Last updated: February 9, 2012

ABBREVIATED CURRICULUM VITAE
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Michael James McPhaden
NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
7600 Sand Point Way NE
Seattle, Washington 98115

Email: michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov
Phone: (206) 526-6783
Fax: (206) 526-6744

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

• 1998-present   Senior Scientist, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington
• 1993-present   Affiliate Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
• 1990-present   Senior Fellow, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington
• 1990-1993   Affiliate Associate Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
• 1988-1990   Affiliate Assistant Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
• 1987-present   Senior Fellow, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii
• 1986-1998   Oceanographer (various ranks), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington
• 1984-1986   Research Assistant Professor, School of Oceanography, University of Washington
• 1982-1984   Visiting Research Scientist, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington
• 1980-1982   Research Scientist, Oceanography Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research

EDUCATION

• 1980   Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Ph.D., Physical Oceanography; Dissertation title: “Models of the Equatorial Ocean Circulation”
• 1973   State University of New York at Buffalo, B.S., Physics, magna cum laude

HONORS, AWARDS, and CITATIONS

• Fridtjof Nansen Medal, European Geosciences Union, 2010
• Fellow, American Meteorological Society, 2007
• Guest Professor, Ocean University of China, 2006
• Fellow, The Oceanography Society, 2005
• Scientific American “Science & Technology Web Awards” for El Niño Theme Page, 2005
• Presidential Rank Award for Meritorious Federal Service, 2004
• Listed in Thomson ISI Highly Cited Researchers in Geosciences, 2004
• Grace Hopper Government Technology Award (“Gracie Award”), given to the TAO project for Leadership in the Innovative Application of Information Technology, 2003
• American Geophysical Union, Frontiers of Geophysics Lecturer, 2002 Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting
• American Meteorological Society, Walter Orr Roberts Lecturer, 2002
• Public Service Award, Federal Executive Board, Seattle, 1999
• American Meteorological Society, Special Award for Completing and Maintaining the TAO Array, 1999
• American Geophysical Union, Sverdrup Lecturer, Fall 1998 Meeting
• Department of Commerce, Gold Medal, 1997
• Editor's Citation for Excellence in Refereeing, Journal of Geophysical Research, 1995
• NOAA/OAR Outstanding Publication Award, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004
• NOAA/PMEL Outstanding Publication Award, 1989-1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2007

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

• The Oceanography Society, 1988-present
• American Geophysical Union, 1979-present
• The American Meteorological Society, 1978-present
• The European Geosciences Union, 2005-present

RECENT PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES

• President, American Geophysical Union, 2010-2012
• President-elect, American Geophysical Union, 2008-2010
• Member, Review Committee, University of Maryland Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, 2011
• Member, IUGG Nominations Committee, 2010-2011
• Member, National Academy of Science Advisory Panel on National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces, 2009-11
• Member, MIT/WHOI Joint Program Review Committee, 2009
• Member, RAPID-WATCH Program Advisory Committee, 2008-present
• Contributing author, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007
• Convener, IUGG Symposium on Interannual to Interdecadal Climate Variability, 2007
• Member, RAPID (Rapid Climate Change) Review Committee, February 2007
• President, Ocean Sciences Section, American Geophysical Union, 2002-2004
• Member, Executive Committee, AGU Ocean Science Section 2000-2008
• Member, IOC/WMO Joint Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, Observations Coordination Group, 2001-present
• Member, International CLIVAR Global Synthesis and Observations Panel, 2004-present
• Member, International CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel, 2003-present
• Member, International CLIVAR Pacific Ocean Panel, 2001-present
• Chairman, Tropical Moored Buoy Implementation Panel, 2001-present
• Member, International CLIVAR/OOPC OceanSITES Working Group, 2001-present
• Editorial Board, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001-present
• Member, PIRATA Steering Group, 1995-present
• Member, International CLIVAR Ocean Observations Panel, 2000-2003
• Member, AMS Committee on the Interaction of the Sea and the Atmosphere, 1999-2002
• Chairman, TAO Implementation Panel, 1992-2001

RECENT REFEREED PUBLICATIONS

Foltz, G.R., M.J. McPhaden, and R. Lumpkin, 2012: A strong Atlantic Meridional Mode event in 2009: The role of mixed layer dynamics. J. Climate, 25, 363-380, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00150.1.

Nagura, M., and M. J. McPhaden, 2012: The dynamics of wind-driven intraseasonal variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C07009, doi:10.1029/2011JC007405.

Delcroix T., G. Alory, S. Cravatte, T. Corrége, and M. J. McPhaden, 2011:  A gridded sea surface salinity data set for the tropical Pacific with sample applications (1950-2008).  Deep-Sea Res. Part I, 58, 38-48.

Girishkumar, M. S., M. Ravichandran, M. J. McPhaden, and R. R. Rao, 2011: Intraseasonal variability in barrier layer thickness in the south central Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03009, doi:10.1029/2010JC006657.

Iskandar, I., and M. J. McPhaden, 2011: Dynamics of wind-forced intraseasonal zonal current variations in the equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C06019, doi:10.1029/2010JC006864.

Kumar, B.P., J. Vialard, M. Lengaigne, V.S.N. Murty, M.J. McPhaden, 2011: TropFlux:  Air-Sea Fluxes for the Global Tropical Oceans – Description and evaluation. Clim. Dyn., in press.

McPhaden, M. J., T. Lee, and D. McClurg, 2011: El Niño and its relationship to changing background conditions in the tropical Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L15709, doi:10.1029/2011GL048275.

Turk, D., C. S. Meinen, D. Antoine, M. J. McPhaden, and M. R. Lewis, 2011: Implications of changing El Niño patterns for biological dynamics in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23603, doi: 10.1029/2011GL049674.

Wu, L., W. Cai, L. Zhang, H. Nakamura, A. Timmermann, T. Joyce, M. J. McPhaden, M. Alexander, B. Qiu, M. Visbeck, P. Chang, and B. Giese, 2011: Enhanced Warming over the Global Subtropical Western Boundary Currents. Nature Geosci., in press.

Yu, L. and M. J. McPhaden, 2011: Ocean pre-conditioning of Cyclone Nargis in the Bay of Bengal: Interaction between Rossby waves, surface fresh waters, and sea surface temperatures. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 1741-1755.

Zhang, D., R. Msadek, M. J. McPhaden, and T. Delworth, 2011: Multidecadal variability of the North Brazil Current and its connection to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C04012, doi:10.1029/2010JC006812.

Balmaseda, M.A., Y. Fujii, O. Alves, T. Lee, M. Rienecker, T. Rosati, D. Stammer, Y. Xue, H. Freeland, M.J. McPhaden, L. Goddard, and C. Coelho, 2010: Role of the Ocean Observing System in an end-to-end seasonal forecasting system. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 1); ", Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Bingham, F., G. R. Foltz, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Seasonal Cycles of Surface Layer Salinity in the Pacific Ocean. Ocean Sci., 6, 775-787.

Chang, Y.-T., T. Yung Tang, S.-Y. Chao, M.-H. Chang, D. S. Ko, Y. J. Yang, W.-D. Liang, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Mooring observations and numerical modeling of thermal structures in the South China Sea, J. Geophys., 115, C10022, doi:10.1029/2010JC006293.

Feng, M., M. J. McPhaden, and T. Lee, 2010:  Decadal variability of the Pacific subtropical cells and their influence on the southeast Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09606, doi:10.1029/2010GL042796.

Foltz, G. R., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Abrupt equatorial wave-induced cooling of the Atlantic cold tongue in 2009. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24605, doi:10.1029/2010GL045522.

Foltz, G. R., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Interaction between the Atlantic meridional and Nino modes. Geophys. Res. Lett., L18604, doi:10.1029/2010GL044001.

Foltz, G. R., J. Vialard, P. Kumar, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Seasonal mixed layer heat balance of the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 23, 947-965.

Gulev, S.K., S.A. Josey, M. Bourassa, L.-A. Breivik, M.F. Cronin, C. Fairall, S. Gille, E.C. Kent, C.M. Lee, M.J. McPhaden, P.M.S. Monteiro, U. Schuster, S.R. Smith, K.E. Trenberth, D. Wallace, and S.D. Woodruff, 2010: Surface Energy and CO₂ fluxes in the global ocean-atmosphere-ice system. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 1)", Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Huang, B., Y. Xue, D. Zhang, A. Kumar, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: The NCEP GODAS Ocean Analysis of the Tropical Pacific Mixed Layer Heat Budget on Seasonal to Interannual Time Scales. J. Climate, 23, 4901-4925.

Lampitt, R. S., P. Favali, C. R. Barnees, M. J. Church, M. F. Cronin, K. L. Hill, Y. Kaneda, D. M. Karl, A. H. Knap, M. J. McPhaden, K. A. Nittis, I. G. Priede, J.-F. Rolin, U. Send, C.-C. Teng, T. W. Trull, D. W. R. Wallace, R. A. Weller, 2010: In situ sustained Eulerian observatories. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 1), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, Hall, J. Harrison, D. E., and Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Lee, T., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central-equatorial Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14603, doi:10.1029/2010GL044007.

Masumoto, Y., W. Yu, G. Meyers, N. D'Adamo, L. Beal, W.P.M. de Ruijter, M. Dyoulgerov, J. Hermes, T. Lee, J.R.E. Lutjeharms, J.P. McCreary, Jr., M.J. McPhaden, V.S.N. Murty, D. Obura, C.B. Pattiaratchi, M. Ravichandran, C. Reason, F. Syamsudin, G. Vecchi, J. Vialard, and L. Yu, 2010: Observing systems in the Indian Ocean. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.60.

McPhaden, M.J., K. Ando, B. Bourlès, H.P. Freitag, R. Lumpkin, Y. Masumoto, V.S.N. Murty, P. Nobre, M. Ravichandran, J. Vialard, D. Vousden, and W. Yu, 2010: The global tropical moored buoy array. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

McPhaden, M. J., A. J. Busalacchi, and D. L. T. Anderson, 2010: A TOGA retrospective. Oceanography, 23, 86-103.

Nagura, M., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Wyrtki Jet dynamics: Seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C07009, doi:10.1029/2009JC005922.

Nagura, M. and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Dynamics of zonal current variations associated with the Indian Ocean dipole. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C11026, doi:10.1029/2010JC006423.

Radenac, M.-H, P. E. Plimpton, A. Lebourges-Dhaussy, L. Commien, and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Impact of environmental forcing on the acoustic backscattering strength in the equatorial Pacific: diurnal, lunar, intraseasonal, and interannual variability. Deep-Sea Res., 57, 1314-1328.

Rienecker, M.M., T. Awaji, M. Balmaseda, B. Barnier, D. Behringer, M. Bell, M. Bourassa, P. Brasseur, J. Carton, J. Cummings, L.-A. Breivik, E. Dombrowsky, C. Fairall, N. Ferry, G. Forget, H. Freeland, S.M. Griffies, K. Haines, D.E. Harrison, P. Heimbach, M. Kamachi, E. Kent, T. Lee, P.-Y. Le Traon, M. McPhaden, M.J. Martin, P. Oke, M.D. Palmer, E. Remy, T. Rosati, A. Schiller, D.M. Smith, D. Snowden, D. Stammer, K.E. Trenberth, and Y. Xue, 2010: Synthesis and assimilation systems—Essential adjuncts to the Global Ocean Observing System. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 1), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Send, U., R. A. Weller, D. Wallace, F. Chavez, R. Lampitt, T. Dickey, M. Honda, K. Nittis, R. Lukas, M. McPhaden, and R. Feely, 2010: OceanSITES.  In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, 10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.79.

Xue, Y., O. Alves, M.A. Balmaseda, N. Ferry, S. Good, I. Ishikawa, T. Lee, M.J. McPhaden, K.A. Peterson, and M. Rienecker, 2010: Ocean state estimation for global ocean monitoring: ENSO and beyond ENSO. In Proceedings of the "OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society" Conference (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Hall, J., D.E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

Zhang, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 2010: Interannual surface layer heat balance in the eastern equatorial Pacific and its relationship with local atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 23, 4375–4394.

Clarke, C., et al, 2009: An overview of global ocean observing Systems relevant to GODAE.  Oceanography, 22, 22-33.

Cravatte, S.E., T. Delcroix, D. Zhang, M.J McPhaden, and J. Leloup, 2009: Observed freshening and warming of the western Pacific warm pool. Clim. Dyn., 33, 565-589.

Foltz, G.R., and M.J. McPhaden, 2009: Impact of barrier layer thickness on SST in the central tropical North Atlantic. J. Climate, 22, 285-299.

McPhaden, M.J., G.R. Foltz, T. Lee, V.S.N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, G.A. Vecchi, J. Vialard, J.D. Wiggert, L. Yu, 2009: Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions During Cyclone Nargis. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 90, 53-54.

McPhaden, M.J., G. Meyers, K. Ando,Y. Masumoto, V.S.N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, F. Syamsudin, J. Vialard, L. Yu, and W. Yu, 2009: RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 459-480.

McPhaden, M. J., and X. Zhang, 2009: Asymmetry in zonal phase propagation of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L13703, doi:10.1029/2009GL038774.

Vialard, J., J.P. Duvel, M. McPhaden, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, B. Ward, E. Key, D. Bourras, R. Weller, P. Minnett, A. Weill, C. Cassou, L. Eymard, T. Fristedt, C. Basdevant, Y. Dandoneau, O. Duteil, T. Izumo, C. de Boyer Montégut, S. Masson, and F. Marsac, 2009: Cirene: Air-sea interactions in the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge region. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 45-60.

Bourlès, B., R. Lumpkin, M.J. McPhaden, F. Hernandez, P. Nobre, E. Campos, L. Yu, S. Planton, A. Busalacchi, A.D. Moura, J. Servain, and J. Trotte, 2008: The PIRATA Program: History, Accomplishments, and Future Directions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1111-1125.

Foltz, G.R., and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Impact of Saharan dust on tropical North Atlantic SST. J. Climate, 21, 5048-5060.

Foltz, G.R., and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Trends in Saharan dust and tropical Atlantic climate during 1980-2006. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20706, doi:10.1029/2008GL035042.

Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Seasonal mixed layer salinity balance of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 113, C02013, doi:10.1029/2007JC004178.

Lee, T. and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Decadal phase change in large-scale sea level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01605, doi:10.1029/2007GL032419.

McPhaden, M.J., 2008: Evolution of the 2006-07 El Niño: The Role of Intraseasonal to Interannual Time Scale Dynamics. Adv. Geosci., 14, 219-230.

McPhaden, M.J., M.F. Cronin, and D.C. McClurg, 2008: Meridional structure of the surface mixed layer temperature balance on seasonal time scales in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 21, 3240-3260.

Nagura, M. and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: The dynamics of zonal current variations in the central equatorial Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23603, doi:10.1029/2008GL035961.

Vialard, J., G. Foltz, M.J. McPhaden, J.P. Duvel and C. de Boyer Montégut, 2008: Strong Indian Ocean sea surface temperature signals associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation in late 2007 and early 2008. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19608, doi:10.1029/2008GL035238.

Yoneyama, K., et al, 2008: MISMO field experiment in the tropical Indian Ocean. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1889-1903.

Zhang, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 2008: Eastern equatorial Pacific forcing of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies. J. Climate, 21, 6070-6079.

Cheng, W., M.J. McPhaden, D. Zhang, and E.J. Metzger, 2007: Recent changes in the Pacific subtropical cells inferred from an eddy resolving ocean circulation model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1340-1356.

Delcroix. T., S. Cravatte, and M.J. McPhaden, 2007: Decadal variations and trends in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity since 1970. J. Geophys. Res., 112(C3), C03012, doi:10.1029/2006JC003801.

Behrenfeld, M.J., K. Worthington, R.M. Sherrell, F.P. Chavez, P. Strutton, M.J. McPhaden, and D.M. Shea, 2006: Controls on tropical Pacific ocean productivity revealed through nutrient stress diagnostics, Nature, 442, 1025-1028.

Bennett, A.F., B.S. Chua, H.-E. Ngodock, D.E. Harrison, and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Generalized inversion of the Gent-Cane model of the Tropical Pacific with Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) data. J. Mar. Res., 64, 1-42.

Cronin, M.F., C. Fairall, and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: An assessment of buoy derived and numerical weather prediction surface heat fluxes in the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C06038, doi:10.1029/2005JC003324.

Feely, R.A., T. Takahashi, R. Wanninkhof, M.J. McPhaden, C.E. Cosca, S.C. Sutherland and M.-E. Carr, 2006: Decadal Variability of the Air-Sea CO₂ Fluxes in the  Equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C08S90, doi:10.1029/2005JC003129.

Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the tropical North Atlantic during 2005. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19703, doi:10.1029/2006GL027394.

Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: The role of oceanic heat advection in the evolution of tropical North and South Atlantic SST anomalies. J. Climate, 19, 6122-6138.

Maes, C., K. Ando, T. Delcroix, W.S. Kessler, M.J. McPhaden, and D. Roemmich, 2006: Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06601, doi:10.1029/2005GL024772.

McPhaden, M.J., S.E. Zebiak, and M.H. Glantz, 2006: ENSO as an integrating concept in Earth science. Science, 314, 1740-1745.

McPhaden, M.J., X. Zhang, H.H. Hendon, and M.C. Wheeler, 2006: Large Scale Dynamics and MJO Forcing of ENSO Variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(16), L16702,
doi:10.1029/2006GL026786.

Schein, K.A. et al, 2006: The state of the climate 2005. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, S1-S102.

Zhang, D., and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Decadal variability of the shallow Pacific meridional overturning circulation: relation to tropical sea surface temperatures in observations and climate change models. Ocean Modelling, 15, 250-273.

Zhang, X. and M.J. McPhaden, 2006: Wind stress variations and interannual sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 19, 226-241.

Capotondi, A., M.A. Alexander, C. Deser, and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: Anatomy and Decadal Evolution of the Pacific Subtropical-Tropical Cells (STCs). J. Climate, 18, 3739-3758.

Delcroix, T., M.J. McPhaden, A. Dessier, and Y. Gouriou,  2005: Time and space scales for sea surface salinity in the tropical oceans. Deep-Sea Res., 52, 787-813.

Foltz, G.R. and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: Mixed layer heat balance on intraseasonal time scales in the northwestern tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 18, 4168-4184.

Grodsky, S., J. Carton, C. Provost, J. Servain, J. Lorenzzetti, and M.J. McPhaden, 2005: Tropical instability waves and the warming of the cold tongue of the tropical Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C08010, doi:10.1029/2005JC002941.

RECENT BOOK CHAPTERS AND REVIEWS

McPhaden, M.J., 2007: El Niño and La Niña: Physical Mechanisms and Climate Impacts. In: The Impact of Environmental Variability on Ecological Systems. D. A. Vasseur and K. S. McCann (Eds.). Springer, New York, p. 1-16.

McPhaden, M.J., 2006: El Niño and Ocean Observations: A personal history. In: Physical Oceanography, Developments Since 1950. M. Jochum and R. Murtugudde (Eds.), Springer, New York, p. 79-99.

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