TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN (TAO) PROGRAM

REVISED DRAFT CRUISE INSTRUCTIONS

FOR

RB-03-09

October 17 – December 1, 2003

PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS:

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NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory TAO - Dr. Michael McPhaden

NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory GCC - Dr. Dick Feely,

Dr. Rik Wanninkhoff

NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Atmospheric Soundings- Dr. Nick Bond

NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory DMS, Dr. Timothy Bates

NOAA, Environmental Technology Laboratory ETL- Dr. Chris Fairall, Dr. Jeff Hare

NOAA, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab. Drifters- Craig Engler

University of Washington, Applied Physics Lab. Acoustic Rain Gauge – Jeff Nystuen

University of Hawaii ADCP data - Dr. Eric Firing

University of Hawaii DMS – Dr. Barry Huebert, Dr. Byron Bloomquist

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) Phytoplankton - Dr. Francisco Chavez

Brookhaven National Laboratory PRP- Dr. Michael Reynolds

NASA/Goddard Organic Carbon – Dr. Michael Behrenfeld

Princeton Oxygen – Dr. Jan Kaiser

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PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

A major objective of the TAO/TRITON Array is to facilitate understanding, modeling, and prediction of global interannual climate fluctuations associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. To this end, the TAO Project has implemented an ocean-atmosphere observing array in the tropical Pacific Ocean to initialize, force, and verify ocean prediction models. The TAO/TRITON Array consists of approximately 70 ATLAS moorings and current meter moorings within 8-12 degrees of the equator and spanning the Pacific Basin from 95 W to 165 E. Data from the array are both internally recorded and reported in real-time via Service Argos. The array is being maintained under sponsorship of NOAA’s Environmental Research Laboratories as part of the ENSO Observing System for NOAA’s Seasonal-to-Interannual Climate Prediction Program.

TAO Program Director

Dr. Michael J. McPhaden

PMEL, TAO Project Office

7600 Sand Point Way NE

Seattle, WA 98115

(206) 526-6783, -6744 (fax)

michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov

Area: Eastern Equatorial Pacific

Itinerary:

RB-03-01 Pensacola, Florida depart 17 October 2003

Balboa, Panama arrive/depart 22 October 2003

Balboa, Panama arrive 24 November 2003

Charleston, South Carolina arrive 01 December 2003

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CRUISE DESCRIPTION

Cruise Objective and Plan:

The objective of this cruise is the maintenance of the TAO Array along the 95EW and 110EW meridians. The scientific complement will load mooring equipment on the ship in Pensacola, Florida on October 15 and 16. A 20 ft container from the University of Hawaii may be loaded earlier in Pensacola depending crane availability and coordination with the offloading of gear from the previous cruise. After loading, the ship will depart Pensacola on October 17 and transit through the Panama canal to arrive Balboa, Panama on or about October 22. Approximately four scientific personnel will ride the ship beginning in Pensacola with the remaining scientists embarking on October 22, 2003 in Balboa, Panama. The TAO cruise will complete operations on or about November 24 back in Balboa, Panama. The majority of scientists will disembark then, with at least one continuing onboard the RHB for the transit back to Charleston, SC. All equipment offload will occur in Charleston upon the ships return on or about 01 December.

AMC Operations: TAO Operations:

LCDR Jim Meigs, NOAA LCDR Chris Beaverson, NOAA

NOAA/AMC (AMC1) PMEL, TAO

439 WEST YORK ST 7600 Sand Point Way NE

Norfolk, VA 23510-1114 Seattle, WA 98115-0070

(757) 441-6844 (206) 526-6403

Jim.Meigs@noaa.gov Chris.Beaverson@noaa.gov

1.0 PERSONNEL

1.1 CHIEF SCIENTIST AND PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS:

Chief Scientist: Ben Moore

The Chief Scientist is authorized to revise or alter the scientific portion of the cruise plan as work progresses provided that, after consultation with the Commanding Officer, it is ascertained that the proposed changes will not: (1) jeopardize the safety of personnel or the ship; (2) exceed the overall time allotted for the cruise; (3) result in undue additional expenses; (4) alter the general intent of these instructions.

A list of participating scientists follows in this set of specific cruise instructions. All participating scientists will submit a NOAA Health Services Questionnaire form approximately four weeks prior to sailing.

Participating Scientists

Name Sex Nationality Affiliation

1. Ben Moore (10/22-11/24) M USA NOAA/PMEL/TAO

2. Mike Craig (10/17-11/24) M USA NOAA/PMEL/TAO

3. Korey Martin (10/22-11/24) M USA NOAA/PMEL/TAO

4. Jeff Hare (10/17-11/24) M USA NOAA/ETL

5. Brenda Mulac (10/22-11/24) F USA NOAA/ETL/Univ. of Colorado

6. Dan Wolfe (10/22-11/24) M USA NOAA/ETL

7. 7. Jose Reyes Alava (10/22-11/24) M Ecuador Naval Oceanographic Institute (INOCAR)

8. Mike Behrenfeld (10/17-11/24) M USA NASA/Goddard

9. Kirby Worthington (10/17-12/1) M USA NASA/Goddard

10. Don Shea (10/17-10/22) M USA NASA/Goddard

11. Jan Kaiser (10/17-12/1) M Germany Princeton University

12. Byron Blomquist (10/17-12/1) M USA University of Hawaii

13. Baozhong Duan (10/17-12/1) M USA University of Hawaii

14. Barry Huebert (10/17-10/22) M USA University of Hawaii

15. James Johnson (10/17-10/22) M USA NOAA/PMEL

2.0 OPERATIONS

The cruise track and details of station work are summarized in Appendices A and B. The cruise will involve underway operations (Section 2.01) between stations, including CTD/water sampling stations (Section 2.02), mooring recoveries, deployments, and repairs (Section 2.03). During the cruise, it is requested that the vessel provide to the Chief Scientist an updated operations spreadsheet (similar to Appendix A) with actual times and speeds made good for the entire cruise. The TAO project will provide regular updates of buoy positions during the cruise in order to recover those adrift.

2.01 Underway Operations

.01 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP)

.02 Sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) data collection

2.01.1 ADCP (Firing)

A ship-mounted ADCP system will be used to continuously measure the currents in the upper ocean along the trackline. At a minimum, data from the ADCP will be logged from the start of the transit once in international waters (or waters for which there is research clearance) and continue until leaving international waters. For calibration purposes it is essential that bottom tracking be activated at the start and end of a cruise when in water depths shallower then 500m. The ship's Electronics Technician will be in charge of data storage (hard drive to disks and/or CD’s as necessary). The ADCP will be interfaced to the ship’s GPS receiver and will receive data at one second intervals. The clock on the ADCP IBM computer will NOT be reset while underway. ADCP operating parameters will not be changed without the permission of the Chief Scientist; in consultation with Dr. Eric Firing, and after informing TAO personnel of the intended parameter change. All ADCP data will be provided to the chief scientist and sent to Dr. Eric Firing at the University of Hawaii.

Accurate ship navigation is essential for valid ADCP current measurements. The ship will provide a fully operational GPS receiver and Seapath 200 system (or equivalent) for navigation input. Ship’s ET will select proper GPS codes to enable ADCP navigation data collection. The ADCP will be interfaced with the ship's gyro so that accurate heading information is available to the ADCP. A manual comparison of the ADCP heading/gyro reading will be logged by the Electronics Technician while the ship is dockside, at the beginning of a cruise and checked periodically throughout the cruise. For calibration purposes, “Bottom Tracking” should be activated whenever the ship is transiting water shallower than 500m.

Due to compatibility problems, the ADCP is not interfaced to SCS, so GPS navigation and gyro inputs must be connected directly to the ADCP system. If the ADCP becomes interfaced to the SCS, then the ADCP data will be recorded on both the ADCP recording system and the SCS. Appropriate data storage systems will be connected to the ADCP system for ADCP data collection. The ADCP data recorded on the IBM has course and speed information from the navigation data which is exactly time coincident with the ADCP ensembles.

The ADCP system will be operated by ship personnel and will continuously log data to the ADCP zip storage disks during the entire cruise. If necessary, the ADCP data disks will be changed when full. Full disks will be labeled and backed up. An ADCP log will be maintained by the Electronics Technician and a check of the ADCP recording of heading, time, velocity and navigation information will be done periodically to ensure the system is operating properly. Any inconsistencies, such as heading, time, and/or navigation input not in agreement with actual/expected, will be noted in the log and reported to the Commanding Officer and Chief Scientist.

Principle Investigator:

Dr Eric Firing, University of Hawaii efiring@iniki.soest.hawaii.edu

2.01.2 SST and SSS

Sea surface temperature and salinity will be recorded continuously with a SEABIRD SBE-21 accurate to within 0.1 C and 0.01 psu. The Survey Technician will translate the data from the thermosalinograph to ASCII. It is the vessel’s responsibility to ensure that the thermosalinograph is calibrated, at a minimum, annually.

2.02 CTD Observations

A Sea-Bird 9 plus CTD with dual temperature and conductivity sensors will be the primary system and will be provided by the program. An oxygen sensor will also be provided for the primary system. A backup Sea-Bird 9 plus CTD with dual sensors is also required and will be provided by the ship. A Sea-Bird carousel and twelve 10-liter Niskin bottles will be used to collect water samples for the analysis of salinity. A backup Sea-Bird carousel and spare Niskins will be provided by the program.

At a minimum, 1000 meter CTD casts shall be conducted at each mooring site between 12EN and 8ES for sensor inter-comparison purposes. As time permits, additional or deeper CTD's should be conducted whenever addition of the CTD’s will not impact scheduled mooring work. For example, if the ship would arrive at the next mooring site in the middle of the night, it is preferable to do CTD’s on the way, rather than remain hove to waiting for daylight. Another example would be when mooring operations are significantly ahead of schedule. Note that for moorings with subsurface conductivity sensors, primarily

located along 95W and 110W, two additional profiles should be collected prior to the mooring recovery for sensor calibration purposes if time is available. The additional casts will be to 200 m and only two salinity samples will be collected, one at 200 m and one in the surface mixed layer to be determined from the downcast profile. The usual 1000 m or deep CTD with 12 salinity samples collected should be done after the new mooring deployment. These 3 casts should be spaced around the mooring site and not all in the same place.

Beyond those at mooring sites, CTD's should be conducted in the following order of priority:

1000m CTD’s at one degree latitude intervals between 12EN and 8ES , along the ship's trackline.

Extend 1000m CTD’s at mooring sites to a minimum of 3000m or a maximum depth of 200m from bottom.

1000m CTD’s every one-half degree of latitude between 3EN and 3ES

If the time required for a CTD would cut into the required daylight hours for a mooring operation or would delay the ship from arriving in port on schedule, the Commanding Officer may omit a CTD, after consulting with the Chief Scientist.

For each cast, the CTD operator should be notified at least 30 minutes prior to arriving on station in order to ready the underwater package and power up the instrumentation (i.e. turn on the deck unit) giving the electronics time to equilibrate. The data acquisition program and VCR should be started just prior to deployment.

Once the CTD has been deployed, it should be held at 10 m for 2 minutes to activate the pumps and remove any air bubbles in the sensor tubing. The winch operator should then raise the package to just beneath the surface being careful to not let the sensors come out of the water. The CTD operator will hit “markscan” and then instruct the winch operator to start down.

Descent rates should be 30 m/min from 0-50 m, 45 m/min from 50-200 m, and 60 m/min beyond 200 m. An entry in the Marine Operations Abstract should be made for each CTD cast at the maximum cast depth by the bridge watch. Ascent rates should not exceed 60 m/min. If possible, all 12 Niskin bottles should be closed at specified depths in the water column. After recovery and data acquisition is completed, the deck unit should be turned off.

CTD data will be acquired and processed on the ship’s computer equipped with SEASOFT software. The capability to display CTD data using the SCS system and monitors will be available. The CTD operator will complete the CTD cast logs. The CTD operator or bridge watch will maintain the CTD weather log.

Water samples for salinity analysis will be taken from each Niskin bottle on every cast (or as specified by the Chief Scientist). The Survey Technician will run salinity analysis on the ship's autosalinometer within 2-3 days after the samples are collected using ACI2000 software. The autosalinometer will be standardized with IAPSO standard seawater, provided by the program, before each salinity run. Bottle salinity data will be used post-cruise at PMEL for conductivity sensor calibration.

Note that for moorings with subsurface conductivity sensors, primarily located along 95W and 110W, two additional profiles should be collected (if time is available)prior to the mooring recovery for sensor calibration purposes. The additional casts will be to 200 m and only two salinity samples can be

collected, one at 200 m and one in the surface mixed layer to be determined from the downcast profile. The usual 1000 m or deep CTD with 12 salinity samples collected should be done after the new mooring

deployment. These 3 casts should be spaced around the mooring site and not all in the same place.

The Chief Scientist in consultation with the FOO will set a cruise CTD operator schedule for the science party to assist and cover 24 hour CTD operations as needed relative to the CST’s workload.

Principle Investigator:

Dr Gregory Johnson, PMEL 206-526-6806 gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov

2.03 Mooring Operations

Mooring operations include recovery, deployment and servicing of the following types of moorings:

(a) Surface Moorings - ATLAS II

(b) Surface Moorings - ATLAS II - E (Enhanced)

Mooring Operations are scheduled to be conducted as shown in Appendix A. Operations will be conducted from 12EN - 95EW to 8ES - 95EW and then to 8ES - 110EW thence to 8EN - 110EW. The following mooring operations are anticipated, though the work may be changed by direction of the Chief Scientist; in consultation, with the Commanding Officer.

Location Mooring Type Operation

12EN 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover only

Haruphone Avoid

10EN 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover only

8EN 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover/Deploy

Haruphone Avoid

5EN 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover/Deploy

3.5EN 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover only

2EN 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover/Deploy

Mooring adrift, approx position 4.5EN 97.5EW

0E 95EW ATLAS II - E Repair, remove LWR

Haruphone Avoid

2ES 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover/Deploy (Mooring moved 7 nm)

5ES 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover/Deploy

8ES 95EW ATLAS II - E Recover/Deploy

Haruphone Avoid

8ES 110EW ATLAS II Visit

Haruphone Avoid

5ES 110EW ATLAS II Recover/Deploy

2ES 110EW ATLAS II Recover/Deploy.

0E 110EW ATLAS II Deploy.

Subsurface ADCP Recover/Deploy narrowband

Subsurface ADCP Recover broadband

Haruphone Avoid

2EN 110EW ATLAS II Visit

5EN 110EW ATLAS II Recover/Deploy

8EN 110EW ATLAS II Repair, Swap ATRH

Haruphone Avoid

ATLAS II = Next Generation

ATLAS II - E = Next Generation Enhanced

2.03.1 Enhanced TAO Monitoring of Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction in the Cold Tongue/ITCZ Complex (EPIC)

Enhancements to the TAO 95EW observing system as noted in Section 2.3 above incorporate a suite of meteorological sensors, including short and long wave radiometers, rain and barometric pressure; additional subsurface temperature sensors; surface and subsurface conductivity sensors and current meters. The EPIB moorings at 12N, 10N, 3.5N and 95W as well as the enhanced sensors on other moorings will not be redeployed.

Principal investigators:

Dr Meghan Cronin, PMEL 206-526-6449 meghan.f.cronin@noaa.gov

Dr Michael McPhaden, PMEL 206-526-6783 michael.j.mcphaden@noaa.gov

2.04 Navigation

Navigation will be based on the best available information, including GPS, dead reckoning, radar and visual bearings as appropriate. GPS is vital to the efficient deployment of a mooring and is the preferred navigational aid in the project area. Radar ranges and visual bearings to buoys may be required during deployment and recovery operations.

Navigational information will be recorded on the Marine Operations Abstract (MOA) by the bridge watch. In addition to recording mooring events as they occur, various courses and speeds may be logged when on station. In the event of an SCS failure, the bridge watch will record hourly GPS positions in the MOA.

2.05 Sea Beam

Sea Beam swath surveys are requested for all mooring sites of this cruise as defined above. The center beam information of the Sea Beam system will be used to observe and record bottom depth for this and future mooring deployments. The Chief Scientist will provide areas and coverage parameters for the surveys relative to time available as the cruise progresses. Contoured plots of mooring site surveys will be generated by the Chief Survey Technician.

2.06 Underway Measurements in support of Global Carbon Cycle Research (GCC) (Feeley, Wanninkhof)

2.06.1 Request:

As part of the ongoing research to quantify the CO2 uptake by the world's oceans we have installed underway systems on BROWN. After initial start-up, which requires about one hour of monitoring, the system needs checking twice a day requiring a total of about 20-minutes. We would also request weekly data downloads and transmission such that we can perform on shore near-real-time quality control to assess if the instrument is operating satisfactorily. All costs of the email transmissions and survey technician overtime would be covered by AOML. The chief survey technician, J. Shannahoff, has operated the instrument before with good results. In the event of system malfunction that cannot be easily repaired, we will ask Mr. Shannahoff to shut the system down. The shoreside leader of the effort, Mr. Robert Castle has interacted closely with J. Shannahoff and feels that this arrangement would work well.

2.06.2 Introduction:

The underway sensors on RHB will be used in support of the objectives of the Global Carbon Cycle Research (GCC) to quantify the uptake of carbon by the world's ocean and to understand the bio-geochemical mechanisms responsible for variations of partial pressure of CO2 in surface water (pCO2). This work is a collaborative effort between the CO2 groups at AOML and PMEL.

Principal investigators:

Dr Rik Wanninkhof, AOML 305-361-4379 wanninkhof@aoml.noaa.gov

Dr Richard Feely, PMEL 206-526-6214 richard.a.feely@noaa.gov

The semi-automated instruments are installed on a permanent basis in the hydrolab of RHB and are operated by personnel from AOML and PMEL. All work is performed on a not-to-interfere basis and does not introduce any added ship logistic requirements other than the continuous operation of the bow water pump and thermosalinograph. This effort requires one permanent berth for the operator of the systems. The instrumentation is comprised of an underway system to measure pCO2, a SOMMA (single operator multi-parameter metabolic analyzer) -coulometer system to measure total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), - a Turner Designs fluorometer, and a YSI oxygen probe. An oxygen titrator and stand-alone fluorometer will be used to calibrate the underway oxygen and fluorometer, respectively. All the instruments are set up along the port side bulkhead and aft bench in the hydrolab. The batch oxygen and DIC samples will be analyzed in AOML.

2.06.3 Rationale:

Current estimates of anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the oceans range from 1 to 2.8 Gigatons per year. The CO2 fluxes between air and water are poorly constrained because of lack of seasonal and geographic coverage of delta pCO2 (the air-water disequilibrium) values and incomplete understanding of factors controlling the air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide. Seasonal and temporal coverage can be increased dramatically by deploying pCO2 analyzers on ships.