452 OBH1
-129.9758 45.9400 OBH2
-129.9817 45.9408 OBH3
-129.9708 45.9417 OBH4
-129.9825 45.9363 OBH5
10.0 NeMO'98 OPERATIONS - ROPOS DIVES R460 - R480
10.1 ROPOS Dive Locations and Dates
| Dive # | Date | Location |
| R460 | JD 240-241
Aug 28-29 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Mkrs N3, 33; Milky, The Pit, Cloud Vents |
| R461 | JD 241-243
Aug 29-31 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Rumbleometer; Mkrs 108,33,113; Cloud, Sulfide, Castle, Circular Vents |
| R462 | JD 243 - 244
Aug 31 - Sept 1 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Mkr-33, Cloud Vent |
| R463 | JD 244 - 245
Sept 1 - 2 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Easy, Milky Vents; (+ Imagenex survey) |
| R464 | JD 245
Sept 2 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Oxide, MiniSnow, The Pit, Snail, Mkr-108, Mkr-113, Castle Vents |
| R465 | JD 246
Sept 3 |
South Rift Zone:
reconnaissance survey |
| R466 | JD 247
Sept 4 |
ASHES:
Hell, ROPOS, Hillock/Phoenix, Hairdo and Inferno Vents |
| R467 | JD 248 - 249
Sept 5 - 6 |
North Rift Zone:
Extensometers; Bob Vent: (+Imagenex survey) |
| R468 | JD 250
Sept 7 |
ASHES:
Gollum, Hell, ROPOS, Hillock/Phoenix, Crack Vents |
| R469 | JD 250 - 251
Sept 7 - 8 |
ASHES:
Medusa, Mushroom, Marshmallow, Gollum, Daves Styx and Fe-Hyde Vents; (+Imagenex survey) |
| R470 | JD 251
Sept 8 |
North Rift Zone:
Extensometers |
| R471 | JD 252
Sept 9 |
ASHES:
Gollum, Mushroom, White, Inferno, Hell Vents |
| R472 | JD 252
Sept 9 |
ASHES:
Steve Mound, Hell, Phoenix, Medusa, Inferno Vents |
| R473 | JD 253 - 254
Sept 10 - 11 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Easy, Milky, Roof, The Pit, Snowblower, Mkr-33, Mkr-108, Cloud, Castle Vents; (+Imagenex survey) |
| R474 | JD 255
Sept 12 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
The Pit, Milky Vents; Rumbleometer; Lava Flow Mapping Traverses |
| R475 | Dive aborted | |
| R476 | JD 256 - 257
Sept 13 - 14 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Magnesia, Easy, Old Worms, Milky Vents; Lava flow traverses; (+ Imagenex survey) |
| R477 | JD 258
Sept 15 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Rumbleometer; Mkr-33 Vent |
| R478 | JD 258
Sept 15 |
SE Caldera SRZ:
Mkr-33, Mkr-n4, Cloud, Nascent Vents |
| R479 | JD 259 - 260
Sept 16 - 17 |
Northern traverse along caldera wall:
ASHES: Hell, Virgin, Mushroom, Medusa, Inferno Vents; (+Imagenex survey) |
| R480 | JD 261 - 262
Sept 18 - 19 |
North Rift Zone and Northern Caldera Wall:
Extensometers; CASM (Shepherd?) Vent |
10.2 NeMO'98 Markers/Experiments Deployed and Recovered
(also includes ALVIN 3245-3247 deployments)
| MKRS/EXPERIMENTS | AREA | DEPLOYED (Dive) | RECOVERED (Dive) | COMMENTS |
| Mkr-N2 | Milky Vent | R460 | ||
| Mkr-N3 | South of Milky Vent
North of The Pit |
R460 | ||
| HOBO (borrowed from U. Washington) | Near Cloud Vent and
Mkr-33 |
Alvin dive 3247
7/18/98 |
R460 | |
| Mkr-N6 | Cloud Vent | R460 | ||
| Bacteria Traps
#5,6,7,8 |
Mkr-33 Vent | R461 | R462 Retrieved #7,8
R477 Retrieved #5,6 |
|
| MTR 4130 | Mkr-33 Vent | R461 | Moved R478 | Relocated at Mkr-33
(R478) |
| MTR 0942 | Cloud Vent | R461 | ||
| Mkr-N4 | Cloud Vent | R461 |
| Bacteria Traps
#1,2 |
Cloud Vent | R461 | R462 | |
| VEMCO | Mkr-113 Vent | Alvin dive 3245
7/15/98 |
Moved R461 | Relocated to bottom
of pillar (from top)
during Dive R461 |
| Bacteria Traps
#3,4 |
Mkr-113 Vent | R461 | R464 Retrieved #3 | Bacteria Trap #4
Not retrieved |
| Mkr-N5 | Castle Vent | R461 | ||
| osmosampler | Mkr33 | R462 | R477 | Had HOBO probe |
| Bacteria Traps
#9,10,11,12 |
Mkr-33 | R462 | R477 Retrieved #10,11 | Bacteria Traps
#9,12 Not retrieved |
| Bacteria Trap
#14 |
Mkr-N4 | R462 | Bacteria Trap #14
Not retrieved | |
| Bacteria Traps
#16,18 |
Milky Vent
Mkr-N2 |
R463 | R474 Retrieved #16,18 | |
| Bacteria Trap
#17 |
Easy Vent | R463 | Bacteria Trap #17
Not retrieved | |
| Mkr-N9 | MiniSnow Vent | R464 | ||
| Mkr-N1 | SnowBlower Vent | R464 | ||
| Mkr-N7 | east of The Pit Vent | R464 | ||
| Mkr-N8 | Snail Vent | R464 | ||
| Bacteria Traps
#19,20,21 |
Mkr-113 Vent | R464 | Bacteria Traps
#19,20,21 Not retrieved | |
| Bacteria Traps
#22,23,24 |
Castle Vent | R464 | Bacteria Traps
#22,23,24 Not retrieved | |
| HOBO | Hell Vent (spire) | R466 | R479? | Part of osmosampler package |
| osmosampler | Hell Vent (spire) | R466 | R479 | |
| Bacteria Traps
#25,26 |
Hillock/Phoenix Vent | R466 | Bacteria Traps
#25,26 Not retrieved | |
| Bacteria Traps
#27,28 |
ROPOS Vent | R466 | Bacteria Traps
#27,28 Not retrieved | |
| Mkr-D | east of Hillock/Phoenix Vent | R468 | ||
| MTR | Gollum Vent | R471 | ||
| Bacteria Traps
#??? (3 traps) |
Gollum Vent | R471 | Bacteria Traps
#??? Not retrieved | |
| Bacteria trap
#? (1 trap) |
Mushroom Vent | R471 | Bacteria Trap
#? Not retrieved | |
| Mkr-1 | White Vent | R471 | ||
| Mkr-N41 | south of The Pit Vent
north of rumbleometer |
R474 | ||
| MTR 4126 | Mkr-N41 | R474 |
| Mkr-N44 | west of The Pit Vent | R474 | ||
| osmosampler | Mkr-N2 (Milky Vent) | R474 | ||
| Bacteria Trap
#35 |
Mkr-N2 | R476 | Bacteria Trap #35
Not retrieved | |
| osmosampler
(long-term) |
Mkr-33 | R477 | ||
| Time-Lapse Camera
(long-term) |
Mkr-33 | R478 | ||
| MTR 4108 | Nascent Vent | R478 | ||
| VEMCO 98-1113-214 | Shepherd Vent (CASM area) | R480 | ||
| HOBO 130 | T&S Spires (CASM area) | R480 | ||
| HOBO 137 | Inferno Vent (top) | Alvin 3246 | ||
| VEMCO 98-223 | Inferno Vent (base)
diffuse flow area |
Alvin 3246 | ||
| HOBO 129 | Virgin Mound | Alvin 3246 | ||
| VEMCO | near Crack Vent | Alvin 3246 |
10.3 Sample Types (Total and per Dive)
57 SUAVE scans 13 macrobiological samples 47 Suction Samples:
53 HFS samples 12 microbiological samples 19 microbiological
21 gastight bottles (microbial traps) 8 macrobiological
7 niskins 17 hard samples (geo) 9 macroµbiological
2 misc.fluid samples 11 fluid
R460 R461 R462
4 SUAVE 18 SUAVE 4 micro (bactraps)
2 geo 2 gastights 1 micro (bag creature)
2 fluid 2 macro 1 niskin
3 geo 2 gastights
1 geo
6 suction samples
(3-micro¯o/2-micro/1-fluid)
R463 R464 R465
1 gastight 1 micro (bactrap) 2 geo
1 suction sample (fluid) 2 macro
1 geo
1 niskin
2 gastights
8 suction samples
(2-micro¯o/3-micro/1-fluid)
R466 R467 R468
21 SUAVE 1 geo 7 HFS
2 macro 2 SUAVE 1 SUAVE
2 gastights 1 micro¯o 1 niskin
1 niskin 1 geo
R469 R471 R472
16 HFS 2 macro 1 macro
1 SUAVE 2 gastights 1macro&geo
1 gastight 1 niskin 1 gastight
1 geo 3 suction samples 1 niskin
(2-fluid/1-micro&geo) 1 geo
8 suction samples
(2-micro/2-fluid/4-macro)
R473 R474 R475
18 HFS 2 micro (bactraps) No samples
2 gastights 1 macro
1 niskin 5 suction samples
1 geo (4-micro/1-micro¯o)
8 suction samples
(1-micro¯o)/4-micro/2-macro/1-fluid)
R476 R477 R478
1 geo 4 micro (bactraps) 8 SUAVE
1 geoµ 2 gastights
5 suction samples 5 suction samples
(3-micro/2-fluid) ` (1-micro/2-macro/1-micro¯o/1-fluid)
R479 R480
11 HFS 2 SUAVE
2 gastights 2 gastights
5 suction samples 2 geo
(1-micro/2-macro/1-micro¯o/1-fluid) 1 macro
10.4 ROPOS SAMPLES DIVES R460 - R480
Dive R460 SE Caldera, SRZ
| SAMPLE
NUMBER |
LOCATION | SAMPLE DESCRIPTION | PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR | |
| R460-1 | 423648/5088456 | SUAVE-1 Iron bacterial floc | Massoth | |
| R460-2 | 423682/5088425 | SUAVE-2 Milky Vent at Mkr-N2 | Massoth | |
| R460-3 | 423637/5088274 | SUAVE-3 Vent at Mkr-N3 | Massoth | |
| R460-4 | 423615/5088226 | Basalt glass | J. Chapman | |
| R460-5 | 423717/5087830 | SUAVE-4 The Pit Vent | Massoth | |
| R460-6 | 423902/5087111 | Basalt | J. Chapman | Scott: Chips with attached
bacteria in 3% gluteraldehyde (for G. Ferris) |
| R460-7 | Water from port Biobox | Tsurumi | ||
| R460-8 | Water from stbd Biobox | Tsurumi |
Dive R461 SE Caldera, SRZ
| R461-1 | 423860/5087096 | SUAVE -1 at Mkr-33 Vent site | Massoth | |
| R461-2 | " | SUAVE-2 at Mkr-33 Vent site | Massoth | |
| R461-3 | " | SUAVE -3 at Mkr-33 Vent site | Massoth | |
| R461-4 | " | Gas tight bottle #2 in venting crack at Mkr-33 | Evans | Geunther & Butterfield:
compromised water samples
Lilley: half of gas ampoules |
| R461-5 | " | Gas tight bottle #5 in venting crack at Mkr-33 | Evans | Geunther & Butterfield:
compromised water samples
Lilley: half of gas ampoules |
| R461-6 | " | SUAVE -4 at GTB location | Massoth | |
| R461-7 | " | SUAVE -5 at mat 30 cm from the bag creature | Massoth | |
| R461-8 | " | SUAVE -6 at bag creature | Massoth | |
| R461-9 | " | SUAVE -7 at little bag creature further from the sub than little bag creature | Massoth | |
| R461-10 | 423901/5087111 | SUAVE -8 in cloud vent at Mkr-N6 | Massoth | |
| R461-11 | 423888/5087110 | SUAVE-9 10 m west of Mkr-N6, at Mkr-N4 | Massoth | |
| R461-12 | 423783/5086590 | SUAVE-10 at Mkr-108 | Massoth | |
| R461-13 | 423374/5085927 | SUAVE-11 at Mkr-113, Axial Gardens, at top of pillar | Massoth | |
| R461-14 | 423374/5085927 | SUAVE -12 at Mkr-113, where VEMCO was | Massoth | |
| R461-15 | 423374/5085927 | Biosample, tube worms at Mkr-113 (where SUAVE #12 was), starboard side of biobox - a bit in port side | Tunnicliffe | |
| R461-16 | 423374/5085927 | Rock sample at Mkr-113 - fell accidentally into biobox when tube worms sampled (R461-15) | J. Chadwick | Scott: chips of glass with
biofilm for G. Ferris/
Kaye |
| R461-17 | 423374/5085927 | SUAVE-13 at base of Mkr-113 lava pillar, place where Moyer's traps #3 & 4 deployed |
Massoth |
|
| R461-18 | 423382/5085916 | SUAVE-14, Mkr-113 | Massoth | |
| R461-19 | " | Sample of dying tube worms at Mkr-113, kept in Pacman until surface | Tsurumi | |
| R461-20 | 423887/5086283 | SUAVE-15 - Circular Vent | Massoth | |
| R461-21 | 424026/5086305 | SUAVE-16 - at base of Sulfide Vent | Massoth | |
| R461-22 | 424030/5086304 | SUAVE-17 - in tubeworms at sulphide deposit | Massoth | |
| R461-23 | 424048/5086303 | SUAVE-18 - in tubeworms at Castle Vent | Massoth | |
| R461-24 | 424033/5086409 | Older lava sample from "contact" point (#1), in port side of biobox | J. Chadwick | Scott: scrapings and
chips of glass with biofilm for G. Ferris |
| R461-25 | no fixes but nearby R461-24 | Younger lava sample from "contact" point (#1), in port side of biobox | J. Chadwick |
Dive R462 SE Caldera, SRZ
| R462-1 | 423858/5087102 | Suction Sampler, Bottle #1, fluid from Mkr-33 | Butterfield | Huber and Kaye |
| R462-2 | " | Suction Sampler, Bottle #7, mat and worms from Mkr-33 | Juniper/
Moyer |
Ö |
| R462-3 | " | Suction Sampler, Bottle #6, mat and worms from Mkr-33 | Juniper/
Moyer |
Ö |
| R462-4 | " | Suction Sampler, Bottle #5, white mat and polynoids | Juniper | Ö |
| R462-5 | " | ATTEMPTED Suction Sampler, Bottle #4, white mat and "bag creature" | Juniper | |
| R462-6 | 423852/5087098 | ATTEMPTED suction sampler, bottle #3, white mat NEAR bag creature | Juniper | |
| R462-7 | " | Bacteria trap #7 from Mkr-33 to port bio box. Trap was deployed for 48 hours. | Moyer | Ö |
| R462-8 | " | Bacteria trap #8 to Mkr-33 port bio box. Trap was deployed for 48 hours. | Moyer | Ö |
| R462-9 | 423852/5087098 | Bag creatures sampled with pac man, most of them floated off and did not end up in the bio box, but some small pieces may still be there. | ||
| R462-10 | 423897/5087117 | Bacteria trap sample #2 from Cloud Vent, Mkr-N4, down in hole with gray smoke. Trap was in vent for 48 hours. | Moyer | Ö |
| R462-11 | " | Bacteria trap sample #1 from Cloud Vent, Mkr-N4, down in hole with gray smoke. Trap was in vent for 48 hours. | Moyer | Ö |
| R462-12 | 423899/5087110 | Niskin bottle at Cloud Vent, Mkr-N6, in area of super high gray smokey flow. | Kaye /Huber
Butterfield/ Gendron |
|
| R462-13 | " | Gas tight bottle #2 filled with fluid from high flow at Mkr-N6. | Evans | |
| R462-14 | " | Gas tight bottle #7 filled with fluid from high flow at Mkr-N6 | Evans | |
| R462-15 | 423890/5087111 | Basalt sample from Cloud Vent, Mkr-N4 | J. Chadwick |
Dive R463 SE Caldera, SRZ
| R463-1 | 423678/5088420 | Milk vent, Gas tight sample taken in bottle #6 on stbd arm | Evans | |
| R463-2 | 423678/5088420 | Milk vent, Suction sample of water, into bottle #8 | Butterfield/
Kaye/Huber |
Dive R464 SE Caldera, SRZ
| R464-1 | 423628/5088455 | Suction sample, small bottle #4, at Oxide Vent??- orange and white material | Moyer/Juniper | Ö |
| R464-2 | 423706/5088143 | Suction sample, large bottle #18, at Mini Snow, Mkr-N9 -diffuse flow with white flocs | Butterfield/
Kaye/Huber/ Moyer |
Ö |
| R464-3 | 423706/5088143 | Suction sample, small bottle #1, at Mini Snow, Mkr-N9 - white bacterial mat | Moyer/Juniper | Ö |
| R464-4 | 423722/5087835 | Suction sample, large bottle #12, at Snow Blower Vent near Mkr-N1 - diffuse flow with white flocs | Butterfield/
Kaye/Huber/ Moyer |
Gendron Ö |
| R464-5 | 423722/5087835 | Suction sample, small bottle #2A, at Snow Blower Vent near Mkr-N1- white flocs | Juniper/Moyer | Ö |
| R464-6 | 423878/5087086 | Suction sample, small bottle #0, at Snail- snails and bacterial mat | Juniper | |
| R464-7 | 423784/5086592 | Suction sample, small bottle #2B, at Mkr-108 - scale worms and bacterial mat, aborted - NO SAMPLE | ||
| R464-8 | 423373/5085933 | Bacteria trap#3 at Mkr-113, in starboard side of biobox | Moyer | Ö |
| R464-9 | 423377/5085935 | dead or dying tube worms, Mkr-113 area into port bio box | Tsurumi | |
| R464-10 | 424032/5086297 | base of Castle Vent spire | Scott | Kaye,/
Moyer Ö |
| R464-11 | 424032/5086297 | Niskin sample of seawater adjacent to buoyant plume above Castle Vent spire | McLaughlin-West/Kaye/
Huber/ Butterfield |
|
| R464-12 | 424032/5086297 | 2 gas tights, one in fluid from the decapitated base of Castle Vent, (port, GTB #5) one in seawater about 17" away (stbd, GTB#2) | Evans | |
| R464-13 | 424032/5086297 | Suction sample, large canister #1 | Butterfield/
Huber/Kaye |
Kaye |
| R464-14 | 424041/5086304 | Biosample, tube worm grab with claw from Flat Top
at Mkr-N5 |
Tsurumi |
Dive R465 SRZ Reconnaissance Survey
| R465-1 | 4552.16'
12959.17' |
basalt, wedge/trapezoid shape, orange stripe inner surface, step in side, port biobox | J.Chadwick/
M. Perfit |
|
| R465-2 | 4552.17'
12959.182' |
flow structure, in port biobox, long, bonelike, glass, yellow stuff | J. Chadwick/
Mike Perfit |
.Dive R466 ASHES
| R466-1 | 421373/5087130 | Sulfide worms and sulfide from top of spire at Hell Vent. | Juniper | Kaye |
| R466-2 | 421367/5087140 | SUAVE #1 at top of clump of tube worms 1 m north of Hell Vent. | Massoth/
Tunnicliffe |
|
| R466-3 | 421367/5087140 | Entire clump of tube worms and associated biota at Hell Vent. | Tunnicliffe/ Marcus | Kaye/
Levesque |
| R466-4 | 421367/5087140 | SUAVE #2 scan of hole left by sampling tube worm bush | Massoth | |
| R466-5 | 421393/5087132 | SUAVE #3 at Phoenix Vent where glass wool traps were deployed. | Massoth/
Moyer |
|
| R466-6 | 421386/5087134 | SUAVE #4 ROPOS Vent where glass wool traps were deployed. | Massoth/
Moyer |
|
| R466-7 | 421391/5087156 | SUAVE #5 in worms at the top of Hairdo Vent. | Massoth/
Tunnicliffe |
|
| R466-8 | 421391/5087156 | Biosample of a clump of worms at Hairdo Vent. | Tunnicliffe/
Marcus |
Kaye/
Levesque |
| R466-9 | 421391/5087156 | SUAVE #6 at base of Hairdo Vent after the clump of organisms were removed. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-10 | 421389/5087137 | SUAVE #7 at the base of Phoenix below the worms. Site #1. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-11 | 421389/5087137 | SUAVE #8 at the base of Phoenix on sulfide worms. Site #1. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-12 | 421389/5087137 | SUAVE #9 slightly higher up on the same piece of sulfide as above. Site #1. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-13 | 421389/5087137 | SUAVE #10 at the base of Phoenix on sulfide worms. Site #1. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-14 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #11 at base of Phoenix. In area of no fauna. Site #2. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-15 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #12. On two sulfide worms at base of Phoenix. Site #2. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-16 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #13 of sulfide worms at base of Phoenix. Site #3. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-17 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #14. Same. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-18 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #15. Same. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-19 | 421388/5087135 | SUAVE #16. Same. Aborted midway through because of power failure to ROPOS. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-20 | Bad fix | SUAVE #17 at Inferno Vent. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-21 | Bad fix | Gas Tight #6 at Inferno Vent at top of black beehive spire on south side, hdg 350, near VEMCO. | Lupton/
Evans |
|
| R466-22 | 421395/5087162 | Gas Tight #7 at Inferno Vent at top of black beehive spire on south side, hdg 350, near VEMCO. | Lupton/
Evans |
|
| R466-23 | 421373/5087136 | SUAVE #18 at Hell Vent of sulfide worms. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-24 | 421373/5087136 | SUAVE #19 at Hell at back of Porkchop near sulfide worms again. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-25 | 421373/5087136 | SUAVE #20 at Hell at bone of Porkchop near sulfide and palm worms. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-26 | 421373/5087136 | SUAVE #21 at Hell in group of palm worms. | Massoth/
Juniper |
|
| R466-27 | 421375/5087135 | Niskin at Hell in buoyant plume at top of triple chimney, top of chimney at 1542 m. | McLaughlin-West/
Gendron/ Kaye/ Butterfield |
Dive R467 NRZ
| SAMPLE
NUMBER |
TIME | LOCATION | SAMPLE DESCRIPTION | PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR |
SUB-SAMP |
| R467-1 | 1629 | 421330/5096637 | Old basalts for dating from elevator drop site. | J.Chadwick/
M. Perfit |
|
| R467-2 | 0357 | 421602/5098870 | SUAVE-1 at vent with no visible flow. Some bacterial mats, a few scraggly tube worms, some gastropods. First vent we found. | Massoth | |
| R467-3 | 0500 | 421629/5098870 | SUAVE #2 at low flow vent with orange and white bacterial mats, tube worms, lots of gastropods, and some polynoids. Considered to be the same as 91 Vent from Sonne cruise, now called "Bob Vent". | Massoth/
Tunnicliffe |
|
| R467-4 | 0517 | 421629/5098870 | Biosample of mat, tube worms, bacteria at SUAVE #2 site - Bob Vent. | Tunnicliffe/
J. Chadwick/ E Moyer |
Ö |
Dive R468 ASHES
| R468-1 | 0252 | 421417/5087167 | HFS-1 at Gollum 2 #10 piston | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R468-2 | 0334 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-2 at Crack Vent piston #8 for gas | Butterfield | Evans |
| R468-3 | 0342 | 421426/5087135 | SUAVE-1 at Crack Vent | Massoth | |
| R468-4 | 0344 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-3 at Crack Vent. Filter #16 only. | Huber | |
| R468-5 | 0350 | 421426/5087135 | GTB #7 (stbd side) T = 40C. Crack Vent | Evans | |
| R468-6 | 0401 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-4 Bag sample #7. High-T sample.
No filter. Crack Vent |
Butterfield | Kaye |
| R468-7 | 0403 | 421426/5087135 | GTB #6. T = 170C. At Crack Vent. | Evans | |
| R468-8 | 0405 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-4 #12 piston sample. Crack Vent. | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R468-9 | 0414 | 421426/5087135 | HFS-5 #13 piston sample. Crack Vent. | Butterfield | |
| R468-10 | 0436 | 421397/5087127 | HFS-6 Bag #3. Background water sample without filter between Hillock/Phoenix and Hell Vents. T = 2.5C | Kaye/Huber | |
| R468-11 | 0444 | No fixes | Niskin sample taken ~1 m above active Hell Vent in plume | Gendron | |
| R468-12 | 0458 | No fixes | Stump and base of active vent at ROPOS | Jonnasson | Scott |
Dive R469 ASHES
| R469-1 | 1831 | 421422/5087178 | Fluid Sampler Piston #13, diffuse flow-aborted
Worked at later time Marshmallow Vent |
Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-2 | 1546 | 421422/5087178 | SUAVE #1 at fluid sampler collection site
Marshmallow Vent |
Massoth | |
| R469-3 | 1836 | 421422/5087178 | Fluid Sampler Piston #12, diffuse flow-aborted Marshmallow Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-4 | 1849 | 421422/5087178 | Fluid sampler Bag #7, diffuse flow, Marshmallow Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-5 | 1900 | 421422/5087178 | Fluid sampler #16 Filters only, diffuse flow, Marshmallow Vent | Huber | |
| R469-6 | 1546 | 421422/5087178 | Starboard gas tight bottle #5, diffuse flow
Marshmallow Vent |
Evans | |
| R469-7 | 1546 | 421404/5087167 | Fluid sampler #11, Bubbler #2 diffuse flow, W face of Mushroom Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-8 | 2132 | 421404/5087167 | Fluid Sampler #17, filter set, Bubbler #2 diffuse flow, W face of Mushroom | Huber | |
| R469-9 | 2232 | 421427/5087165 | Fluid Sampler Bag #6 (filtered) at Gollum Vent in the worms. | Butterfield | |
| R469-10 | 2245 | 421427/5087165 | Fluid Sampler #18 Filter set, Gollum Vent | Huber | |
| R469-11 | 2254 | 421427/5087165 | Fluid Sampler #9, Gas piston, T1 = 7 Gollum Vent | Evans | |
| R469-12 | 2352 | 421412/5087132 | Fluid sampler bag #2 at Styx Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-13 | JD251 0000 | 421412/5087132 | Fluid piston sampler #10 at Styx Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-14 | 0013 | 421412/5087132 | Port side gas tight at Styx Vent | Evans | |
| R469-15 | 0033 | 421409/5087159 | Fluid sample bag # 23 at Daves Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-16 | 0048 | 421409/5087159 | Fluid sample bag # 24 at Daves Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-17 | 0051 | 421409/5087159 | Fluid sample bag #3 at Daves Vent | Butterfield | Kaye |
| R469-18 | 0115 | 421394/5087141 | Fluid sample bag #4 at Medusa Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-19 | 0132 | 421394/5087141 | Fluid sample bag#5 at Medusa Vent | Butterfield | |
| R469-20 | 0155 | 421406/5087100 | Iron oxyhydroxide from Fe-Hyde site on the south fringe of ASHES | Juniper/
Scott |
Dive R470 No Samples
Dive R471 ASHES
| R471-1 | 0258 | 421422/5087168 | Suction sample of water from Gollum into jar #1 | Juniper | Juniper |
| R471-2 | 0318 |
" |
Suction sample of water from Gollum into jar #2 | Juniper | Juniper |
| R471-3 | 0359 | " | Tube worm clump from Gollum into port side of biobox | Tsurumi/
Marcus |
Juniper/
J.Chadwick |
| R471-4 | 0456 | 421420/5087166 | Suction sample of white mat on rock ~1 m from trap deployment into jar #8. Also chips of basalt glass. | Moyer | J. Chadwick/
Tunnicliffe |
| R471-5 | 0616 | 421402/5087168 | Gastight sampler # 6 Mushroom Vent | Evans | M. Lilley/
D. Butterfield |
| R471-6 | 0616 | 421416/5087180 | Tube worms at mkr I ~1 m west of
White Vent |
Marcus/
Tsurumi |
Ö |
| R471-7 | 0650 | 421395/5087163 | Gastight sampler #7 Inferno Vent | Evans | M.Lilley/
D. Butterfield |
| R471-8 | 0733 | 421376/5087146 | Niskin sample on port side about 5 m above Hell Vent | Gendron | D. Butterfield |
Dive R472 ASHES
| R472-1 | 1349 | 421395/5087142 | Suction Sample Jar #1; particulate organic matter | Juniper | Juniper |
| R472-2 | 1411 | 421395/5087142 | Suction Sample Jar #2; sulfide worms | Juniper | Juniper |
| R472-3 | 1424 | 421397/5087141 | Using pacman to grab rock and animal sample Port side of bio box | Tunnicliffe | Juniper/Kaye/
J. Chadwick |
| R472-4 | 1451 | 421395/5087165 | Suction Sample Jar #3; sulfide worms at base of Inferno Vent | Juniper | Tunnicliffe/
Juniper |
| R472-5 | 1517 | 421374/5087135 | Suction Sampler Jar #4; sulfide worms at southwest base of Hell Vent | Juniper | Juniper/Kaye |
| R472-6 | 1606 | 421374/5087138 | Worms and flange from Hell into starboard biobox | Juniper | Tunnicliffe/
Juniper/ Moyer/ Kaye |
| R472-7 | 1636 | 421390/5087134 | Suction Sample Jar #5; sulfide worms at Phoenix Vent | Juniper | Tunnicliffe/
Juniper |
| R472-8 | 1652 | 421382/5087135 | Suction Sample Jar #6; background seawater near Phoenix Vent, about 1 m off floor | Kaye/Huber | |
| R472-9 | 1707 | 421373/5087138 | Suction Sample Jar #7; diffuse flow from clump of tube worms just north of Hell Vent | Kaye/Huber | Butterfield |
| R472-10 | 1732 | 421373/5087138 | Gas tight bottle #5; starboard side at same site for suction | Evans | M. Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R472-11 | 1759 | 421375/5087130 | Pacman grab of iron oxide mound at Steve Mound, near Crack Vent | Scott | |
| R472-12 | 1857 | 421421/508714 | Suction Sampler #8; orange yellow mat; oxide mounds just south of Gollum (202 Nytex) | Moyer | Scott |
| R472-13 | 1948 | 421371/5087133 | 5 liter, right side Niskin bottle meters above Hell Vent | Gendron/
McLaughlin |
Roe/Guenther |
Dive R473 SE Caldera SRZ
| R473-1 | 1805 | 423679/5088458 | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Bag #2 with filter | Butterfield | filter lost during dive |
| R473-2 | 1815 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Filter #1 Sterivex filter only | Moyer | |
| R473-3 | 1841 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Piston #10 | Butterfield | McLaughlin/
Kaye/ Huber |
| R473-4 | 1900 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Filter Set #16 (3 µm and .22 µm Sterivex) | Huber | |
| R473-5 | 1912 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Easy Vent; Gas Piston #8 | Butterfield/
Evans |
M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R473-6 | 1932 | 423674/5088454 | Suction Sample at Easy Vent; Jar #6 with 64 µm mesh; polynoids and white mat | Tunnicliffe/
Marcus/ Juniper |
Juniper |
| R473-7 | 2026 | 423686/5088421 | Suction Sample at Milky Vent; Jar #1 with 20 µm mesh; white bacterial mat | Moyer | |
| R473-8 | 2153 | 423677/5088120 | Fluid Sample at Roof Vent; Bag #4 with filter | Butterfield | Guenther
filter B4 to Gendron |
| R473-9 | 2201 | "/" | Gas tight bottle #6 at Roof Vent | Evans | M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R473-10 | 2203 | "/" | Fluid Sample at Roof Vent; Bag #3 without filter | Butterfield/
Kaye/Huber |
McLaughlin |
| R473-11 | 2340 | 423718,5087823 | Suction sample of floc from Snowblower Vent (at the Pit), into bottle #5 | Moyer | |
| R473-12 | 0001 | 423718/5087823 | Fluid Sample; Snowblower Vent; Bag #5 with filter, ~700ml | Butterfield | McLaughlin/
Guenther filter B3 to Gendron |
| R473-13 | 0256 | 423852/5087097 | HFS sample at Mkr 33, piston #11 at
Mkr-33 |
Butterfield | McLaughlin/
Kaye/Huber |
| R473-14 | 0317 | " | HFS filter sample set #17 at Mkr-33 | Huber | |
| R473-15 | 0345? | " | HFS filtered water sample at same place as -14
bag 24 |
Butterfield | filter lost
during dive |
| R473-16 | 0429 | 423851/5087104 | Suction sample of bag creatures and white mat ~1 m NE from -13 to -15; bottle #18 | Juniper | Juniper |
| R473-17 | 0448 | 423854/5087099 | White mat from within the Mkr-33 Vent with the suction sampler | Moyer |
|
| R473-18 | 0513 | " | Suction sample of scale worms and polychaetes at Mkr-33 Vent ; bottle #7 | Marcus | Juniper |
| R473-19 | 0627 | 423903/5087108 | HFS water sample at Cloud Vent (Mkr-N4)
bag sample with a filter, number 23 |
Butterfield | McLaughlin/
filter B7 to Gendron |
| R473-20 | 0633 | 423903/5087108 | Suction Sample at Cloud Vent, jar 4 | Moyer | |
| R473-21 | 0755 | 423786/5086590 | Suction Sample at Marker-108 jar 8
bio worms |
Tunnicliffe/
Marcus/ Juniper |
Juniper |
| R473-22 | 0840 | 423786/5086593 | HFS samples at Marker-108
Piston 12 ~12 degrees C |
Butterfield | McLaughlin/
Huber/Kaye |
| R473-23 | 0855 | " | HFS bag with filter #6, Mkr-108 | Butterfield | filter lost |
| R473-24 | 1038 | 424022/5086306 | HFS sampler, Piston sample #13 at about 260 at Castle Vent | Butterfield | Huber/Kaye |
| R473-25 | 1050 | " | HFS sampler, Gas Piston Sample #9 at same site | Butterfield | Evans/Lilley
Butterfield |
| R473-26 | 1053 | " | HFS sampler, Bag Sample #7, same place | Butterfield | Huber/Kaye/
Guenther |
| R473-27 | 1100 | " | HFS sampler, Filter #18, same place | Huber | |
| R473-28 | 1129 | " | Niskin, 1518, about 3 meters above | Gendron | Roe/
Guenther |
| R473-29 | 1131 | " | Mature sulfide spire, in Pacman claw | Scott | Kaye |
| R473-30 | 0311 | 423852/5087097 | Gas tight bottle sample taken at Mkr-33
(note: sample number not in time order) |
Evans |
Dive R474 SE Caldera SRZ
| R474-1 | 0823 | 423703/5087066 | Slurp Bottle #5, shit trails, some yellow mat | Juniper | No
Sub- sample info. |
| R474-2 | 0933 | 424177/5087075 | Slurp Jar #3, background sediment | Juniper | |
| R474-3 | 1111 | 423922/5087428 | Slurp jar #7, new baby tube worms and mat near Mkr-N41. Stopped and flushed tube worms out of sample tube into the flushing jar. Returned to jar #7 and sample some mat | Juniper/
Tsurumi |
|
| R474-4 | 1234 | 423659/5087792 | Slurp jar #4. Slurping 10-12 cm patch of yellow/orange
mat. West-southwest (50-60 meters) of Pit. Hdg 075.
Deploying Mkr-N44. |
Juniper | |
| R474-5 | 1320 | 423837/5088089 | Slurping into jar #8. Slurping red material on new lava. | Juniper | |
| R474-6 | 1435 | 423682/5088431 | Found Moyer's glass trap #16. Placing it in starboard side of the biobox | Moyer | |
| R474-7 | 1515 | 423679/5088420 | Recovered glass trap #18. Placing it in starboard side of the biobox | Moyer | |
| R474-8 | 1435-1515 | 423679/5088420 | Polynoid (1) that swam into port side biobox, Mkr-N2 | Marcus |
Dive R475 Aborted
Dive R476 SE Caldera SRZ
| R476-1 | 1537 | 423678/5088411 | White bacterial mat; suction sampling in jar # 5; close to Milky Vent | Juniper | |
| R476-2 | 1553 | 423678/5088411 | Rock sample from Milky Vent; 7-function arm; in port side of biobox | ||
| R476-3 | 1628 | 423785/5088416 | Old tube worms with extensive filamentous bacteria growing on the tubes; into starboard side of biobox; at Old Worm, Hdg 111 | Tsurumi/
Tunnicliffe |
|
| R476-4 | 1638 | 423785/5088416 | Low flow water sample at Old Worms; suction sampler (jar # 4); Hdg 108. Slurping at low speed for 6 min. | Butterfield | Huber/Kaye/
McLaughlin/ Guenther |
| R476-5 | 1703 | 423670/5088477 | Flat piece of mat-covered basalt, north of Milky/Easy Vents; sampled with 7-function arm into port side of biobox; Hdg 342 | ||
| R476-6 | 1717 | 423670/5088477 | Suction sample of orange mat; in jar # 6; slurped for 13 min; North of Milky/Easy Vents; Hdg 342 | Moyer | Juniper |
| R476-7 | 1810 | 423661/5088545 | Suction sample of water at Magnesia Vent; slowly pumping into sample jar # 3 | Butterfield | Huber/Kaye/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R476-8 | 1817 | 423661/5088545 | Gas tight sample at Magnesia Vent; bottle #5, port side; Hdg 255 | Evans | M. Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R476-9 | 1537
& 1717 |
423678/5088411
or 423670/5088477 |
Fauna from flushing bottle from suction sampler | Tunnicliffe |
Dive R477 SE Caldera SRZ
| R477-1 | 0514 | 423853,5087097 | Bacteria trap #10 at Mkr-33 | Moyer | no sub-
sampling info |
| R477-2 | " | " | Bacteria trap #11 at Mkr-33 | Moyer | |
| R477-3 | " | " | Bacteria trap #5 at Mkr-33 | Moyer | |
| R477-4 | " | " | Bacteria trap #6 at Mkr-33 | Moyer | |
| R477-5 | 0544 | " | OSMO sampler (short term) | Wheat |
Dive R478 SE Caldera SRZ
| R478-1 | 1627 | 423856/5087095 | SUAVE #1 at Mkr-33 near MTR | Massoth | no sub-
sample info |
| R478-2 | 1659 | 423852/5087095 | SUAVE #2 at Mkr-33 near osmosampler | Massoth | |
| R478-3 | 1710 | 423852/5087095 | Starboard gas tight bottle #6 | Evans | |
| R478-4 | 1736 | 423836/5087092 | SUAVE #3 southwest of Mkr-33 at crack | Massoth | |
| R478-5 | 1813 | 423901/5087115 | SUAVE #4 at edge of Cloud Vent | Massoth | |
| R478-6 | 1917 | 423910/5087380 | SUAVE #5 at tube worm clump, Nascent | Massoth | |
| R478-7 | 1923 | 423910/5087380 | Gastight bottle #2 (port) tripped at\ Nascent Vent | Evans | |
| R478-8 | 1942 | 423910/5087380 | Tube worm grab to starboard side bio box at Nascnt Vent | Tunnicliffe | |
| R478-9 | 2009 | 423913/5087406 | SUAVE #6 at Mkr-N41 where tube worms were collected | Massoth | |
| R478-10 | 2036 | 423897/5087455 | SUAVE #7 at hole next to old tube worm clump just North of Mkr-N41 | Massoth | |
| R478-11 | 2052 | 423897/5087455 | Tube worm grab to port bio box | Tunnicliffe | |
| R478-12 | 2149 | 423890/5087771 | SUAVE #8 at big tube worm site max T = 16C | Massoth | |
| R478-13 | 2209 | 423890/5087771 | Tube worm grab where SUAVE #8 was, in port claw, will stay there for the ride up | Tunnicliffe |
Dive R479 Traverse north along caldera wall to ASHES
| R479-1 | 0838 | 421634/5086592 | Suction Sampler jar 18 of iron oxide little chimneys with white bacterial mat | Scott/
Juniper |
|
| R479-2 | 0928 | 421590/5086597 | HFS Bag sample #7 with a filter, Tave = ~19 deg C at intake, south of ASHES | Butterfield | Guenther/
Gendron/ McLaughlin |
| R479-3 | 1131 | 421373/5087132 | Piston #10, Tmax =26 deg C, at Porkchop
1139 Probe tip drifted out of hot fluid. 1142 Replaced in hot water new Tmax = 51 deg C. |
Butterfield | Kaye/Huber/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R479-4 | 1150 | "/" | Filter #16, Porkchop, same place as above, Tave=30 C, about 1L, 8cycles | Huber | |
| R479-5 | 1202 | "/" | Sample Bag/Filter combo #6, Porkchop, same location as above, Tave =?C, temp varying greatly | Butterfield | Gendron/
Guenther |
| R479-6 | 1305 | 421368/5087137 | Piston #13, Top of Hell, max T 270, 42 on the back probe. Sample fluid smoking out of red chalcopyrite. Sample appears to be cloudy. | Butterfield | Kaye/ Huber/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R479-7 | 1315 | "/" | Filter #17, Hell , same place as above, Tmax = 270 C, about 400mL, 3 cycles. At 1353, filtered an additional 100mL (one cycle) | Huber | |
| R479-8 | 1340 | "/" | Sample Bag/Filter combo #23, Hell Vent, another chimney, hdg 085, Tmax = 294 C, T2 58C, | Butterfield | Kaye/ Hubert/
Guenther/ Gendron |
| R479-9 | 1340 | "/" | Gastight sample, portside GTB #5, Hell, same location at R479-8, Tmax = 293 deg C, same location at R479-8 | Evans | M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R479-10 | 1439 | 421393/5087163 | Piston #11, Inferno, Hdg 246, near top, facing SW Tmax = 291 deg, 22 on the back probe (T2). | Butterfield | Kaye/ Huber/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R479-11 | 1542 | 421432/5087175 | Gas tight bottle, starboard side GTB #7 at Virgin; Max T 258 C | Evans | M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R479-12 | 1542 | "/" | Piston #12 at Virgin; Max T 261 C | Butterfield | |
| R479-13 | 1613 | variable | Filter Set # 18; background seawater in ASHES | Huber | |
| R479-14 | 1631 | 421403/5087167 | Bag #4 with filter; at Mushroom; Max T 179C | Butterfield | Gendron/
Guenther/ McLaughlin |
| R479-15 | 1707 | 421394/5087138 | Suction Sample Bottle #4 at Medusa; Diffuse flow from rock | Kaye/Huber/
Butterfield |
|
| R479-16 | 1723 | "/" | Suction Sample Bottle #2 of sulfide and palm worms and mat at Medusa; and begin suctioning bottle #7 at Medusa | Juniper | Kaye |
| R479-17 | 1808 | 421375/5087135 | Suction Sample Bottles #3 of sulfide worms at Porkchop of Hell | Juniper | Tunnicliffe |
| R479-18 | 1908 | 421267/5087140 | Suction Sample Bottle #7 and bottle no # (flushing bottle) of clams near Caldera Wall=FAILED SAMPLE | Tunnicliffe | |
| R479-19 | 1943 | 421257/5087167 | Suction Sample Bottle #1 near Caldera Wall; diffuse flow in crevice | Kaye/Huber/
Butterfield |
Moyer |
| R479-20 | 1328
1604 |
421368/5087137
and 421432/5087175 |
Mr. Potatohead. Cooked at Hell Vent first, then cooked some more at Virgin Vent. umm | Tunnicliffe |
Dive R480 NRZ and CASM
| R480-1 | 0603 | At CASM:
no nav |
SUAVE #1 at base of large sulfide chimney in CASM fissure | Massoth | |
| R480-2 | 0603 | " | Gas tight- port side #2 same place as SUAVE | Evans/
Lupton |
M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R480-3 | 0628 | " | Grab of active chimney on top of T & S Spires. Several small pieces. | Scott | Juniper/
Kaye |
| R480-4 | 0703 | " | Chimney - not active. Huge piece that almost filled the port side of the biobox | Scott | Juniper/
Kaye |
| R480-5 | 0729 | " | SUAVE of the tube worms at T&S Spires | Massoth | |
| R480-6 | 0732 | " | Gas Tight #6 on the starboard side | Evans | M.Lilley/
Butterfield |
| R480-7 | 0739 | " | Tube worms | Tunnicliffe | Scott: rock/
Moyer |
10.5 Dive Map Nomenclature
The dive maps depict all Vents and Markers visited, samples collected on each dive, in addition all instruments deployed and recovered are also cited.
V = Vent M = Marker
Nomenclature Example: S/ss12_dfl-4
The first letter could be:
S Sample
D Deploy
R Recover
The letters (possibly followed by a number) following the backslash indicate the sample type:
ss12 indicates that it was suction sample in bottle #12.
The letters following the underscore give more information about the sample:
_dlf indicates that the sample was diffuse flow.
The number following the hyphen designates the dive sample number.
-4 indicates that it was sample number 4 for the dive.
Sample type abbreviations:
ss Suction Sample
su SUAVE
hfs Hot Fluid Sampler
niskin Niskin bottle
gtb Gas Tight Bottle
bactrp Bacteria Trap
More sample information:
mat bacterial mat
dfl diffuse flow
flc bacterial floc
bio biological sample
sf sulfide
rck rock
FeO iron oxide
osmo osmo sampler/analyzer
hobo temperature probe (152 - 419C)
MTR temperature probe (2 - 34C)
VEMCO temperature probe (0 - 50C)
TLC time lapse camera
10.6 ROPOS DIVE LOGS, Dives R460 - R480
Dive Map
Dive Summary:
Dive R460 conducted a reconnaissance along the southeastern side of the caldera at Axial Seamount taking SUAVE scans and samples as appropriate and conducting mapping surveys with the Imagenex sonar and digital still camera. ROPOS passed through a particulate plume on descent and landed near a low temperature vent. Such vents, harboring bacterial mat, scale worms, palm worms and other organisms, occur intermittently along one or more lines of narrow fissures. Low viscosity basalt flows predominate: lava forms include several styles of sheet flows (smoothy, ropey, curtain drape), less abundant lobate and relatively minor pillow flows. Drained lava lakes, some with a partially intact roof and basalt pillars are common. No hydrothermal chimneys or mounds were seen but yellow sediment and popcorn size balls of floc, probably fallout from plumes, are wide-spread.
Three vent sites were worked (Milk Vent, The Pit and Cloud Vent), although SUAVE was disabled at The Pit when the 7 function arm to which the sensor was attached went berserk. The Imagenex survey was run along four N-S lines south of the Mkr-33 and Cloud Vent sites. The digital still camera survey was run in the vicinity of Mkr-33. A mooring and "rumbleometer" (seismometers with current meter) were looked for but not found. Basalt glass, one with bacteria attached, was sampled at two sites.
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
| Region, Field,
Site |
Dive Begin | Dive End | Tasks |
| Axial Seamount
Southeast side of caldera |
Date (PDT):
August 27, 1998 Date (UTM): August 28, 1998 Julian Day 240 Time off deck: (1) 0334 aborted (2) 0440 Time on bottom: 0607 |
Date (PDT):
August 29, 1998 Date (UTM): August 29, 1998 Julian Day 241 Time off bottom: 0639 Time on deck: 0743 Total dive time: 27 hr 03 min Total bottom time: 24 hr 32 min |
Reconnaissance survey of ~5 km along
the east side of the caldera in the vicinity
of known hydrothermal vents.
Test of digital still camera with onboard Jazz drive recorder Test of Imagenex scanning sonar mapper SUAVE analyses of vents Deploy markers Look for moorings deployed 1997 Sampling as appropriate |
ROPOS configuration:
Digital still camera mounted lower forward on port bumper
Imagenex scanning sonar mounted lower inside of port bumper (~6" port of center line of sub)
BioBox mounted lower center work area
Photosea 1000A 35 mm camera and strobe mounted side-by-side on upper center of bumper
Markers in BioBox. Top to bottom: Port N3, N2, N1, D; Stbd N6, N5, N4, G
SUAVE mounted port side interior; sensor on starboard (7 function) arm
Low temperature Vemcos in BioBox
Pacman sampler on port (5 function) arm
Standard jaw on starboard (7 function) arm
| Time
UTM |
Depth
m |
X-pos
m |
Y-pos
m |
Comments | Frame grab, photos and samples |
| 0334 | 423631 | 5088521 | ROPOS off deck and into the water. There are 21 observers in the lab. | ||
| 0343 | ROPOS too heavy -- returning to surface | ||||
| 0354 | ROPOS back on deck to add syntactic foam |
| 0440 | 423635 | 5088504 | ROPOS back in the water |
| 0556 | Recording video in plume detected by light attenuation on SUAVE | ||||
| 0607 | 1520 | Bottom sighted (basalt pillar) through heavy floc | |||
| 0620 | 1517 | 423620 | 5088519 | ROPOS 10 meters above | |
| 0621 | 1524 | Lobate flow, dense floc | |||
| 0624 | 1524 | Basalt pillar in lava lake; lobate lava; appears old | |||
| 0625 | 1524 | 423628 | 5088457 | Sheet flow, 10% sediment cover | |
| 0628 | 1524 | Sheet flow with floc | Photo-1 | ||
| 0632 | 1526 | Bacteria patches on basalt | |||
| 0633 | 423650 | 5088449 | |||
| 0634 | 1529 | Lobate flow, drained depressions, yellow bacteria | |||
| 0638 | 1531 | 423636 | 5088449 | Sheet flow, Hdg 180 | |
| 0639 | 1532 | Sheet flow |  Photo-2 | ||
| 0640 | 1533 | 423640 | 5088433 | Sheet lava | FG R460-001
Photo |
| 0645 | 1529 | Yellow iron-rich bacterial sediment covering talus; slight T anomaly; Hdg 181 (missed Photo-4) | FG R460-002
Photo-5 | ||
| 0648 | 1530 | Ditto; ROPOS not moving | Photo-6 | ||
| 0650 | 1530 | 423652 | 5088408 | ||
| 0655 | 1530 | Ditto
Frame grab 3 is no good |
FG R460-003
FG R460-004 FG R460-005 R460-00006 | ||
| 0659 | 1530 | Ditto | FG R460-007 | ||
| 0700 | SUAVE
R460-1 | ||||
| 0708 | 1530 | SUAVE tip in yellow fluff. About 2 to 3 µM Fe. Some H2S. T = 2.6C (anomaly of 0.1) | FG
R460-008 | ||
| 0713 | 423648 | 5088456 | Ended SUAVE
(camera counter 15) site where we used the SUAVE |
Photo-7 | |
| 0717 | Started to move. wide angle of lots of mat. moving to the east and then will cross back to the west | FG R460-009 | |||
| 0721 | 1529 | 423642 | 5088419 | Moving east. some mat. more floc in the water, more white mat | |
| 0724 | 1532 | 423682 | 5088425 | White smoke from a diffuse vent. polynoids = scale worm -- lots of
them (tens), lots of white floc coming out of vent, T anomaly of
0.5C
Photo (#16 on counter) = some yellow mat, T anomaly of 2.5C |
FG R460-010
R460-011 Photo-8 |
| 0729 | 1532 | 423683 | 5088425 | Hanging out trying to get the SUAVE into the flow. Water coming out of a hole with a diameter of 0.5 m | |
| 0733 | 1532 | 423682 | 5088425 | Conducting a SUAVE measurement in the hole that is spewing
bacteria. MILKY VENT
H2S 175 µM, Mn 10 µM, Fe >100 µM, T anomaly of 5.5C |
SUAVE
R460-2 |
| 0740 | 1531 | 423684 | 5088425 | Milky Vent, Scanner done | Photo 9 |
| Mistake | FGR460-012 | ||||
| 0754 | 1532 | 423682 | 5088425 | Deploying Mkr-N2 (marker is a triangle with black letters and #).
Deployed at 0758
Photo of the marker(#18 on counter). |
FG R460-012
FG R460-013 Photo-10 |
| 0802 | Moving looking around the area, Polynoids (photo #19 on counter), lots of white material around the rocks ( a potential source of floc?) polynoid swam by the camera, (0805) colonial ciliate (protozoan)? | Photo-11 | |||
| 0806 | 1528 | Leaving general area heading to the east to resume our transect. ropy sheet flow with some sediment cover | |||
| 0808 | 1528 | 423691 | 5088423 | Heading to the east (saw a fish), ground | |
| 0811 | Heading SW. first real pillow lavas (0813) | ||||
| 0814 | 1529 | 423682 | 5088373 | Heading west, broken slabs, shallow lava lake?, sheet flows, ropy sheet flows | |
| 0818 | 1529 | 423634 | 5088365 | Sheet flows with ropy texture, brittle flows with lots of broken chunks | |
| 0822 | 1529 | 4235 | 5088360 | Starting to head towards the N Sonne site, ship is moving. we are going to move E with the ROV. ship is moving to the south. ropy lava, whirls of basalt | |
| 0826 | 1528 | 423612 | 5088394 | Ropy broken up lava , pillow lavas some of which are hollow. Moving due south. lava flow with a cave below. | |
| 0833 | 1528 | 423658 | 5088336 | heading east to begin east -west hunt for North Sonne. sheet flows, rattail and crab. Photo is #20 on counter. | Photo-12 |
| 0835 | 1528 | 423679 | 5088348 | heading south, ropy sheet flows, linear features | |
| 0840 | 1527 | moving to the west. Photo is #21 on counter, crab, area of hydrothermal sediment (yellow and orange in color) | Photo-13 | ||
| 0844 | 1527 | 423666 | 5088322 | Photo is #22 on counter. basaltic spire maybe 1 m high, pillow lavas with yellow material in cracks, bacterial mats around pillows, small vents (0846), | Photo 14 |
| 0851 | 1532 | 423565 | 5088303 | Heading E, bacterial mats around pillow flows. shimmering water, polynoids (6) | |
| 0902 | 1528 | 423637 | 5088275 | Photo -14 (#23 on counter) is hole with water venting out
Photo -15 (#24 on counter) is of water coming out of holes in and around pillows. SUAVE #3 Mn/heat = 1.8, T anomaly 1C, Photo -16 (#25 on counter) at diffuse vent site. turned on highlight tape |
FG R460-015
FG R460-016 FG R460-017 Photo-14 Photo-15 Photo-16 |
| 0912 | 1528 | 423640 | 5088279 | SUAVE in a hole, SUAVE problems, High temperature at 9.5C when we lost communication. Recycled power. | SUAVE
R460-003 FG R460-018 |
| 0915 | 1528 | 423638 | 5088297 | Stopped highlight tape
SUAVE max at 13.5C, Mn 40 µm, H2S 200 µm, Fe 40 m, ave temp of 11.5C, polynoid |
FGR460-019
FG R460-020 (at 0919) |
| 0920 | 1528 | 423637 | 5088274 | Ended SUAVE, more polynoids (tens), frame grab of the hole that was SUAVE'd, polynoids are coming out of the hole with large flocs of bacteria, | FGR460-021
FG R460-022 Photo 26 |
| 0929 | 1528 | 423637 | 5088278 | Deploying Mkr-N3 triangle marker with black letters and numbers | FG R460-023
FG R460-024 Photo-27 |
| 0932 | 1528 | 423637 | 5088278 | Leaving site | FGR460-025 |
| 0934 | Moving south, drained lava lake, spotty areas of bacterial mat | ||||
| 0940 | 1526 | 423657 | 5088251 | ||
| 0948 | 1525 | Ship moving 100 m to the south, ROV moving, bacterial mats (white) | FGR460-026
(0953) | ||
| 0955 | 1525 | 423608 | 5088237 | Lots of white mat, lots of floc, glassy basalt , polynoid | FGR460-027
Photo-28 Photo-29 |
| 1004 | 1529 | 423615 | 5088226 | Picking up a rock , but only got some small pieces of glass. Not much sample. Put in port biobox. Frame grabs of actual site where sample was collected | Basalt
R460-4 FGR460-028 FG R460-029 |
| 1015 | 1529 | 423613 | 5088231 | Photo-31 | |
| 1016 | Good zoom images, furry polynoids cleaning the rock & eating bacteria, two different species of polynoids | FG R460-030
through R460-042 | |||
| 1026 | Heading south, more mats | ||||
| 1028 | 1527 | 423621 | 5088213 | Lots of white mat between pillows that are covered with a yellow sediment | |
| 1034 | 1526 | 423634 | 5088192 | Lava drain out of the white mats, yellow between rocks, looks like a younger lava that overlies an older one | Photo-32 |
| 1037 | Pillows, no mat | ||||
| 1039 | 1526 | 423609 | 5088199 | Pillows with yellowish sediment | |
| 1046 | 1526 | 423621 | 5088179 | Hdg 140, younger lava flow, pillows, lots of yellow sediment with some white floc., a skylight | Photo-33
Photo-34 |
| 1052 | 1523 | 423656 | 5088153 | Hdg 225, pillows | |
| 1101 | 1525 | 423616 | 5088114 | Moving ship | |
| 1106 | 1525 | 423618 | 5088115 | New ship position, ROPOS Hdg 133 | |
| 1109 | 1522 | Traversing SE, murky water, poor visibility, extensive sediment ponding, iron coloration | Photo-35 | ||
| 1111 | 1523 | 423651 | 5088119 | Sulphide mats, diffuse flow, white pockets, dense iron cover, Hdg 130, water venting, yellow/whitish mat, bright white spots | |
| 1114 | 1518 | Lava lake, turning south | Photo-36 | ||
| 1117 | Hdg 188, sulfide rich area, white pockets, similar to the area that we saw to the north, a lot of mat and black glass material showing through | ||||
| 1120 | 1522 | Driving along edges of lava shelf , glassy material.
skipped notes on Photo-37 |
Photo-38 | ||
| 1121 | 1518 | 423679 | 5088022 | Lots of white mat between pillows | |
| 1123 | 1518 | 423697 | 5088018 | South of target, not as dense as before, getting out of lava | |
| 1125 | 1520 | 423702 | 508811 | ||
| 1128 | Lots of yellow material, white mat in lava cracks | ||||
| 1129 | 1517 | 423681 | 5088003 | Hdg 176 | |
| 1131 | Spotty white mats, yellow material covering rocks | ||||
| 1132 | Lots of yellow material cover | ||||
| 1135 | Turning to head south west, Hdg 220 | ||||
| 1138 | 1519 | 423707 | 5087932 | White mat, slight amount, still transiting, starting to see sulfide mat | |
| 1140 | Fissure | ||||
| 1142 | 1520 | 423699 | 5087912 | Lots of white floc, change Hdg to 160 | |
| 1144 | Old age lava, spotty white mat, pillow lava | ||||
| 1146 | Small amount of sulfide venting, now very flat, go back to try to follow venting, rattail fish | ||||
| 1150 | Rattail fish, murky water. | Photo-39 | |||
| 1153 | 1516 | 423794 | 5087819 | Basalt pillars (~1.5 - 2 m), lava lake, moving west, Hdg 271 | |
| 1154 | 1518 | 423723 | 5087820 | Lava lake, pockets of white mat, sulfide rich water coming up, then sulfide rich area, polychaete worms | |
| 1156 | Big pit, a lot of venting fluid coming out, one of the more intense areas | Photo-40 | |||
| 1200 | Putting arm into diffuse flow get temp | ||||
| 1201 | Begin SUAVE scan #4: on edge of a 1m deep collapse pit reaching down over edge only a little way - seems like extensive flow in area and volume | FG R460-043
SUAVE R460-5 | |||
| 1203 | 423811 | 5087824 | SUAVE maximum T = 14C | ||
| 1203 | 1520 | 423717 | 5087830 | SUAVEing The Pit | |
| 1215 | Starboard (7 function) arm out of control. Mkr-N1 fell out of claw onto seafloor before it was unfurled. | ||||
| 1243 | Claw control!! Back to cage to try things. | ||||
| 1313 | Finishing claw control - rotate function stuck and SUAVE cable broken; power down to immobilize hydraulics to arm. | ||||
| 1309 | 1519 | 423749 | 5087833 | Resume survey of area, 7 function arm is disabled | |
| 1313 | Yellow cover with patchy white material | ||||
| 1315 | 1520 | 423380 | 5087132 | Pit, same as the one scanned?, shimmering water, yellow covering with white mat in cracks, Hdg175 | |
| 1319 | 1519 | Hdg 211, very murky lots of bright yellow material, flow | FG R460-044
Photo-42 | ||
| 1321 | 1520 | Point source emitting milky fluid. | Photo-43 | ||
| 1323 | 1520 | 423718 | 5087794 | Hdg 229, still very milky flow, continuing to south | FG R460-045
Photo-44 |
| 1326 | Rattail fish, out of flow, Hdg 184 | ||||
| 1329 | 1520 | 423717 | 5087765 | Much flatter terrain with yellow cover, Continuing south, coming to edge of structure | |
| 1331 | 1519 | 423727 | 5087747 | Looking out to lava lake with lava pillars, spires a couple of meters deep | |
| 1333 | 1520 | 423769 | 5087713 | Pillars in lava lake | FG R460-046
Photo-46 |
| 1335 | 1520 | Drips (stalactite) on underside of top of lava tube | |||
| 1337 | 1520 | 423815 | 5087738 | Hdg 128, turning to come southwest, ropy lavas covered with yellow material, some is collapsed roof lava | FG R460-047
Photo-47 |
| 1342 | Laminations on a lava pillar | Photo-48 | |||
| 1345 | Ropy lava covered with yellow material and white patches | ||||
| 1347 | 1522 | 423788 | 5087619 | Waiting for nav | |
| 1409 | 1522 | 423723 | 5087543 | Hdg 093, looking for floc | |
| 1411 | Photo-49 | ||||
| 1413 | 1521 | 423798 | 5087563 | Macrooregonia crab (female) | FG R460-048 |
| 1418 | Awaiting nav | ||||
| 1421 | 1520 | 423868 | 5087561 | ||
| 1431 | 423872 | 5087563 | |||
| 1433 | 1518 | Collapsed pit, photo counter inoperable | Photo-51 | ||
| 1435 | Pillars | Photo-52 | |||
| 1439 | 1518 | 423805 | 5087522 | Nav back, Hdg 248 | |
| 1443 | Moving ship to new watch circle, south to VSMHELP ("rumblometer"), seeing old sediment-covered lava tubes | ||||
| 1458 | 1518 | Rattail fish, skylight to lava tube, | |||
| 1459 | 1516 | 423863 | 5087343 | Hdg 182 pillow lava | Photo53-misfired |
| 1504 | 1517 | Fish, pillow lava covered with yellow sediment (iron oxide), spots of white | |||
| 1507 | 1520 | Patches of white stuff growing in cracks | |||
| 1510 | 1519 | More white material mixed in with orange covering on pillow lavas | |||
| 1513 | 1519 | Collapsed lava pool | |||
| 1516 | 1519 | 423944 | 5087191 | Diffuse flow, greenish-orange and white material in cracks and over pillow lavas | |
| 1519 | 1518 | 423881 | 5087181 | Diffuse flow and white material in pockets | Photo-54 |
| 1520 | 1518 | More white material on pillow lavas | |||
| 1521 | 1516 | shimmering lava lake | Photo-55 | ||
| 1521 | 1517 | Fairly cloudy water, extensive white mats | |||
| 1523 | 1519 | 423857 | 5087158 | ||
| 1526 | 1517 | Pillar of basalts | |||
| 1527 | 1518 | 423856 | 5087148 | ||
| 1528 | 1520 | Large collapsed pits, white in pockets, bad visibility, Hdg 183 | |||
| 1530 | 1519 | 423871 | 5087113 | ||
| 1530 | 1522 | Lobate flow with white material, flatter area | Photo-56 | ||
| 1533 | 1514 | test photo, counter test | Photo-57 | ||
| 1534 | 1522 | Lobate flow with white and orange material | FG R460-049 | ||
| 1535 | 1522 | Diffuse flow over flat pillow lavas | FG R460-050
FG R460-051 Photo-58 | ||
| 1535 | 1521 | 423846 | 5087107 | ||
| 1535 | 1521 | Diffuse flow venting | Photo-59 | ||
| 1541 | 1521 | 423836 | 5087125 | ||
| 1544 | 1522 | At VSMHELP location but instrument not seen | |||
| 1544 | 1523 | White material on pillow lavas | Photo-60 | ||
| 1545 | 1522 | 423828 | 5087106 | ||
| 1558 | 1520 | 423817 | 5087107 | ||
| 1552 | 1523 | Pillow lavas covered with orange floculent material | |||
| 1553 | 1521 | 423818 | 5087111 | ||
| 1555 | 1522 | Flat lineated sheet flow surface, floor of collapsed area, looking for rumbleometer | |||
| 1556 | 1522 | Lateral-ing left and right (panning) | |||
| 1556 | 1522 | 423838 | 5087123 | ||
| 1559 | 1521 | Lava folded up in coils | |||
| 1559 | 1521 | 423812 | 5087158 | ||
| 1600 | 1522 | 423824 | 5087149 | ||
| 1600 | 1519 | Pillar sticking up out of floor, out of lineated flow into collapsed area | FG R460-052 | ||
| 1601 | 1518 | Lots of pillars, app. 3 meters in height | FG R460-053 | ||
| 1602 | 1519 | Scale worms? on bacterial mats | |||
| 1603 | 1520 | Diffuse venting, scale worms on pillars, thin coating of white material (mats?) | |||
| 1604 | 1519 | Intact roof of collapsed area, lobate surface | |||
| 1605 | 1518 | Diffuse venting | |||
| 1605 | 1518 | Back into collapsed area | |||
| 1605 | 1518 | 423886 | 5087151 | ||
| 1606 | 1521 | Rat tail fish | |||
| 1607 | 1519 | Lava bridge | FG R460-055
FG R460-056 | ||
| 1606 | 1516 | 423902 | 5087155 | ||
| 1608 | 1518 | Going south, then west | |||
| 1609 | 1521 | In floor of collapsed area, large pillars | |||
| 1610 | 1520 | Bright red with yellow polychaete swimming (scale worm?) | FG R460-057 | ||
| 1611 | 1520 | 423890 | 5087121 | ||
| 1611 | 1521 | Pockets of possible bacterial mats (white material) in cracks and on sides of pillars, top of pillar covered with scale worms, some swimming | FG R460-058
FG R460-059 | ||
| 1613 | 1517 | 423876 | 5087111 | ||
| 1614 | 1518 | Remnant of roof of lobate flow before collapse | |||
| 1615 | 1522 | Heading back into flat sheet flow area | |||
| 1617 | Turned port lights on high, blew a fuse, no lights | ||||
| 1618 | 1512 | 423841 | 5087116 | ||
| 1618 | 1520 | Got lights back | |||
| 1619 | 1521 | Lava whirl | |||
| 1622 | 1521 | Lost lights again | |||
| 1622 | 1522 | 423835 | 5087106 | ||
| 1622 | 1522 | Got lights back! | |||
| 1622 | 1522 | Not as much light as before, moving west, Hdg 273 | |||
| 1625 | 1523 | Step down into collapsed area about 1 m | |||
| 1626 | 1524 | Fiddling with lights and camera image | |||
| 1627 | 1524 | 423822 | 5087090 | ||
| 1628 | 1523 | 423821 | 5087089 | ||
| 1628 | 1521 | Going back north and west | |||
| 1630 | 1520 | Very flat surface, not as much white material, mostly greenish | |||
| 1630 | 1521 | 423804 | 5087104 | ||
| 1631 | 1522 | At same latitude as target, moving west | |||
| 1632 | 1523 | Sea cucumber, very flat surface | |||
| 1633 | 1523 | 423799 | 5087120 | ||
| 1634 | 1522 | Lateraling south | |||
| 1635 | 1521 | 423791 | 5087113 | ||
| 1637 | 1523 | Turning east, back towards Mkr-33 target, in flat part, more white material | |||
| 1640 | 1520 | Some diffuse flow/shimmering water, red polychaetes, white material abundant around flow | |||
| 1641 | 1521 | Step down about 1 meter into sheet flow | |||
| 1644 | 1521 | 423882 | 5087088 | ||
| 1645 | 1522 | 423899 | 5087082 | ||
| 1648 | 1523 | Flat area with long straight crack | FG R460-060 | ||
| 1648 | 1523 | 423887 | 5087065 | ||
| 1652 | 1521 | Cloudy water, still looking for Mkr-33 | |||
| 1654 | 1522 | Swirl feature in lava, bacterial mat heavy | |||
| 1657 | 1521 | 423898 | 5087092 | ||
| 1657 | 1521 | Moving out of flat area into more jumbled up area, more floc, bacterial mats | |||
| 1701 | 1521 | Back into flat area, still looking for Mkr-33 | |||
| 1701 | 1521 | 423888 | 5087058 | ||
| 1702 | 1521 | Thick sediments, pillars, poor visibility | |||
| 1704 | 1516 | 423861 | 5087035 | ||
| 1705 | 1519 | Big lava pillar | FG R460-061
FG R460-062 Photo-61 | ||
| 1707 | 1517 | Large collapsed lava pit, having trouble finding Mkr-33 | |||
| 1714 | 1510 | 423856 | 5087044 | ||
| 1716 | Stopping video | ||||
| 1719 | 15088 | 423789 | 5087009 | ||
| 1721 | 15088 | 423787 | 5087032 | ||
| 1727 | 15088 | 423715 | 5087046 | Starting the search for mooring 98V103 | |
| 1733 | Starting video | ||||
| 1735 | 1515 | 423723 | 5087037 | ||
| 1742 | 1514 | Rat tail fish | |||
| 1743 | 1515 | 423699 | 5087073 | ||
| 1750 | 1515 | 423683 | 5087052 | ||
| 1754 | 1515 | Stopping video, going back to cage, moving ship to the north of mooring target and look again | |||
| 1755 | 1515 | 423696 | 5087054 | ||
| 1801 | 1485 | 423770 | 5087048 | ||
| 1804 | 1483 | At cage, going to search for 98V103 again | |||
| 1811 | 1490 | Hdg 267, still looking, 35 m off bottom | |||
| 1819 | 1490 | Looking south, Hdg 180 | |||
| 1825 | 1490 | Coming up to 1400 meters to look for 98V103's glass balls with sonar | |||
| 1833 | 1400 | Cage is 508 m north of drop position of mooring | |||
| 1838 | 1399 | 423668 | 5087012 | Blue | |
| 1852 | 1412 | 423665 | 5087074 | Blue | |
| 1941 | 1417 | Using Alvin calibrated positions for western transponders (only 2 down during the Alvin dives) | |||
| 1946 | 1488 | 27 m above bottom ready to descend | |||
| 1958 | 1516 | On bottom. restart video archive | |||
| 1956 | 1522 | Heading east toward target (mooring) | |||
| 2005 | 1523 | Lateral back and forth (in and out), still moving east toward target (Mkr-33) | |||
| 2010 | 1522 | 423867 | 5087094 | Good fix | |
| 2013 | 1521 | Mkr-33 in sight, lots of flow from vent | |||
| 2018 | 1520 | Photo-62 | |||
| 2019 | 1523 | 423890 | 5087075 | Looking west, good fix | Photo-63 |
| 2020 | 1523 | Back to ROPOS transponder | FG R460-063 | ||
| 2031 | 1523 | Scale worm grazing on bag creature | FG R460-064
FG R460-065 | ||
| 2033 | 1523 | Betacam and S-VHS highlights recording | |||
| 2039 | 1523 | Betacam off & SVHS off | |||
| 2058 | 1523 | Hobo temp probe from Alvin dive 3247 | Photo-65
Photo-66 | ||
| 2052 | 1523 | 423851 | 5087102 | Good fix | |
| 2103 | Hobo probe placed in the port side of biobox | ||||
| 2105 | FG R460-066
Photo-67 | ||||
| 2108 | All highlights tapes on | ||||
| 2109 | Polynoids on bag creature | FG R460-067 | |||
| 2114 | Highlight stopped | FG R460-068 | |||
| 2117 | Pull back see colony and vent | FG R460-069 | |||
| 2121 | Traveling east to Sonne field (for tube worms) | ||||
| 2123 | 1522 | ||||
| 2133 | 1518 | Rollin' rollin' rollin' | |||
| 2142 | 1516 | Travel west generally with North/South lateral along that path | |||
| 2144 | 1517 | 423939 | 5087152 | Good fix | |
| 2147 | 1519 | Lava bridge | Photo-68 | ||
| 2158 | 1516 | Under the ship | |||
| 2203 | 1520 | 423882 | 5087092 | Good fix | |
| 2209 | 15080 | Flying high in search of tubeworms | |||
| 2220 | 1525 | 423906 | 5087109 | Several areas of high fluid flow of cloudy gray effluent, white bacterial mat on broken lavas , large broken sheet flow blocks, good fix | Photo-69
Photo-70 |
| 2226 | Bacterial filament (?), highlight tapes on | FG R460-070
Photo-71 | |||
| 2229 | Bacterial filaments | FG R460-071 | |||
| 2231 | Bacterial filaments | Photo-72 | |||
| 2234 | Grey smoke (camels I think) | Photo-73 | |||
| 2237 | Paralvinella dela, close zoom on worm down in crack in high flow | FG R460-072 | |||
| 2242 | Side view of site | Photo-74 | |||
| 2244 | Same stuff, different angle | Photo-75 | |||
| 2248 | Highlight tapes off, blue chunks | ||||
| 2258 | More P. dela | FG R460-073
FG R460-074 FG R460-075 FG R460-076 FG R460-077 FG R460-078 | |||
| 2301 | 1524 | 423897 | 5087114 | Cloud Vent vigorous flow, trying to get a rock sample, lots of debris in water because disturbed by ROV | Photo-76 |
| 2317 | 1526 | 423900 | 5087110 | Good fix, still trying to get sample | |
| 2323 | Got sample in Pacman | ||||
| 2326 | FG R460-079 | ||||
| 2330 | 1526 | 423902 | 5087111 | Photo of sample site (Cloud Vent), a few 'furry' rocks (bacterial cover?) sampled, sample in starboard compartment of biobox | Basalt
R460-6 Photo-77 |
| 2337 | 1525 | 423900 | 5087111 | ||
| 2345 | 1525 | 423901 | 5087111 | Mkr-N6 deployed at Cloud Vent, Hdg 284, facing west, pit just north of marker | |
| 2347 | Frame grab of Mkr-N6 (Cloud Vent) | FG
R460-080 | |||
| 2353 | Heading back to cage | ||||
| 2357 | 1494 | 423874 | 5087165 | Ditto | |
| 0013
JD 241 |
423918 | 5087154 | Ship heading to new watch circle to begin Imagenex survey | ||
| 0016 | Video tape #8 ended, stop taping | ||||
| 0046 | Ship in watch circle | ||||
| 0051 | 1486 | 424033 | 5087455 | Start to record **Imagenex ** (pencil beam sonar) | |
| 0053 | 1489 | 424038 | 5087461 | ||
| 0055 | 424054 | 5087475 | Hdg 180, first N-S transect = N7 (900 m long) | ||
| 0100 | 1495 | 424034 | 5087357 | Going along N7 transect heading pretty much due South | |
| 0104 | 1496 | 424033 | 5087300 | Heading south | |
| 0111 | 1495 | 424027 | 5087225 | " | |
| 0114 | 1496 | 424024 | 5087162 | " | |
| 0120 | 1496 | 424026 | 5087054 | " | |
| 0131 | 1496 | 424019 | 5086927 | " | |
| 0142 | 1496 | 424024 | 5086860 | " | |
| 0151 | 1495 | 424025 | 5086751 | " | |
| 0203 | 1493 | 424023 | 5086563 | " | |
| 0204 | 1498 | Down 5m | |||
| 0208 | 1497 | 424023 | 5086499 | End of transect N7 | |
| 0212 | Positioning for next transect, N6 | ||||
| 0216 | 1497 | 423972 | 5086502 | " | |
| 0222 | 423955 | 5086497 | " | ||
| 0224 | 1497 | 423968 | 5086495 | Start of second transect N6, going north | |
| 0235 | 1482 | 423958 | 5086645 | Moving slightly northeast along N6 | |
| 0238 | Down 10 m | ||||
| 0246 | 1491 | 423969 | 5086801 | Begin to move up 5m | |
| 0251 | Down 5m | ||||
| 0257 | 1495 | 423956 | 5086946 | Heading north along N6 | |
| 0302 | 1495 | 423964 | 5086971 | " | |
| 0313 | 1495 | 423969 | 5087103 | " | |
| 0322 | 1495 | 423963 | 5087178 | " | |
| 0327 | 1495 | 423958 | 5087247 | " | |
| 0332 | 1495 | 423960 | 5087302 | " | |
| 0338 | 1495 | 423963 | 5087373 | " | |
| 0341 | 1495 | 423951 | 5087407 | " | |
| 0342 | 1495 | End of line N6. Moving ship west to start of line N5. | |||
| 0347 | 1496 | 423904 | 5087399 | Maneuvering to start of line N5 | |
| 0348 | 1495 | ROPOS moving south along line N5 | |||
| 0358 | 1495 | 423904 | 5087236 | " | |
| 0407 | 1495 | 423900 | 5087098 | "
Lots of floc |
|
| 0412 | 1495 | 423905 | 5087043 | " | |
| 0415 | 1495 | 423907 | 5087010 | " | |
| 0420 | 1495 | 423839 | 5086921 | " | |
| 0423 | 1495 | 423900 | 5086876 | " | |
| 0427 | 1495 | 423905 | 5086810 | " | |
| 0431 | 1495 | 423905 | 5086753 | " | |
| 0436 | 1495 | 423900 | 5086679 | " | |
| 0440 | 1495 | 423908 | 5086592 | " | |
| 0444 | 1495 | 423899 | 5086557 | " | |
| 0448 | 1495 | 423900 | 5086490 | Ship moving to line N4 | |
| 0452 | 1495 | 423881 | 5086479 | ||
| 0456 | 1495 | 423843 | 5086498 | ROPOS start line N4 heading north | |
| 0500 | 1495 | 423835 | 5086536 | " | |
| 0505 | 1495 | 423821 | 5086553 | " | |
| 0508 | 1490 | 423845 | 5086578 | "
ROPOS dropped 5 m deeper |
|
| 0510 | 1500 | 423831 | 5086616 | Ship went to wrong line (N3). Correcting. | |
| 0518 | 1500 | 423837 | 5086714 | " | |
| 0523 | 1500 | 423831 | 5087241 | " | |
| 0530 | 1500 | 423850 | 5086849 | " | |
| 0538 | 1500 | 423835 | 5086937 | " | |
| 0544 | 1500 | 423851 | 5087029 | ROPOS moving NNE to mooring area | |
| 0547 | 1500 | 423884 | 5087050 | " | |
| 0550 | End of line N4. End of survey. | ||||
| 0605 | 1509 | 423937 | 5087093 | Commence survey with digital camera at 8 to 10 meters above. Running short lines in the vicinity of Mkr-33, worm target area and plume site. | |
| 0606 | ROPOS has been on the bottom for 24 hours | ||||
| 0609 | 1510 | 423978 | 5087114 | Moving east | |
| 0610 | Changing from 10 to 8 meters above. | ||||
| 0614 | 1517 | 423896 | 5087110 | " | |
| 0615 | Turning to east | ||||
| 0620 | 1510 | 423942 | 5087094 | Changing from 8 to 10 meters above | |
| 0622 | END OF DIVE |
Dive R461
Dive Map
Dive Summary:
Found rumbleometer, couldn't wedge it out.
Marker 33 uplifted slab of sheet flow streaming warm water
Marker N6, N8, 108
Axial Gardens
Sulfide Vent => Castle Vent
Lots of SUAVE
Cloud vent
Deployed bacterial traps
Biology- tube worms, etc
Times are UTM (local PDT +7 hours)
| Region,
Field,
Site |
Dive Begin | Dive End | Tasks |
| Axial
Seamount
Vent field on east side of caldera |
Date (PDT):
August 29, 1998 Date (UTM): August 29, 1998 Julian Day 241 Time off deck: 2255 (UTM) |
