|
 Last updated:
November 2, 2009
ABBREVIATED CURRICULUM VITAE
Click here for complete CV
Michael James McPhaden
NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
7600
Sand Point Way NE
Seattle, Washington 98115
Email: michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov
Phone: (206) 526-6783
Fax: (206) 526-6744
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
- 1998-present Senior
Scientist, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle,
Washington
- 1993-present Affiliate
Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
- 1990-present Senior
Fellow, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University
of Washington
- 1990-1993 Affiliate
Associate Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
- 1988-1990 Affiliate
Assistant Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
- 1987-present Senior
Fellow, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University
of Hawaii
- 1986-1998 Oceanographer
(various ranks), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington
- 1984-1986 Research
Assistant Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
- 1982-1984 Visiting
Research Scientist, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere
and Ocean, University of Washington
- 1980-1982 Research
Scientist, Oceanography Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research
EDUCATION
- 1980 Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, Ph.D., Physical Oceanography; Dissertation
title: "Models of the Equatorial Ocean Circulation"
- 1973 State
University of New York at Buffalo, B.S., Physics, magna cum laude
HONORS, AWARDS,
and CITATIONS
- Fellow, American Meteorological Society, 2007
- Guest Professor, Ocean University of China, 2006
- Fellow, The Oceanography Society, 2005
- Scientific American “Science & Technology Web Awards” for El Niño Theme Page, 2005
- Presidential Rank Award for Meritorious Federal Service, 2004
- Listed in Thomson ISI Highly Cited Researchers in Geosciences, 2004
- Grace Hopper Government Technology Award (“Gracie Award”),
given to the TAO project for Leadership in the Innovative Application
of Information Technology, 2003
- American Geophysical Union, Frontiers of Geophysics Lecturer, 2002
Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting
- American Meteorological Society, Walter Orr Roberts Lecturer, 2002
- Public Service
Award, Federal Executive Board, Seattle, 1999
- American Meteorological
Society, Special Award for Completing and Maintaining the TAO Array,
1999
- American Geophysical
Union, Sverdrup Lecturer, Fall 1998 Meeting
- Department of Commerce, Gold Medal, 1997
- Editor's Citation
for Excellence in Refereeing, Journal of Geophysical Research,
1995
- NOAA/OAR Outstanding
Publication Award, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004
- NOAA/PMEL Outstanding
Publication Award, 1989-1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2007
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
- The Oceanography
Society, 1988-present
- American Geophysical
Union, 1979-present
- The American Meteorological
Society, 1978-present
- The European Geosciences Union, 2005-present
RECENT PROFESSIONAL
SERVICE ACTIVITIES
- Member, MIT/WHOI Joint Program Review Committee, 2009
- President-elect, American Geophysical Union, 2008-present
- Member, RAPID-WATCH Program Advisory Committee, 2008-present
- Contributing author, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007
- Convener, IUGG Symposium on Interannual to Interdecadal Climate Variability, 2007
- Member, RAPID (Rapid Climate Change) Review Committee, February 2007
- President, Ocean Sciences Section, American Geophysical Union, 2002-2004
- Member, Executive Committee, AGU Ocean Science Section 2000-2008
- Member, IOC/WMO Joint Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, Observations Coordination Group, 2001-present
- Member, International CLIVAR Global Synthesis and Observations Panel,
2004-present
- Member, International CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 2003-present
- Member, International
CLIVAR Pacific Ocean Panel, 2001-present
- Chairman, Tropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel, 2001-present
- Member, International CLIVAR/OOPC OceanSITES Working Group, 2001-present
- Editorial Board, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
2001-present
- Member, PIRATA Steering Group, 1995-present
- Member, International
CLIVAR Ocean Observations Panel, 2000-2003
- Member, AMS Committee
on the Interaction of the Sea and the Atmosphere, 1999-2002
- Chairman, TAO
Implementation Panel, 1992-2001
RECENT REFEREED
PUBLICATIONS
Clarke, C., et al, 2009: An overview of global ocean observing Systems relevant to GODAE. Oceanography, 22, 22-33.
Cravatte, S.E., T. Delcroix, D. Zhang, M.J McPhaden, and J. Leloup, 2009:
Observed freshening of the warming western tropical Pacific and extension
of the Warm/Fresh Pool in recent decades. Clim. Dyn., 33, 565-589.
Foltz, G.R., and M.J. McPhaden, 2009: Impact of barrier layer thickness on SST in the central tropical North Atlantic. J. Climate, 22, 285-299.
Foltz, G. R., J. Vialard, P. Kumar, and M. J. McPhaden, 2009: Seasonal mixed layer heat balance of the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. J.
Climate, submitted.
McPhaden, M.J., G.R. Foltz, T. Lee, V.S.N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, G.A. Vecchi, J. Vialard, J.D. Wiggert, L. Yu, 2009: Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions During Cyclone Nargis. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 90, 53-54.
McPhaden, M.J., G. Meyers, K. Ando,Y. Masumoto, V.S.N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, F. Syamsudin, J. Vialard, L. Yu, and W. Yu, 2009: RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 459-480.
McPhaden, M. J., and X. Zhang, 2009: Asymmetry in zonal phase propagation of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L13703, doi:10.1029/2009GL038774.
Vialard, J., J.P. Duvel, M. McPhaden, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, B. Ward, E. Key, D. Bourras, R. Weller, P. Minnett, A. Weill, C. Cassou, L. Eymard,
T. Fristedt, C. Basdevant, Y. Dandoneau, O. Duteil, T. Izumo, C. de
Boyer Montégut, S. Masson, and F. Marsac, 2009: Cirene: Air-sea
interactions in the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge region. Bull.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 45-60.
Bourlès, B., R. Lumpkin, M.J. McPhaden, F. Hernandez, P. Nobre, E. Campos, L. Yu, S. Planton, A. Busalacchi, A.D. Moura, J. Servain, and J. Trotte, 2008: The PIRATA Program: History, Accomplishments, and Future Directions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1111-1125.
Foltz, G.R., and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Impact of Saharan dust on tropical North Atlantic SST. J. Climate, 21, 5048-5060.
Foltz, G.R., and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Trends in Saharan dust and tropical Atlantic climate during 1980-2006. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20706, doi:10.1029/2008GL035042.
Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Seasonal mixed layer salinity balance of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 113, C02013, doi:10.1029/2007JC004178.
Lee, T. and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Decadal phase change in large-scale sea level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01605, doi:10.1029/2007GL032419.
McPhaden, M.J., 2008: Evolution of the 2006-07 El Niño: The Role of Intraseasonal to Interannual Time Scale Dynamics. Adv. Geosci., 14, 219-230.
McPhaden, M.J., M.F. Cronin, and D.C. McClurg, 2008: Meridional structure of the surface mixed layer temperature balance on seasonal time scales in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 21, 3240-3260.
Nagura, M. and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: The dynamics of zonal current variations in the central equatorial Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23603, doi:10.1029/2008GL035961.
Vialard, J., G. Foltz, M.J. McPhaden, J.P. Duvel and C. de Boyer Montégut, 2008: Strong Indian Ocean sea surface temperature signals associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation in late 2007 and early 2008. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19608, doi:10.1029/2008GL035238.
Yoneyama, K., et al, 2008: MISMO field experiment in the tropical Indian Ocean. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1889-1903.
Zhang, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Eastern equatorial Pacific
forcing of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Climate, 21, 6070-6079.
Cheng, W., M.J. McPhaden, D. Zhang, and E.J. Metzger, 2007: Recent changes in the Pacific subtropical cells inferred from an eddy resolving ocean circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1340-1356.
Delcroix. T., S. Cravatte, and M.J. McPhaden, 2007: Decadal variations and trends in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity since 1970. J. Geophys. Res., 112(C3), C03012, doi:10.1029/2006JC003801.
Behrenfeld, M.J., K. Worthington, R.M. Sherrell, F.P. Chavez, P. Strutton, M.J. McPhaden, and D.M. Shea, 2006: Controls on
tropical Pacific ocean productivity revealed through nutrient stress
diagnostics, Nature, 442, 1025-1028.
Bennett, A.F., B.S. Chua, H.-E. Ngodock, D.E. Harrison, and M.J. McPhaden,
2006: Generalized inversion of the Gent-Cane model of the Tropical Pacific
with Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data. J. Mar. Res., 64, 1-42.
Cronin, M.F., C. Fairall, and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: An assessment of buoy derived and numerical weather prediction surface heat fluxes in the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C06038, doi:10.1029/2005JC003324.
Feely, R.A., T. Takahashi, R. Wanninkhof, M.J. McPhaden, C.E. Cosca, S.C. Sutherland and M.-E. Carr, 2006: Decadal Variability of the Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C08S90, doi:10.1029/2005JC003129.
Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the tropical North Atlantic during 2005. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19703, doi:10.1029/2006GL027394.
Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: The role of oceanic
heat advection in the evolution of tropical North and South
Atlantic SST anomalies. J. Climate, 19, 6122-6138.
Maes, C., K. Ando, T. Delcroix, W.S. Kessler, M.J. McPhaden, and D. Roemmich, 2006: Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06601, doi:10.1029/2005GL024772.
McPhaden, M.J., S.E. Zebiak, and M.H. Glantz, 2006: ENSO as an integrating concept in Earth science. Science, 314, 1740-1745.
McPhaden, M.J., X. Zhang, H.H. Hendon, and M.C. Wheeler, 2006: Large Scale Dynamics and MJO Forcing of ENSO Variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(16), L16702,
doi:10.1029/2006GL026786.
Schein, K.A. et al, 2006: The state of the climate 2005. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, S1-S102.
Zhang, D., and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Decadal variability of the shallow Pacific meridional overturning circulation: relation to tropical sea surface temperatures in observations and climate change models. Ocean Modelling, 15, 250-273.
Zhang, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Wind stress variations and interannual sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 19, 226-241.
Capotondi, A., M.A. Alexander, C. Deser, and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: Anatomy
and Decadal Evolution of the Pacific Subtropical-Tropical Cells (STCs).
J. Climate, 18, 3739-3758.
Delcroix, T., M.J. McPhaden, A. Dessier, and Y. Gouriou, 2005: Time and space scales for sea surface salinity in the tropical oceans. Deep-Sea Res., 52, 787-813.
Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: Mixed layer heat balance on intraseasonal
time scales in the northwestern tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 18,
4168-4184.
Grodsky, S., J. Carton, C. Provost, J. Servain, J. Lorenzzetti, and M.J.
McPhaden, 2005: Tropical instability waves and the warming of the cold
tongue of the tropical Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C08010, doi:10.1029/2005JC002941.
Levinson, D.H., et al, 2005: State of the Climate in 2004. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 86(6), S1-S86.
Cai, W., M.J. McPhaden, and M.A. Collier, 2004: Multidecadal fluctuations
in the relationship between equatorial Pacific heat content anomalies
and ENSO amplitude. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01201, doi:10.1029/2003GL018714.
Foltz, G.R., S.A. Grodsky, J.A. Carton, and M.J. McPhaden 2004: Seasonal
salt budget of the northwestern tropical Atlantic Ocean along 38°W.
J. Geophys. Res., 109(C3), C03052, doi:10.1029/2003JC002111.
Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2004: 30-70 day oscillations in the tropical
Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15205, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020023.
McPhaden, M.J., 2004: Evolution of the 2002-03 El Niño. Bull. Am.
Meteor. Soc., 85, 677-695.
McPhaden, M.J. and D. Zhang, 2004: Pacific Ocean circulation rebounds.
Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18301, doi:10.1029/2004GL020727.
Rajeevan, M. and M.J. McPhaden, 2004: Tropical Pacific upper ocean heat
content variations and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res.
Lett., 31, L18203, doi:10.1029/2004GL020631.
Serra, Y. and M.J. McPhaden, 2004: In situ observations of the diurnal
variability in rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
J. Climate, 17, 3496-3509.
Cosca, C.E., R.A. Feely, J. Boutin, J. Etcheto, M.J. McPhaden, F.P. Chavez,
and P.G. Strutton, 2003: Seasonal and interannual CO2
fluxes for the central and eastern euqatorial Pacific Ocean as determined
by fCO2-SST relationships. J. Geophys.
Res., 108(C8), 3278, doi:10.1029/2000JC000677.
Foltz, G.R., S.A. Grodsky, J.A. Carton, and M.J. McPhaden, 2003: Seasonal
mixed layer heat budget of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys.
Res., 108(C5), 3146, doi:10.1029/2002JC001584.
McPhaden, M.J., 2003: Tropical Pacific Ocean heat content variations
and ENSO persistence barriers. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(9), 1480,
doi:10.1029/2003GL016872.
Serra, Y.L and M.J. McPhaden, 2003: Multiple time space comparisons of
ATLAS buoy rain gauge measurements to TRMM satellite precipitation measurements.
J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 1045-1059.
Zhang, D., M.J. McPhaden, and W.E. Johns, 2003: Observational evidence
for flow between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic subtropical
cells. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1783-1797.
Cronin, M.F., N. Bond, C. Fairall, J. Hare, M.J. McPhaden, and R.A. Weller,
2002: Enhanced Oceanic and Atmospheric Monitoring for the Eastern Pacific.
Eos Trans. AGU, 83, 205.
Cronin, M. F. and M. J. McPhaden, 2002: Barrier layer formation during
westerly wind bursts. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8020, doi:10.1029/2001JC001171.
Delcroix, T. and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Interannual sea surface salinity
and temperature changes in the western Pacific warm pool during 1992-2000.
J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8002, doi:10.1029/2001JC000862.
Feely, R.A., J. Boutin, C.E. Cosca, Y. Dandonneau, J. Etcheto, H.Y. Inoue,
M. Ishii, C.L. Quéeré, D. Mackey, M. McPhaden, N. Metzl, A. Poisson, and
R. Wanninkhof, 2002: Seasonal and interannual variability of CO2
in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 49, 2443-2469.
Kutsuwada, K. and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Intraseasonal variations in the
upper equatorial Pacific Ocean prior to and during the 1997-98 El Niño.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1133-1149.
Lien, R.-C.,
E.D. D'Asaro, and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Internal waves and turbulence in
the upper central equatorial Pacific: Lagrangian and Eulerian observations.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2619-2639.
Maes, C., M.J. McPhaden, and D. Behringer, 2002: Signatures of salinity
variability in tropical Pacific Ocean dynamic height anomalies. J.
Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 8012, doi:10.1029/2000JC000737.
McPhaden, M.J., 2002: Mixed layer temperature balance on intraseasonal
time scales in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 15, 2632-2647.
McPhaden, M.J. and D. Zhang, 2002: Slowdown of the meridional overturning
circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean. Nature, 415, 603-608.
Medavaya, M., D.E. Waliser, R.A. Weller, and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Assessing
ocean buoy shortwave shortwave observations using clear-sky model calculations.
J. Geophys. Res., 107(C2), 3014, doi:10.1029/2000JC000558.
Thum, N., S.K. Esbensen, D.B. Chelton, and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Air-sea
heat exchange along the Northern Sea surface temperature front in the
eastern tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 15, 3361-3378.
Chelton, D.B., S.K. Esbensen, M.G. Schlax, N. Thum, M.H. Freilich, F.J.
Wentz, C.L. Gentemann, M.J. McPhaden, and P.S. Schopf, 2001: Observations
of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in
the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 14, 1479-1498.
Dickinson, S., K.A.
Kelly, M.J. Caruso, and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: A note on comparisons between
TAO buoy and NASA scatterometer wind vectors. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,
18, 799-806.
Godfrey, J.S., G.C.
Johnson, M.J. McPhaden, G. Reverdin, and S. Wijffels, 2001: The Tropical
Ocean Circulation. In: Ocean Circulation and Climate - Observing and Modelling
the Global Ocean, G. Siedler, J. Church, and W.J. Gould, eds., Academic
Press, 215-246.
Johnson, G.C., M.J. McPhaden, and E. Firing, 2001: Equatorial Pacific
Ocean horizontal velocity, divergence, and upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
31, 839-849.
Kelly, K.A., S. Dickinson,
M.J. McPhaden, and G.C. Johnson, 2001: Ocean currents evident in satellite
wind data. Geophys. Res. lett., 28, 2469-2472.
McPhaden, M.J., T. Delcroix, K. Hanawa, Y. Kuroda, G. Meyers, J. Picaut,
and M. Swenson, 2001: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Observing
System. In: Observing the Ocean in the 21st Century. Australian
Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia, 231-246.
Meinen, C.S. and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: Interannual variability in warm
water volume transports in the equatorial Pacific during 1993-1999.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1324-1345.
Meinen, C.S., M.J. McPhaden, and G.C. Johnson, 2001: Vertical velocities
and transports in the equatorial Pacific during 1993-1999. J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 31, 3230-3248.
Nowlin, Jr., M. Briscoe, W.D., N. Smith, M.J. McPhaden, D. Roemmich,
P. Chapman, and J.F. Grassle, 2001: Evolution of a sustained ocean observing
system. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 1368-1376.
Serra, Y.L., P.A'Hearn, H.P. Freitag, and M.J. McPhaden, 2001: ATLAS
self-siphoning rain gauge error estimates. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.,
18, 1989-2002.
Turk, D., M.J. McPhaden, M.R. Lewis, and A.J. Busalacchi, 2001: Remotely-sensed
biological production in the Tropical Pacific during 1992-1999. Science,
293, 471-474.
Vialard, J., C. Menkes, J.-P. Boulanger, P. Delecluse, E. Guilyardi,
M.J. McPhaden, and G. Madec, 2001: A model study of oceanic mechanisms
affecting equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature during the 1997-98
El Niño. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1649-1675.
Wang, W. and M. J. McPhaden, 2001: Surface layer heat balance in the
equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1997-98 El Niño and the 1998-99 La
Niña. J. Clim., 14, 3393-3407.
Wang, W., and M.J.
McPhaden, 2001: What is the mean seasonal cycle of surface heat flux in
the equatorial Pacific?. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 837-857.
Bennett, A.F., B.S.
Chua, D.E. Harrison, and M.J. McPhaden, 2000: Generalized inversion of
Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data and a coupled model of the tropical
Pacific, II: La Niña, error statistics, and array assessment. J.
Clim., 13, 2770-2785.
Cronin, M.F., M.J.
McPhaden, and R.H. Weisberg, 2000: Wind forced reversing currents in the
western equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 657-676.
Johnson, G.C., M.J.
McPhaden, G.D. Rowe, and K.E. McTaggart, 2000: Upper equatorial Pacific
ocean current and salinity variability during the 1996-98 El Niño-La
Niña cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 105,, 1037-1053.
Meinen, C.S. and
M.J. McPhaden, 2000: Observations of warm water volume changes in the
equatorial Pacific and their relationship to El Niño and La Niña.
J. Clim., 13, 3551-3559.
Nystuen, J.A., M.J.
McPhaden, and H.P. Freitag, 2000: Surface measurements of precipitation
from an ocean mooring: The underwater acoustic log from the South China
Sea. J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 2182-2197.
Wang, W., and M.J.
McPhaden, 2000: The surface-layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific
Ocean. Part II: Interannual variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30,
2989-3008.
Zhang, C. and M.J.
McPhaden, 2000: Intraseasonal surface cooling in the equatorial western
Pacific. J. Clim., 13, 2261-2276.
RECENT BOOK CHAPTERS AND REVIEWS
McPhaden, M.J., 2007: El Niño and La Niña: Physical Mechanisms and Climate Impacts. In: The Impact of Environmental
Variability on Ecological Systems. D. A. Vasseur and K. S. McCann
(Eds.). Springer, New York, p. 1-16.
McPhaden, M.J., 2006: El Niño and Ocean Observations: A personal
history. In: Physical Oceanography, Developments Since 1950.
M. Jochum and R. Murtugudde (Eds.), Springer, New York, p. 79-99.
McPhaden, M.J., 2004: Book review of “Our Affair with El Niño” by S.
George Philander, Princeton University Press, 2004. Nature, 429, 605-606.
McPhaden, M.J., 2002: El Niño, La Niña, and the Climate Swings of
1997-98. In: La Niña and its Impacts, M. Glantz (Editor). United Nations
University Press, Tokyo, Japan, 25-30.
McPhaden, M.J., 2002: El Niño and La Niña: Causes and Global
Consequences. In: Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Vol 1,
John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chicester, UK, 353-370.
|
