TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN (TAO) PROGRAM

DRAFT

CRUISE INSTRUCTIONS

FOR

KA-06-01 (GP1-06-KA)

January 5 – February 10, 2006

TAO Program Director

Michael J. McPhaden

PMEL, TAO Project Office

7600 Sand Point Way NE

Seattle, WA 98115

Area: Equatorial Pacific

Itinerary:

KA-04-05 Honolulu, Hawaii DEP January 5, 2005

Nuku Hiva, Marquises ARR January 20, 2005

Nuku Hiva, Marquises DEP January 23, 2005

San Diego, California ARR February 10, 2005

CRUISE DESCRIPTION

General guidelines are contained in the TAO Program Standard Operating Instructions for NOAA Ship KA’IMIMOANA dated December 8, 2004.

Cruise Objective and Plan:

The objective of this cruise is the maintenance of the TAO Array along the 125°W and 140°W meridians. The scientific complement for the cruise will embark in Honolulu, Hawaii, on January 4, 2006. The ship will depart on January 5, 2006, to commence operations as listed in Appendix A. The ship will stop in Nuku Hiva, Marquises, on or about January 20 - 23, 2006. After completion of operations, NOAA Ship KA’IMIMOANA will proceed to San Diego, California, arriving on or about February 10, 2006. All dates and times referred to in these cruise instructions are in Pacific Standard Time (PST).

MOP Operations: TAO Operations Manager:

Larry Mordock LCDR Brian Lake, NOAA

NOAA/MOC-Pacific (MOC-P1x3) PMEL, TAO, R/E/PM

1801 Fairview Avenue East 7600 Sand Point Way NE

Seattle, Washington 98102-3767 Seattle, Washington 98115-0070

(206) 553-4764 (206) 526-6403

Larry.Mordock@noaa.gov Brian.Lake@noaa.gov

1.0 PERSONNEL

1.1 CHIEF SCIENTIST AND PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS:

Chief Scientist: Patrick A’Hearn

The Chief Scientist is authorized to revise or alter the scientific portion of the cruise plan as work progresses provided that, after consultation with the Commanding Officer, it is ascertained that the proposed changes will not: (1) jeopardize the safety of personnel or the ship; (2) exceed the overall time allotted for the cruise; (3) result in undue additional expenses; (4) alter the general intent of these instructions. A list of participating scientists follows. All participating scientists will submit a medical history form and be medically approved before embarking.

Participating Scientists:

Name	Gender	Nationality	Affiliation
Patrick A’Hearn	M	US	NOAA/PMEL
Brian Powers	M	US	NOAA/PMEL
Mike Behrenfeld	M	US	Oregon State University
Kirby Worthington	M	US	NASA
Wayne Slade	M	US	Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
Maria Jose Boluarte Baca	F	Peru	Universidad Agraria, La Molina
TBN	M	US	SAIC/NDBC
TBN	M	US	SAIC/NDBC

2.0 OPERATIONS

Mooring Operations are scheduled to be conducted as shown in Appendix A. Operations will be conducted from 09°N – 140°W to 05°S – 140°W and 08°S – 125°W to 08°N – 125°W. The following mooring operations are anticipated, though the work may be changed by direction of the Chief Scientist, in consultation with the Commanding Officer.

*Location*	*Mooring Type*	*Operation*	*Status*
09°N 140°W	ATLAS	Visit
05°N 140°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
02°N 140°W	ATLAS	Visit
00° 140°W	ATLAS/CO₂	Recover/Deploy	CO₂ Mooring, Moum/Strutton instruments
02°S 140°W	ATLAS	Visit
05°S 140°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
Transit
08°S 125°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
05°S 125°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
02°S 125°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
00° 125°W	ATLAS/CO₂	Recover/Deploy	CO₂ Mooring
02°N 125°W	ATLAS	Recover/Deploy
05°N 125°W	ATLAS	Visit
08°N 125°W	ATLAS	Visit

2.01 CTD

At a minimum, 1,000 meter CTD casts shall be conducted at each mooring site between 08(09)°N and 08(05)°S for sensor inter‑comparison purposes. As time permits, additional or deeper CTD’s should be conducted whenever addition of the CTD’s will not impact scheduled mooring work. For example, if the ship would arrive at the next mooring site in the middle of the night, it is preferable to do CTD’s on the way, rather than remain hove to waiting for daylight. Another example would be when mooring operations are significantly ahead of schedule. Beyond those at mooring sites, CTD’s should be conducted in the following order of priority:

· 1,000m CTD’s at one degree latitude intervals between 12°N and 08°S, along the ship’s trackline.

· Extend 1,000m CTD’s at mooring sites to a minimum of 3,000m or a maximum depth of 200m from bottom. Four to six deep casts are optimal, occurring at the beginning and end of the cruise as well as at both equatorial sites.

· 1,000m CTD’s every one‑half degree of latitude between 03°N and 03°S.

· Additional calibration CTD’s to be determined by Chief Scientist.

The CTD Rosette should have 24 Niskin bottles available for use by ancillary projects.

2.02 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) Surface Drifters

The Global Drifter Center at NOAA/AOML requests drifter deployments on an ancillary basis. The drifters are small, easily deployed devices that are tracked by ARGOS and provide Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and mixed layer currents. The global array of drifters provides SST ground truth for NOAA’s polar orbiting satellite AVHRR SST maps. They also provide data to operational meteorological and ocean models, and research ocean current data sets.

AOML drifters are scheduled at the following positions:

TBA

Craig Engler, NOAA/AOML

Global Drifter Center,

Tel: (305) 361‑4439

Fax: (305) 361‑4392

E-mail: Craig.Engler@noaa.gov

URL: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/

2.03 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Argo Profiling CTD Floats

Eleven Argo floats are scheduled for deployment on this cruise. Individual deployment positions can be shifted by a degree or so along the ship track if more convenient. Each float weighs about 56 lbs. The boxes weigh about 200 lbs. full and are 82” long x 17” high x 23” long. Boxes cannot be stored or transported on their small ends. The floats are sensitive to high temperatures, so as space for a pair of floats becomes available on the computer lab rack, it will be desirable to move floats from the next box to the rack at the earliest convenient time. A manual for float testing and deployment has been sent to the ship. Float deployment locations are as follows:

TBA

Argo float questions should be directed to:

Gregory Johnson, NOAA/PMEL or Elizabeth Steffen, NOAA/PMEL

Tel: (206) 526-6806 Tel: (206) 526-6747

E-mail: pmel_floats@noaa.gov E-mail: pmel_floats@noaa.gov

2.04 Discreet Gas Sampler

Whole air samples are cryogenically dried and pumped into glass flasks by an automated system in the computer lab. Following the cruise, the flasks are returned to Princeton University for analysis by prepaid FEDEX. Pairs of flasks are collected while the ship is underway at 08°N, 04°N, 00°, 04°S, and 08°S along the 125°W and 140°W lines. Automated sampling cycle is approximately five hours. It is anticipated that the Survey Technician will perform the maintenance tasks. The Survey Technician will be shipping the samples back to Princeton University.

The contact for this project is:

Michael Bender

Princeton University

Tel: (609) 258-2936

E-mail: bender@geo.princeton.edu

2.05 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) Analysis

A 0.5 liter sea water sample from surface CTD casts will be taken and stored for later dissolved inorganic carbon analysis. Sample jars and Scripps Institute of Oceanography will provide sample jars and mercury chloride solution. It is anticipated that the Survey Technician, together with embarked scientific personnel will take the samples. A small bench-top drill press is installed on the ship to assist with the bottle capping process. Samples will be collected when the ship docks in San Diego, California.

The contacts for this project are:

Andrew Dickson Richard Feely

Scripps Institution of Oceanography NOAA/PMEL

University of California, San Diego 7600 Sand Point Way NE

Room 203 – Vaughan Hall Seattle, Washington 98115

8675 Discovery Way

La Jolla, California 92037

Tel: (858) 534-2582 Tel: (206) 526-6214

Email: adickson@ucsd.edu E-mail: Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov

2.06 TAO-CO₂ Moorings

The carbon group at PMEL has mounted sensors on moored buoys within the TAO Array to provide high-resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂). These data are used to evaluate the temporal variability in air-sea CO₂ fluxes and to assist in examining the mechanisms controlling CO₂ fluxes. The pCO₂ systems will be replaced at 00° 125°W and 00° 140°W.

Project contacts:

Chris Sabine, NOAA/PMEL Richard Feely, NOAA/PMEL

7600 Sand Point Way NE 7600 Sand Point Way NE

Seattle, Washington 98115 Seattle, Washington 98115

Tel: (206) 526-4809 Tel: (206) 526-6214

E-mail: Chris.Sabine@noaa.gov E-mail: Richard.A.Feely@noaa.gov

2.07 Nitrate N and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

At 7°N 140°W, 1°N 140°W, 5°S 140°W and 7°N 125°W, 1°N 125°W, 7°S 125°W, a 50-ml seawater sample will be taken at the following depth from the CTD casts: Surface, 10 m, 20 m, 40 m, 60 m, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, 400 m, 600 m, 800 m, 1000 m. Each sample will be stored for later Nitrate N and Oxygen isotope analysis. Sample jars will be provided by Scripps Institute of Oceanography. It is anticipated that the Survey Technician, together with other embarked scientific personnel will take the samples. Samples will be frozen in the scientific freezer and will be collected at the conclusion of this cruise in Honolulu.

The contact for this project is:

Patrick Rafter

Scripps Institute of Oceanography – UCSD

9500 Gilman Drive

Dept 0208

La Jolla, California 92093

E-mail: prafter@insci14.ucsd.edu

2.08 Equatorial Box Project

Equatorial Box Project (Behrenfeld)

The overall objective of this effort is to utilize the mooring observations along the 125 and 140 TAO lines along with additional cruise measurements to define a 3-dimesional ‘box’ in which and through which inherent and advective properties can be defined and used as input constraints for testing and developing carbon-focused satellite ‘conversion’ models and coupled ecosystem-circulation models. An emphasis during this 3 year project will be on characterizing mixed layer and euphotic zone properties, and thus much of the measurement suite is focused on samples collected by the ship’s flow-through system, thus minimizing impacts on ship operations and scheduling. Additional discrete samples will also be collected from the CTD during scheduled casts. Core measured variables will be: (1) variable fluorescence (using a benchtop Fast Repetition Rate fluorometer (FRRf)), (2) beam attenuation (using two beam transmissometers (553 and 660 nm)), (3) particulate backscattering (using a ECO vsf and ECObb), (4) particle abundance and size spectrum (using a LISST), (5) particulate Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen analysis (CHN), (6) pigment concentration (HPLC & Turner), (7) macronutrient concentration, (8) dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (9) dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), (10) colored dissolved organic carbon (using an AC-9), (11) sample location (GPS), (12) downwelling surface solar irradiance (PAR) (using a Licor), (14) submarine irradiance (using a ctd mounted light sensor), (15) photosynthesis-irradiance measurements (using ¹⁴C), (16) profile inherent optical properties (with a deployable optics package), and (17) sea surface ocean color (using a hyperspectral TSRB).

(1) FAST REPETITION RATE FLUOROMETER/PRODUCTIVITY

The FRRf measures variable fluorescence parameters in phytoplankton and provides information on photosynthetic performance. The FRRf measurements will be conducted on flow through samples from the ship’s seawater system. These measurements require approximately 1 L of seawater per hour. The instrument is automated and requires no assistance from ship’s personnel. These measurements will begin as soon as possible during the cruise and will continue to the end.

(2) IN-LINE BEAM TRANSMISSOMETERS

Two beam transmissometers will be used to study variability in particle scattering properties and for comparison with CHN data. These transmissometers will be run in continuous flow through mode in the laboratory using the ship’s seawater system (approximately 100 ml per minute). No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(3) BACKSCATTERING

Backscattering measurements will be conducted using the ship’s flow through seawater system (approximately 100 ml per minute). Backscattering provides another optical index of particle concentration, but is sensitive to a different size fraction of the particle distribution than the transmissometers. The backscattering measurements will be conducted in a bucket in a sink in the ship’s laboratory area. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(4) PARTICLE ABUNDANCE AND SIZE SPECTRUM

Particle size and abundance will be measured using a Sequoia Instruments LISST sensor. The LISST is very much like the beam transmissometers, but detected light from the source beam is separated into discrete forward scattering angles, which is subsequently inverted to provide information on particle size distribution. The LISST will be run in continuous flow through mode in the laboratory using the ship’s seawater system (approximately 100 ml per minute). No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(5) PARTICULATE CARBON-HYDROGEN-NITROGEN ANALYSIS

CHN measurements involve filtration of seawater (2.8 L) through a Whatmann GFF filter, preservation of the filter by freezing, and later analysis at Oregon State University. Seawater will be collected from the ship’s flow through system at every degree of latitudes (total volume approximately 3 L). Filters will then be packaged and stored in liquid nitrogen for post-cruise analysis. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(6) PIGMENTS

Phytoplankton pigment concentrations will be determined using a Turner fluorometer and by HPLC. Equipment for Turner-based pigment measurements is being provided by MBARI. Turner fluorometer measurements will be conducted on CTD water samples at 0, 10, 25, 40, 60, 100, 150 and 200m. The total volume used from each bottle, including rinses is approximately one liter; except for the surface bottle, which will require approximately three liters. Samples will be vacuum filtered and the filters placed in glass scintillation vials with 10 ml of 90% acetone and frozen. Turner measurements will be made 24 to 48 hours after collection. HPLC measurements will involve collection of 3 to 6 L of seawater from the ship’s flow through system approximately 6 times a day, filtering samples onto GFF filters, preservation in liquid nitrogen, and subsequent analysis after the cruise at MBARI. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(7) MACRONUTRIENT CONCENTRATION

20 ml nutrient samples will be collected from the CTD at 0, 10, 25, 40, 60, 100, 150 and 200m. The total volume used from depth, including rinses, is approximately 100 ml. Samples will then be frozen in plastic scintillation vials for later analysis at MBARI. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(8-10) DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC), DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN (DON), & COLORED DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (cDOC)

Water samples (40 ml and 100 ml, for the DOC/DON and cDOC, respectively) will be collected from the CTD at 0, 10, 25, 40, 60, 100, 150 and 200m. The total volume used from depth, including rinses, is approximately 200 ml. Samples will then be frozen in amber glass bottles for later analysis at Bigelow Laboratory. No assistance from ship personnel is required.

Colored dissolved organic carbon (cDOC) is measured using an in-line ac9 with a 0.2 mm filter placed on the inflow. The ac9 is very much like the beam transmissometers, but it has two flow-through tubes and nine spectral channels. The detected light from one source beam is a beam transmissometer (narrow angle detection) while the other source beam is an absorption meter (wide angle detection). The ac9 will be run in continuous flow through mode in the laboratory using the ship’s seawater system (approximately 100 ml per minute). No assistance from ship personnel is required.

(12-13) SAMPLE LOCATION and SOLAR IRRADIANC