var aceituno92 = "Aceituno, P., El Niño, Southern Oscillation and ENSO: Confusing names for a complex ocean-atmosphere interaction, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 483-485, 1992. ";
var alexander92 = "Alexander, M. A., Mid-latitude ocean-atmosphere interaction during El Niño, 1, The North Pacific Ocean, J. Clim., 5, 944-958, 1992. ";
var allen_etal95 = "Allen, M. R., S. P. Lawrence, M. J. Murray, C. T. Mutlow, T. N. Stockdale, D. T. Llewellyn-Jones, and D. L. T. Anderson, Control of tropical instability waves in the Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2581-2584, 1995. ";
var anderson94 = "Anderson, D., TAO data assimilation at ECMWF, in Proceedings of the Second Workshop of the TOGA-TAO Implementation Panel, M. J. McPhaden (Ed.), Bali, Indonesia, October 18-20, 1993, ITPO Publication No. 10, Pac. Mar. Environ. Lab., Seattle, Wash., p. 20-21, 1994. ";
var anderson_etal96 = "Anderson, S. P., R. A. Weller, and R. B. Lukas, Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western Pacific warm pool: Observations and 1D model results, J. Clim., 9, 3056-3085, 1996. ";
var ando_mcphaden97 = "Ando, K., and M. J. McPhaden, Variability of the surface layer hydrography in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,063-23,078, 1997. ";
var angevine_etal93 = "Angevine, W. M., S. K. Avery, W. L. Ecklund, and D. A. Carter, Fluxes of heat and momentum measured with a boundary layer wind profiler radar/RASS, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 73-80, 1993. ";
var angevine_etal94 = "Angevine, W. M., A. B. White, and S. K. Avery, Boundary layer depth and entrainment zone characterization with a boundary layer profiler, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 68, 375-385, 1994. ";
var arnault_perigaud92 = "Arnault, S., and C. Perigaud, Altimetry and models in the tropical oceans: A review, Oceanol. Acta, 15, 411-430, 1992. ";
var atlas_etal91 = "Atlas, R., S. C. Bloom, R. N. Hoffman, J. V. Ardizzone, and G. Brin, Space-based surface wind vectors to aid understanding of air-sea interactions, Eos Trans. AGU, 72, 201-208, 1991. ";
var atlas_etal96 = "Atlas, R., R. N. Hoffman, S. C. Bloom, J. C. Jusem, and J. Ardizzone, A multi-year global surface wind velocity data set using SSM/I wind observations, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 869-882, 1996. ";
var bailey_etal94 = "Bailey, R., A. Gronell, H. Phillips, E. Tanner, and G. Meyers, Quality control cookbook for XBT data, Rep. 221, Mar. Lab., Div. of Oceanogr., Commonw. Sci. and Ind. Res. Organ., Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 1994. ";
var baker81 = "Baker, D. J., Ocean instruments and experiment design, in Evolution of Physical Oceanography, edited by B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, pp. 396-433, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1981. ";
var balmaseda_etal95 = "Balmaseda, M. A., M. K. Davey, and D. L. T. Anderson, Decadal and seasonal dependence of ENSO prediction skill, J. Clim., 8, 2705-2715, 1995. ";
var balsley_carter89 = "Balsley, B. B., and D. A. Carter, Mountain waves in the tropical Pacific atmosphere: A comparison of vertical wind fluctuations over Pohnpei and Christmas Island using VHF wind profilers, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2698-2715, 1989. ";
var balsley_etal88 = "Balsley, B. B., W. L. Ecklund, D. A. Carter, A. C. Riddle, and K. S. Gage, Average vertical motions in the tropical atmosphere observed by a radar wind profiler on Pohnpei (7°N latitude, 157°E longitude), J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 396-405, 1988. ";
var barber_chavez83 = "Barber, R. T., and F. P. Chavez, Biological consequences of El Niño, Science, 222, 1203-1210, 1983. ";
var barnett83 = "Barnett, T. P., Interaction of the monsoon and Pacific trade wind system on interannual time scales, I, The equatorial zone, Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 756-773, 1983. ";
var bates91 = "Bates, J., High-frequency variability of special sensor microwave/imager derived wind speed and moisture during an intraseasonal oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3411-3423, 1991. ";
var battisti88 = "Battisti, D. S., Dynamics and thermodynamics of a warming event in a coupled atmosphere-ocean model, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2889-2919, 1988. ";
var battisti_hirst89 = "Battisti, D. S., and A. C. Hirst, Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere-ocean model: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712, 1989. ";
var bentamy_etal96 = "Bentamy, A., Y. Quilfen, F. Gohin, N. Grima, M. Lenaour, and J. Servain, Determination and validation of average wind fields from ERS-1 scatterometer measurements, J. Global Atmos. Ocean Syst., 4, 1-29, 1996. ";
var berrit61 = "Berrit, G., Contribution à la connaissance des variations saisonnières dans le golf de Guinée, Observations de surface le long des lignes de navigation, 1, generalités, Cah. Oceanogr., 13, 715-727, 1961. ";
var bjerknes66 = "Bjerknes, J., A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of ocean temperature, Tellus, 18, 820-829, 1966. ";
var bjerknes69 = "Bjerknes, J., Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163-172, 1969. ";
var blanke_delecluse93 = "Blanke, B., and P. Delecluse, Variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean simulated by a general circulation model with two different mixed layer physics, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1363-1388, 1993. ";
var bond_mcphaden95 = "Bond, N. A., and M. J. McPhaden, An indirect estimate of the diurnal cycle in upper ocean turbulent heat fluxes at the equator, 140°W, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,369-18,378, 1995. ";
var boulanger_fu96 = "Boulanger, J.-P., and L.-L. Fu, Evidence of boundary reflection of Kelvin and first-mode Rossby waves from TOPEX/POSEIDON sea level data, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,361-16,371, 1996. ";
var boulanger_menkes95 = "Boulanger, J.-P., and C. Menkes, Propagation and reflection of long equatorial waves in the Pacific Ocean during the 1992-1993 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,041-24,059, 1995. ";
var boutin_etcheto96 = "Boutin, J., and J. Etcheto, Consistency of Geosat, SSM/I and ERS1 global surface wind speeds: Comparison with in-situ data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 183-187, 1996. ";
var braconnot_frankignoul94 = "Braconnot, P., and C. Frankignoul, On the ability of the LODYC GCM to simulate the thermocline depth in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim. Dyn., 9, 221-234, 1994. ";
var brady_gent94 = "Brady, E. C., and P. R. Gent, The seasonal cycle of meridional heat transport in a numerical model of the Pacific equatorial upwelling zone, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2658-2673, 1994. ";
var bryden_brady85 = "Bryden, H. L., and E. C. Brady, Diagnostic model of the three-dimensional circulation in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1255-1273, 1985. ";
var bryden_brady89 = "Bryden, H. L., and E. L. Brady, Eddy momentum and heat fluxes and their effects on the circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Mar. Res., 47, 55-79, 1989. ";
var busalacchi96 = "Busalacchi, A. J., Data assimilation in support of tropical ocean circulation studies, in Modern Approaches to Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling, pp. 235-270, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1996. ";
var busalacchi_cane85 = "Busalacchi, A. J., and M. A. Cane, Hindcasts of sea level variations during the 1982-83 El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 213-221, 1985. ";
var busalacchi_obrien80 = "Busalacchi, A. J., and J. J. O\'Brien, Seasonal variability in a model of the tropical Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1929-1952, 1980. ";
var busalacchi_obrien81 = "Busalacchi, A. J., and J. J. O\'Brien, Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific in the 1960s, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 10,901-10,907, 1981. ";
var busalacchi_etal83 = "Busalacchi, A. J., K. Takeuchi, and J. J. O\'Brien, Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific-Revisited, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 7551-7562, 1983. ";
var busalacchi_etal90 = "Busalacchi, A. J., M. J. McPhaden, J. Picaut, and S. Springer, Sensitivity of wind-driven tropical Pacific Ocean on seasonal and interannual time-scales, J. Mar. Syst., 1, 119-154, 1990. ";
var busalacchi_etal93 = "Busalacchi, A. J., R. M. Atlas, and E. C. Hackert, Comparison of SSM/I vector wind stress with model-derived and subjective products for the tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6961-6977, 1993. ";
var busalacchi_etal94 = "Busalacchi, A. J., M. J. McPhaden, and J. Picaut, Variability in equatorial Pacific sea surface topography during the verification phase of the TOPEX/POSEIDON mission, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,725-24,738, 1994. ";
var cane84 = "Cane, M. A., Oceanographic events during El Niño, Science, 222, 1189-1195, 1984. ";
var cane_zebiak85 = "Cane, M. A., and S. E. Zebiak, A theory for El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, Science, 228, 1085-1087, 1985. ";
var cane_etal86 = "Cane, M. A., S. C. Dolan, and S. E. Zebiak, Experimental forecasts of the 1982/83 El Niño, Nature, 321, 827-832, 1986. ";
var cane_etal97 = "Cane, M. A., A. Clement, A. Kaplan, Y. Kushnir, D. Pozdnyakov, R. Seager, S. Zebiak, and R. Murtugudde, 20th century sea surface temperature trends, Science, 275, 957-960, 1997. ";
var cardone_etal90 = "Cardone, V. J., J. G. Greenwood, and M. A. Cane, On trends in historical marine wind data, J. Clim., 3, 113-127, 1990. ";
var carter_etal92 = "Carter, D. A., W. L. Ecklund, K. S. Gage, M. Spowart, H. L. Cole, E. F. Chamberlain, W. F. Dabberdt, and J. Wilson, First test of a shipboard wind profiler, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1587-1592, 1992. ";
var carter_etal95 = "Carter, D. A., K. S. Gage, W. L. Ecklund, W. M. Angevine, P. E. Johnston, A. C. Riddle, J. Wilson, and C. R. Williams, Developments in lower tropospheric wind profiling at NOAA\'s Aeronomy Laboratory, Radio Sci., 30, 977-1001, 1995. ";
var carter_etal87 = "Carter, W., W. Scherer, and J. Diamante, Measuring absolute sea level, Sea Technol., 28, 52-54, 1987. ";
var carton_huang94 = "Carton, J. A., and B. Huang, Warm events in the tropical Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 888-903, 1994. ";
var carton_katz90 = "Carton, J. A., and E. J. Katz, Estimates of the zonal slope and the seasonal transport of the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3091-3100, 1990. ";
var carton_etal96 = "Carton, J. A., B. S. Giese, X. Cao, and L. Miller, Impact of altimeter, thermistor, and expendable bathythermograph data on retrospective analyses of the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,147-14,159, 1996. ";
var cassou_etal96 = "Cassou, C., C. Perigaud, L. L. Fu, and J. P. Boulanger, El Niño events over 1980-1995 simulated and forecasted with a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere model, Eos Trans. AGU, 77(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F385, 1996. ";
var chabbra_etal87 = "Chabbra, N. K., J. M. Dahlen, J. R. Scholten, Calibration of the Draper Laboratory low cost drifter (LCD), Rep. CSDL-R-1906, 137 pp., Charles Stark Draper Lab., Inc., Cambridge, Mass., 1987. ";
var chang93 = "Chang, P., Seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature and mixed layer heat budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2079-2082, 1993. ";
var chang94 = "Chang, P., A study of the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean using reduced gravity models, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7725-7741, 1994. ";
var chang_etal95 = "Chang, P., L. Ji, B. Wang, and T. Li, Interactions between the seasonal cycle and El Niño-Southern Oscillation in an intermediate coupled ocean atmosphere model, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2353-2372, 1995. ";
var chao_philander91 = "Chao, Y., and S. G. H. Philander, On the contrast between the seasonal cycles of the equatorial Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1399-1406, 1991. ";
var chelton_davis82 = "Chelton, D., and R. Davis, Monthly mean sea level variability along the west coast of North America, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 757-784, 1982. ";
var chelton_etal89 = "Chelton, D., M. Freilich, and J. Johnson, Evaluation of unambiguous vector winds from the Seasat scatterometer, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 1024-1039, 1989. ";
var chen_etal94a = "Chen, D., A. J. Busalacchi, and L. M. Rothstein, The roles of vertical mixing, solar radiation, and wind stress in a model simulation of the sea surface temperature seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20,345-20,359, 1994a. ";
var chen_etal94b = "Chen, D., L. W. Rothstein, and A. J. Busalacchi, A hybrid vertical mixing scheme and its application to tropical ocean models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2156-2179, 1994b. ";
var chen_etal95 = "Chen, D., S. E. Zebiak, A. J. Busalacchi, and M. A. Cane, An improved procedure for El Niño forecasting, Science, 269, 1699-1702, 1995. ";
var cheney_etal87 = "Cheney, R. E., L. Miller, B. C. Douglas, and R. W. Agreen, Monitoring equatorial Pacific sea level with Geosat, Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig., 8, 245-250, 1987. ";
var cheney_etal89 = "Cheney, R. E., B. C. Douglas, and L. Miller, Evaluation of Geosat data with application to tropical Pacific sea level variability, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4737-4747, 1989. ";
var cheney_etal94 = "Cheney, R. E., L. Miller, R. W. Agreen, N. S. Doyle, and J. L. Lillibridge, TOPEX/POSEIDON: The 2-cm solution, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,555-24,563, 1994. ";
var chereskin_etal89 = "Chereskin, T., P. P. Niiler, and P. Poulain, A numerical study of the effects of upper ocean shear on flexible drogue drifters, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 6, 243-253, 1989. ";
var clarke91 = "Clarke, A., On the reflection and transmission of low-frequency energy at the irregular western Pacific Ocean boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3289-3305, 1991. ";
var clarke92 = "Clarke, A., Low-frequency reflection from a nonmeridional eastern ocean boundary and the use of coastal sea level to monitor eastern Pacific equatorial Kelvin waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 163-183, 1992. ";
var clarke_liu93 = "Clarke, A., and X. Liu, Observations and dynamics of semiannual and annual sea levels near the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean boundary, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 386-399, 1993. ";
var clarke_liu94 = "Clarke, A. J., and X. Liu, Interannual sea level in the northern and eastern Indian Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1224-1235, 1994. ";
var clarke_vangorder94 = "Clarke, A. J., and S. Van Gorder, On ENSO coastal currents and sea levels, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 661-680, 1994. ";
var cac94 = "Climate Analysis Center, Near real-time analyses, December 1994, U.S. Clim. Diagnostics Bull., 80 pp., U.S. Dep. of Comm., Washington, D.C., 1994. ";
var cox80 = "Cox, M. D., Generation and propagation of 30-day waves in a numerical model of the Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1168-1186, 1980. ";
var cronin_mcphaden97 = "Cronin, M., and M. J. McPhaden, The upper ocean heat balance in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during September-December 1992, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8533-8553, 1997. ";
var currier_etal92 = "Currier, P. E., S. K. Avery, B. B. Balsley, and K. S. Gage, Use of two wind profilers for precipitation studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1017-1020, 1992. ";
var dasilva_etal94 = "da Silva, A. M., C. C. Young, and S. Levitus, Atlas of surface marine data 1994, vol. 1: Algorithms and procedures, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 83 pp., 1994. ";
var delcroix_gautier87 = "Delcroix, T., and C. Gautier, Estimate of heat content variations from sea level measurements in the central and western tropical Pacific from 1979 to 1985, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 725-734, 1987. ";
var delcroix_henin89 = "Delcroix, T., and C. Henin, Mechanisms of subsurface thermal structure and sea surface thermohaline variabilities in the southwest Pacific during 1975-85, J. Mar. Res., 47, 777-812, 1989. ";
var delcroix_henin91 = "Delcroix, T., and C. Henin, Seasonal and interannual variations of sea surface salinity in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22,135-22,150, 1991. ";
var delcroix_picaut98 = "Delcroix, T., and J. Picaut, Zonal displacement of the western equatorial Pacific \'\'fresh pool,\'\' J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1087-1098, 1998. ";
var delcroix_etal91 = "Delcroix, T., J. Picaut, and G. Eldin, Equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves evidenced in the Pacific Ocean through sea level and surface current anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3249-3262, 1991. ";
var delcroix_etal92 = "Delcroix, T., G. Eldin, M. H. Radenac, J. Toole, and E. Firing, Variations of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, 1986-1988, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5423-5445, 1992. ";
var delcroix_etal93 = "Delcroix, T., G. Eldin, M. J. McPhaden, and A. Morliere, Effects of westerly wind bursts upon the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, February-April 1991, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,379-16,386, 1993. ";
var delcroix_etal94 = "Delcroix, T., J.-P. Boulanger, F. Masia, and C. Menkes, Geosat-derived sea level and surface current anomalies in the equatorial Pacific during the 1986-1989 El Niño and La Niña, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,093-25,107, 1994. ";
var delcroix_etal96 = "Delcroix, T., C. Henin, V. Porte, and P. Arkin, Precipitation and sea-surface salinity in the tropical Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43, 1123-1141, 1996. ";
var delecluse_etal94 = "Delecluse, P., J. Servain, C. Levy, K. Arpe, and L. Bengsston, On the connection between the 1984 Atlantic warm event and the 1982-83 ENSO, Tellus, Ser. A, 46, 448-464, 1994. ";
var derber_rosati89 = "Derber, J. D., and A. Rosati, A global oceanic data assimilation system, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1333-1347, 1989. ";
var deser94 = "Deser, C., Daily surface wind variations over the equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23,071-23,078, 1994. ";
var deser_wallace87 = "Deser, C., and J. M. Wallace, El Niño events and their relation to the Southern Oscillation: 1925-1986, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,189-14,196, 1987. ";
var deser_etal93 = "Deser, C., J. J. Bates, and S. Wahl, The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean, J. Clim., 6, 1172-1180, 1993. ";
var dessier_donguy87 = "Dessier, A., and J. R. Donguy, Response to El Niño signals of the epiplanktonic copepod populations in the eastern tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,393-14,403, 1987. ";
var dessier_donguy94 = "Dessier, A., and J. R. Donguy, The sea surface salinity in the tropical Atlantic between 10°S and 30°N-seasonal and interannual variations (1977-1989), Deep Sea Res., Part I, 41, 81-100, 1994. ";
var donguy87 = "Donguy, J. R., Recent advances in the knowledge of the climatic variations in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 19, 49-85, 1987. ";
var donguy94 = "Donguy, J. R., Surface and subsurface salinity in the tropical Pacific Ocean: Relations with climate, Prog. Oceanogr., 34, 45-78, 1994. ";
var donguy_meyers95 = "Donguy, J. R., and G. Meyers, Observations of geostrophic transport variability in the western tropical Indian Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42, 1007-1028, 1995. ";
var donguy_meyers96a = "Donguy, J. R., and G. Meyers, Mean annual variation of transport of major currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43, 1105-1122, 1996a. ";
var donguy_meyers96b = "Donguy, J. R., and G. Meyers, Seasonal variations of sea-surface salinity and temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43, 117-138, 1996b. ";
var donguy_etal89 = "Donguy, J. R., A. Dessier, and Y. du Penhoat, Heat content displacement in the Pacific during the 1982-83 El Niño event, Oceanol. Acta, 12, 149-157, 1989. ";
var dupenhoat_cane91 = "du Penhoat, Y., and M. A. Cane, Effect of low-latitude western boundary gaps on the reflection of equatorial motions, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3307-3322, 1991. ";
var dupenhoat_etal92 = "du Penhoat, Y., T. Delcroix, and J. Picaut, Interpretation of Kelvin/Rossby waves in the equatorial Pacific from model-Geosat data intercomparison during the 1986-1987 El Niño, Oceanol. Acta, 15, 545-554, 1992. ";
var ecklund_etal88 = "Ecklund, W. L., D. A. Carter, and B. B. Balsley, A UHF wind profiler for the boundary layer: Brief description and initial results, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 432-441, 1988. ";
var ecklund_etal90 = "Ecklund, W. L., D. A. Carter, B. B. Balsley, P. E. Currier, J. L. Green, B. L. Weber, and K. S. Gage, Field tests of a lower tropospheric wind profiler, Radio Sci., 25, 899-906, 1990. ";
var ecklund_etal95 = "Ecklund, W. L., K. S. Gage, and C. R. Williams, Tropical precipitation studies using 915-MHz wind profiler, Radio Sci., 30, 1055-1064, 1995. ";
var enfield86 = "Enfield, D. B., Zonal and seasonal variations in the near-surface heat balance of the equatorial ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1038-1054, 1986. ";
var enfield87 = "Enfield, D. B., The intraseasonal oscillation in eastern Pacific sea levels: How is it forced?, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1860-1876, 1987. ";
var enfield89 = "Enfield, D. B., El Niño, past and present, Rev. Geophys., 27, 159-187, 1989. ";
var enfield_allen80 = "Enfield, D., and J. Allen, On the structure and dynamics of monthly mean sea level anomalies along the Pacific coast of North and South America, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 557-578, 1980. ";
var enfield_mayer97 = "Enfield, D. B., and D. A. Mayer, Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Niño-Southern Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 929-945, 1997. ";
var eriksen85 = "Eriksen, C. C., The Tropic Heat Program: An overview, Eos Trans. AGU, 66, 50, 1985. ";
var eriksen87 = "Eriksen, C., A review of PEQUOD, in Further Progress in Equatorial Oceanography, edited by E. J. Katz and J. M. Witte, pp. 29-46, Nova Univ. Press, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., 1987. ";
var eriksen_etal83 = "Eriksen, C. C., M. B. Blumenthal, S. P. Hayes, and P. Ripa, Wind-generated equatorial Kelvin waves observed across the Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1622-1640, 1983. ";
var esbensen_kushnir81 = "Esbensen, S. K., and Y. Kushnir, The heat budget of the global ocean: An atlas based on estimates from surface marine observations, Rep. 29, Clim. Res. Inst., Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis, 1981. ";
var esbensen_mcphaden96 = "Esbensen, S. K., and M. J. McPhaden, Enhancement of tropical ocean evaporation and sensible heat flux by atmospheric mesoscale systems, J. Clim., 9, 2307-2325, 1996. ";
var feely_etal94 = "Feely, R. A., R. Wanninkhof, C. E. Cosca, M. J. McPhaden, R. H. Byrne, F. J. Millero, F. P. Chavez, T. Clayton, D. M. Campbell, and P. P. Murphy, The effect of tropical instability waves on CO2 species distributions along the equator in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the 1992 ENSO event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 277-280, 1994. ";
var festa_molinari92 = "Festa, J. F., and R. L. Molinari, An evaluation of the WOCE volunteer observing ship XBT network in the Atlantic, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9, 305-317, 1992. ";
var fine_etal87 = "Fine, R. A., W. H. Peterson, and H. G. Ostlund, The penetration of tritium into the tropical Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 553-564, 1987. ";
var firing_etal83 = "Firing, E., R. Lukas, J. Sadler, and K. Wyrtki, Equatorial undercurrent disappears during 1982-83 El Niño, Science, 222, 1121-1122, 1983. ";
var fischer_etal97 = "Fischer, M., M. Latif, M. Flügel, and M. Ji, The impact of data assimilation on ENSO simulations and predictions, Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 819-829, 1997. ";
var flament_etal96 = "Flament, P., S. Kennan, R. Knox, P. Niiler, and R. Bernstein, Observations of the three-dimensional structure of tropical instability, Nature, 383, 610-613, 1996. ";
var flatau_etal97 = "Flatau, M., P. J. Flatau, P. Phoebus, and P. P. Niiler, The feedback between equatorial convection and local radiative and evaporative processes: The implications for intraseasonal oscillations, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2373-2386, 1997. ";
var foley_etal98 = "Foley, D. G., T. D. Dickey, M. J. McPhaden, R. R. Bidigare, M. R. Lewis, R. T. Batber, S. T. Lindley, C. Garside, and D. V. Manov, Time series of physical, bio-optical, and geochemical properties in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean at 0°, 140°W, February 1992-March 1993, Deep Sea Res., in press, 1998. ";
var frankignoul_etal96 = "Frankignoul, C., F. Bonjean, and G. Reverdin, Interannual variability of surface currents in the tropical Pacific during 1987-1993, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3629-3647, 1996. ";
var freilich_dunbar93 = "Freilich, M., and R. Dunbar, A preliminary C-band scatterometer model function for the ERS-1 AMI instrument, in Proceedings of the First ERS-1 Symposium, Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA SP-359, 79-84, 1993. ";
var freitag_etal95 = "Freitag, H. P., Y. Feng, L. J. Mangum, M. P. McPhaden, J. Neander, and L. D. Stratton, Calibration procedures and instrumental accuracy estimates of TAO temperature, relative humidity and radiation measurements, Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-104, 32 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1995. ";
var fu_cheney95 = "Fu, L.-L., and R. E. Cheney, Application of satellite altimetry to ocean circulation studies: 1987-1994, U.S. Natl. Rep. Int. Union Geod. Geophys. 1991-1994, Rev. Geophys., 33, 213-223, 1995. ";
var fu_etal93 = "Fu, L.-L., I. Fukumori, and R. N. Miller, Fitting dynamic models to the Geosat sea level observations in the tropical Pacific Ocean, II, A linear, wind-driven model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2162-2181, 1993. ";
var fu_etal94 = "Fu, L.-L., E. J. Christensen, and C. A. Yamarone, TOPEX/POSEIDON mission overview, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,369-24,381, 1994. ";
var fukumori95 = "Fukumori, I., Assimilation of TOPEX sea level measurements with a reduced-gravity, shallow water model of the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,027-25,039, 1995. ";
var gaffard_roquet95 = "Gaffard, C., and H. Roquet, Impact of the ERS-1 scatterometer wind data on the ECMWF 3D-Var assimilation system, Tech. Memo. 217, 21 pp., Eur. Cent. for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, England, 1995. ";
var gage90 = "Gage, K.S., Radar observation of the free atmosphere: Structure and dynamics, in Radar in Meteorology, edited by D. Atlas, pp. 534-565, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., 1990. ";
var gage_reid87 = "Gage, K. S., and G. C. Reid, Longitudinal variations in tropical tropopause properties in relation to tropical convection and El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,197-14,203, 1987. ";
var gage_etal90 = "Gage, K. S., B. B. Balsley, W. L. Ecklund, R. F. Woodman, and S. K. Avery, Wind-profiling Doppler radars for tropical atmospheric research, Eos Trans. AGU, 71, 1851-1854, 1990. ";
var gage_etal91a = "Gage, K. S., B. B. Balsley, W. L. Ecklund, D. A. Carter, and J. R. McAfee, Wind profiler related research in the tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3209-3220, 1991a. ";
var gage_etal91b = "Gage, K. S., J. R. McAfee, D. A. Carter, A. C. Riddle, G. C. Reid, and B. B. Balsley, Direct measurements of long-term mean vertical motions over the tropical Pacific using wind-profiling Doppler radar, Science, 254, 1771-1773, 1991b. ";
var gage_etal93 = "Gage, K. S., J. R. McAfee, D. A. Carter, W. L. Ecklund, G. C. Reid, A. C. Riddle, P. E. Johnston, and B. B. Balsley, Wind profiler yields observations of ENSO signal, Eos Trans. AGU, 74, 137, 142, 1993. ";
var gage_etal94a = "Gage, K. S., J. R. McAfee, W. L. Ecklund, D. A. Carter, C. Williams, P. E. Johnston, and A. C. Riddle, The Christmas Island wind profiler: A prototype VHF wind-profiling Doppler radar for the tropics, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 22-31, 1994a. ";
var gage_etal94b = "Gage, K. S., C. R. Williams, and W. L. Ecklund, UHF wind profilers: A new tool for diagnosing tropical convective cloud systems, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 2289-2294, 1994b. ";
var gage_etal96a = "Gage, K. S., C. R. Williams, and W. L. Ecklund, Application of the 915 MHz profiler for diagnosing and classifying tropical precipitating cloud systems, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 59, 141-151, 1996a. ";
var gage_etal96b = "Gage, K. S., J. R. McAfee, and C. R. Williams, On the annual variation of tropospheric zonal winds observed above Christmas Island in the central equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,061-15,070, 1996b. ";
var geisler_etal95 = "Geisler, J. E., M. L. Blackmon, G. T. Bates, and S. Munoz, Sensitivity of January climate response to the magnitude and position of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1037-1149, 1985. ";
var giese_harrison90 = "Giese, B. S., and D. E. Harrison, Aspects of Kelvin wave response to episodic wind forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7289-7312, 1990. ";
var giese_harrison91 = "Giese, B. S., and D. E. Harrison, Eastern equatorial Pacific response to three composite westerly wind types, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3239-3248, 1991. ";
var giese_etal94 = "Giese, B. S., J. A. Carton, and L. J. Holl, Sea level variability in the eastern tropical Pacific as observed by TOPEX and Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,739-24,748, 1994. ";
var gill83 = "Gill, A. E., An estimation of sea-level and surface-current anomalies during the 1972 El Niño and consequent thermal effects, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 586-606, 1983. ";
var gill_niiler73 = "Gill, A. E., and P. P. Niiler, A theory of the seasonal variability in the ocean, Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 20, 141-177, 1973. ";
var gill_rasmusson83 = "Gill, A. E., and E. M. Rasmusson, The 1982-83 climate anomaly in the equatorial Pacific, Nature, 305, 229-234, 1983. ";
var glantz94 = "Glantz, M. H. (Ed.), Usable Science: Food Security, Early Warning, and El Niño, Proceedings of the Workshop on ENSO/FEWS, Budapest, Hungary, October 25-28, 1993, Nat. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1994. ";
var goddard_graham97 = "Goddard, L., and N. E. Graham, El Niño in the 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,423-10,436, 1997. ";
var godfrey_etalthis = "Godfrey, J. S., R. A. Houze Jr., R. H. Johnson, R. Lukas, J.-L. Redelsperger, A. Sumi, and R. Weller, Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE): An interim report, J. Geophys. Res., this issue. ";
var goldenberg_obrien81 = "Goldenberg, S. B., and J. J. O\'Brien, Time and space variability of tropical Pacific wind stress, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 1190-1207, 1981. ";
var gossard88 = "Gossard, E. E., Measuring drop-size distributions in clouds with clear-air-sensing Doppler radar, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 640-649, 1988. ";
var gourdeau_etal97 = "Gourdeau, L., J. F. Minster, and M. C. Gennero, Sea level anomalies in the tropical Atlantic from Geosat data assimilated in a linear model, 1986-1988, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5583-5594, 1997. ";
var graham95 = "Graham, N. E., Simulation of recent global temperature trends, Science, 267, 666-671, 1995. ";
var graham_barnett87 = "Graham, N. E., and T. P. Barnett, Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans, Science, 238, 657-659, 1987. ";
var graham_white88 = "Graham, N. E., and W. B. White, The El Niño cycle: A natural oscillator of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system, Science, 240, 1293-1302, 1988. ";
var gray_etal93 = "Gray, W. M., C. W. Landsea, P. Mielke, and K. Berry, Predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity 6-11 months in advance, Weather Forecasting, 7, 440-455, 1993. ";
var greiner_perigaud94 = "Greiner, E., and C. Perigaud, Assimilation of Geosat altimetric data in a nonlinear reduced-gravity model of the Indian Ocean, I, Adjoint approach and model-data consistency, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1783-1804, 1994. ";
var greiner_perigaud96 = "Greiner, E., and C. Perigaud, Assimilation of Geosat altimetric data in a nonlinear shallow-water model of the Indian Ocean, II, Validation and interpretation of assimilated results, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1735-1746, 1996. ";
var gu_philander95 = "Gu, D., and S. G. H. Philander, Secular changes of annual and interannual variability in the tropics during the past century, J. Clim., 8, 864-876, 1995. ";
var gu_philander97 = "Gu, D., and S. G. H. Philander, Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extratropics, Science, 275, 805-807, 1997. ";
var gu_etal98 = "Gu, D., S. G. H. Philander, and M. J. McPhaden, The seasonal cycle and its modulation in the eastern Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press, 1998. ";
var gutzler_hartten95 = "Gutzler, D. S., and L. M. Hartten, Daily variability of lower tropospheric winds over the tropical western Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,999-23,008, 1995. ";
var gutzler_etal94 = "Gutzler, D. S., G. N. Kiladis, G. A. Meehl, K. M. Weickmann, and M. Wheeler, The global climate of December 1992-February 1993, II, Large-scale variability across the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE, J. Clim., 7, 1606-1622, 1994. ";
var halpern80 = "Halpern, D., A Pacific equatorial temperature section from 172°E to 110°W during winter-spring 1979, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 27, 931-940, 1980. ";
var halpern87a = "Halpern, D., Comparison of upper ocean VACM and VMCM observations in the equatorial Pacific, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 84-93, 1987a. ";
var halpern87b = "Halpern, D., Observations of annual and El Niño thermal and flow variations at 0°, 110°W and 0°, 95°W during 1980-1985, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8197-8212, 1987b. ";
var halpern87c = "Halpern, D., Comparison of moored wind measurements from a spar and toroidal buoy in the eastern equatorial Pacific during February-March 1981, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8303-8306, 1987c. ";
var halpern88a = "Halpern, D., On the accuracy of monthly mean wind speeds over the equatorial Pacific, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 362-367, 1988a. ";
var halpern88b = "Halpern, D., Moored surface wind observations at four sites along the Pacific equator between 140°W and 95°W, J. Clim., 1, 1251-1260, 1988b. ";
var halpern93 = "Halpern, D., Validation of special sensor microwave imager monthly-mean wind speed from July 1987 to December 1989, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 31, 692-699, 1993. ";
var halpern96 = "Halpern, D., Visiting TOGA\'s past, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 233-242, 1996. ";
var halpern_ji93 = "Halpern, D., and M. Ji, An evaluation of the National Meteorological Center weekly hindcast of upper-ocean temperature along the eastern Pacific equator in January 1992, J. Clim., 6, 1221-1226, 1993. ";
var halpern_etal84 = "Halpern, D., H. P. Freitag, and A. Shepherd, Applications of ARGOS and RAMS measurements in equatorial Pacific ocean-atmosphere interaction studies, in Proceedings of Oceans `84, pp. 736-740, Mar. Technol. Soc., Washington, D.C., 1984. ";
var halpern_etal88 = "Halpern, D., R. A. Knox, and D. S. Luther, Observations of 20-day period meridional current oscillations in the upper ocean along the Pacific equator, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1514-1534, 1988. ";
var halpern_etal95 = "Halpern, D., Y. Chao, C.-C. Ma, and C. R. Mechoso, Comparison of tropical Pacific temperature and current simulations with two vertical mixing schemes embedded in an ocean general circulation model and reference to observations, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2515-2522, 1995. ";
var halpert_ropelewski92 = "Halpert, M. S., and C. F. Ropelewski, Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation, J. Clim., 5, 577-593, 1992. ";
var han_lee83 = "Han, Y.-J., and S.-W. Lee, An analysis of monthly mean wind stress over the global ocean, Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 1554-1566, 1983. ";
var hanawa_etal95 = "Hanawa, K., P. Rual, R. Bailey, A. Sy, and M. Szabados, A new depth-time equation for Sippican or TSK T-7, T-6, and T-4 expendable bathythermographs (XBT), Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42, 1423-1451, 1995. ";
var hansen_herman89 = "Hansen, D. V., and A. Herman, Temporal sampling requirements for surface drifting buoys in the tropical Pacific, J. Atmos. Ocean Technol., 6, 599-607, 1989. ";
var hansen_paul84 = "Hansen, D. V., and C. A. Paul, Genesis and effects of long waves in the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,431-10,440, 1984. ";
var hao_ghil94 = "Hao, Z., and M. Ghil, Data assimilation in a simple tropical ocean model with wind stress errors, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2111-2128, 1994. ";
var harrison89 = "Harrison, D. E., Local and remote forcing of ENSO ocean waveguide response, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 691-695, 1989. ";
var harrison_giese91 = "Harrison, D. E., and B. S. Giese, Episodes of westerly winds as observed from islands in the western tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3221-3237, 1991. ";
var harrison_luther90 = "Harrison, D. E., and D. S. Luther, Surface winds from tropical Pacific islands: Climatological statistics, J. Clim., 3, 251-271, 1990. ";
var harrison_schopf84 = "Harrison, D. E., and P. S. Schopf, Kelvin wave induced advection and the onset of SST warming in El Niño events, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 923-933, 1984. ";
var harrison_etal89 = "Harrison, D. E., W. S. Kessler, and B. Giese, Hindcasts of the 1982-83 El Niño: Thermal and dynamic variability along the ship of opportunity XBT tracks, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 397-418, 1989. ";
var harrison_etal90 = "Harrison, D. E., B. S. Giese, and E. S. Sarachik, Mechanisms of SST change in the equatorial waveguide during the 1982-83 ENSO, J. Clim., 3, 173-188, 1990. ";
var hartmann_etal84 = "Hartmann, D. L., H. H. Hendon, and R. A. Houze Jr., Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 113-121, 1984. ";
var hayes_mcphaden92 = "Hayes, S. P., and M. J. McPhaden, Temporal sampling requirements for low frequency temperature variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-96, 17 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1992. ";
var hayes_etal86 = "Hayes, S. P., et al., The Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS) Plans: 1986-1988, Eos Trans. AGU, 67, 442-444, 1986. ";
var hayes_etal89a = "Hayes, S. P., M. J. McPhaden, and A. Leetmaa, Observational verification of a quasi real-time simulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2147-2157, 1989a. ";
var hayes_etal89b = "Hayes, S. P., M. J. McPhaden, and J. M. Wallace, The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Weekly to monthly variability, J. Clim., 2, 1500-1506, 1989b. ";
var hayes_etal91a = "Hayes, S. P., L. J. Mangum, J. Picaut, A. Sumi, and K. Takeuchi, TOGA TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 339-347, 1991a. ";
var hayes_etal91b = "Hayes, S. P., P. Chang, and M. J. McPhaden, Variability of the sea surface temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific during 1986-1988, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10,553-10,566, 1991b. ";
var hayes_etal91c = "Hayes, S. P., L. J. Mangum, and K. E. McTaggart, Repeat CTD measurements along PR16, I, WOCE Notes 3, Tex. A&M Univ., College Station, 1991c. ";
var hebert_etal91 = "Hebert, D., J. N. Moum, C. A. Paulson, D. R. Caldwell, T. K. Chereskin, and M. J. McPhaden, Detailed structure of the upper ocean in the central equatorial Pacific during April 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7127-7136, 1991. ";
var hellerman_rosenstein83 = "Hellerman, S., and M. Rosenstein, Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093-1104, 1983. ";
var henin_grelet96 = "Henin, C., and J. Grelet, A merchant ship thermo-salino- graph network in the Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43, 1833-1855, 1996. ";
var henin_etal98 = "Henin, C., Y. du Penhoat, and M. Ioualalen, Observations of sea surface salinity in the western Pacific fresh pool: Large-scale changes in 1992-1995, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1998. ";
var hofmann85 = "Hofmann, E. E., The large-scale horizontal structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from FGGE drifters, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 14,004-14,012, 1985. ";
var horel81 = "Horel, J. D., On the annual cycle in the tropical Pacific atmosphere and ocean, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 1863-1878, 1981. ";
var horel_wallace81 = "Horel, J. D., and J. M. Wallace, Planetary scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 813-829, 1981. ";
var horel_etal86 = "Horel, J. D., V. E. Kousky, and M. T. Kagano, Atmospheric conditions in the Atlantic sector, Nature, 322, 248-251, 1986. ";
var hoskins_karoly81 = "Hoskins, B. J., and D. Karoly, The linear steady response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179-1196, 1981. ";
var houghton91 = "Houghton, R. W., The relationship of sea surface temperature to thermocline depth at annual and interannual timescales in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15,173-15,185, 1991. ";
var houghton_tourre92 = "Houghton, R. W., and Y. Tourre, Characteristics of low-frequency sea surface temperature fluctuations in the tropical Atlantic, J. Clim., 5, 765-771, 1992. ";
var houze89 = "Houze, R. A., Jr., Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 425-461, 1989. ";
var hurlburt_etal76 = "Hurlburt, H. E., J. C. Kindle, and J. J. O\'Brien, A numerical simulation of the onset of El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 621-631, 1976. ";
var igoss92 = "Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS), Products bulletin, October-December 1992, report, Bundesampt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrogr., Hamburg, Germany, 28 pp., 1992. ";
var iricptg92 = "International Research Institute for Climate Prediction Task Group, International Research Institute for Climate Prediction: A Proposal, 51 pp., Off. of Global Programs, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1992. ";
var inttoga92 = "International TOGA Project Office, Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) International Implementation Plan, ITPO Rep. 1, World Clim. Res. Programme, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1992. ";
var jacobs_etal94 = "Jacobs, G., H. Hurlburt, J. Kindle, E. Metzger, J. Mitchell, W. Teague, and A. Wallcraft, Decade-scale trans-Pacific propagation and warming effects of an El Niño anomaly, Nature, 370, 360-363, 1994. ";
var ji_leetmaa97 = "Ji, M., and A. Leetmaa, Impact of data assimilation on ocean initialization and El Niño prediction, Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 742-753, 1997. ";
var ji_smith95 = "Ji, M., and T. M. Smith, Ocean model responses to temperature data assimilation and varying surface wind stress: Intercomparisons and implications for climate forecast, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 1811-1821, 1995. ";
var ji_etal94 = "Ji, M., A. Kumar, and A. Leetmaa, An experimental coupled forecast system at the national meteorological center: Some early results, Tellus, Ser. A, 46, 398-418, 1994. ";
var ji_etal95 = "Ji, M., A. Leetmaa, and J. Derber, An ocean analysis system for seasonal to interannual climate studies, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 460-481, 1995. ";
var jin_etal94 = "Jin, F.-F., J. D. Neelin, and M. Ghil, El Niño on the devil\'s staircase: Annual subharmonic steps to chaos, Science, 264, 70-72, 1994. ";
var johnson_mcphaden93a = "Johnson, E. S., and M. J. McPhaden, On the structure of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 608-625, 1993a. ";
var johnson_mcphaden93b = "Johnson, E. S., and M. J. McPhaden, Effects of a three-dimensional mean flow on intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,185-10,194, 1993b. ";
var jones_gautier95 = "Jones, C., and C. Gautier, Coupled modes of air-sea interaction and the Madden and Julian Oscillation, paper presented at the TOGA95 Symposium, World Meteorol. Organ., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, April 2-7, 1995. ";
var jones_etal95 = "Jones, C. S., D. M. Legler, and J. J. O\'Brien, Variability of surface fluxes over the Indian Ocean: 1960-1989, Global Atmos. Ocean Syst., 3, 249-272, 1995. ";
var kalnay_etal96 = "Kalnay, E., et al., The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, 1996. ";
var katz_etal95a = "Katz, E. J., A. J. Busalacchi, M. Bushnell, F. Gonzalez, L. Gourdeau, M. J. McPhaden, and J. Picaut, A comparison of coincidental time series of the ocean surface height by satellite altimeter, mooring, and inverted echo sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,101-25,108, 1995a. ";
var katz_etal95b = "Katz, E. J., J. A. Carton, and A. Chakraborty, Dynamics of the equatorial Atlantic from altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,061-25,068, 1995b. ";
var keen82 = "Keen, R. A., The role of cross-equatorial tropical cyclone pairs in the Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 1405-1416, 1982. ";
var kessler90 = "Kessler, W. S., Observations of long Rossby waves in the northern tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5183-5218, 1990. ";
var kessler91 = "Kessler, W. S., Can reflected extra-equatorial Rossby waves drive ENSO?, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 444-452, 1991. ";
var kessler_mccreary93 = "Kessler, W. S., and J. P. McCreary Jr., The annual wind-driven Rossby wave in the subthermocline equatorial Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1192-1207, 1993. ";
var kessler_mcphaden95a = "Kessler, W. S., and M. J. McPhaden, The 1991-93 El Niño in the central Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 42, 295-334, 1995a. ";
var kessler_mcphaden95b = "Kessler, W. S., and M. J. McPhaden, Oceanic equatorial waves and the 1991-93 El Niño, J. Clim., 8, 1757-1774, 1995b. ";
var kessler_taft87 = "Kessler, W. S., and B. A. Taft, Dynamic heights and zonal geostrophic transports in the central equatorial Pacific during 1979-84, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 97-122, 1987. ";
var kessler_etal95 = "Kessler, W. S., M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann, Forcing of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10,613-10,631, 1995. ";
var kessler_etal96 = "Kessler, W. S., M. C. Spillane, M. J. McPhaden, and D. E. Harrison, Scales of variability in the equatorial Pacific inferred from the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) array, J. Clim., 9, 2999-3204, 1996. ";
var kilonsky_caldwell91 = "Kilonsky, B., and P. Caldwell, In the pursuit of high-quality sea level data, IEEE Oceans Proc., 2, 669-675, 1991. ";
var kindle_phoebus95 = "Kindle, J. C., and P. A. Phoebus, The ocean response to operational westerly wind bursts during the 1991-1992 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4893-4920, 1995. ";
var kleeman_etal95 = "Kleeman, R., A. M. Moore, and N. R. Smith, Assimilation of subsurface thermal data into a simple ocean model for initialization of an intermediate tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere forecast model, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 3103-3113, 1995. ";
var knox87 = "Knox, R. A., Equatorial response to impulsive wind, in Further Progress in Equatorial Oceanography, edited by E. J. Katz and J. M. Witte, pp. 323-334, Nova Univ. Press, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., 1987. ";
var knox_anderson85 = "Knox, R. A., and D. L. T. Anderson, Recent advances in the study of the low-latitude circulation, Prog. Oceanogr., 14, 259-317, 1985. ";
var knox_halpern82 = "Knox, R., and D. Halpern, Long range Kelvin wave propagation of transport variations in Pacific Ocean equatorial currents, J. Mar. Res., 40, suppl., 329-339, 1982. ";
var kuberle_philander94 = "Köberle, C., and S. G. H. Philander, On the processes that control seasonal variations of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Tellus, Ser. A, 46, 481-496, 1994. ";
var koblinsky_etal92 = "Koblinsky, C. J., P. Gaspar, and G. Lagerloef (Eds.), The Future of Spaceborne Altimetry: Oceans and Climate Change, 75 pp., Joint Oceanogr. Inst. Inc., Washington, D.C., 1992. ";
var koehn_etal95 = "Koehn, M., L. Mangum, and M. McPhaden (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the TOGA-TAO Implementation Panel, Seoul, Oct. 18-20, 1994, International TOGA Project Office Rep. 12, 61 pp., Pac. Mar. Environ. Lab., Seattle, Wash., 1995. ";
var koehn_etal96 = "Koehn, M. P., L. J. Mangum, and M. J. McPhaden (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the TAO Implementation Panel, Fortaleza, Brazil, Sept. 12-14, 1995, WCRP Informal Rep. 1/1996, 61 pp., Pac. Mar. Environ. Lab., Seattle, Wash., 1996. ";
var kumar_etal94 = "Kumar, A., A. Leetmaa, and M. Ji, Simulations of atmospheric variability induced by sea surface temperatures and implications for global warming, Science, 266, 632-634, 1994. ";
var kuroda_mcphaden93 = "Kuroda, Y., and M. J. McPhaden, Variability in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean during JAPACS cruises in 1989 and 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4747-4759, 1993. ";
var kutsuwada_inaba95 = "Kutsuwada, K., and H. Inaba, Long-range measurement of surface oceanic current in the western equatorial Pacific by acoustic doppler current profiler, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73(1), 1-11, 1995. ";
var latif_barnett95 = "Latif, M., and T. P. Barnett, Interactions of the tropical oceans, J. Clim., 8, 952-964, 1995. ";
var latif_graham92 = "Latif, M., and N. E. Graham, How much predictive skill is contained in the thermal structure of an oceanic GCM?, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 951-962, 1992. ";
var latif_etal88 = "Latif, M., J. Biercamp, and H. von Storch, The response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model to wind bursts, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 964-979, 1988. ";
var latif_etal94 = "Latif, M., T. P. Barnett, M. A. Cane, M. Fluegel, N. E. Graham, H. von Storch, J.-S. Xu, and S. E. Zebiak, A review of ENSO prediction studies, Clim. Dyn., 9, 167-179, 1994. ";
var latif_etal97 = "Latif, M., R. Kleeman, and C. Eckert, Greenhouse warming, decadal variability, or El Niño: An attempt to understand the anomalous 1990s, J. Clim., 10, 2221-2239, 1997. ";
var latif_etalthis = "Latif, M., D. Anderson, T. Barnett, M. Cane, R. Kleeman, A. Leetmaa, J. O\'Brien, A. Rosati, and E. Schneider, A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO, J. Geophys. Res., this issue. ";
var lau_busalacchi93 = "Lau, K.-M., and A. J. Busalacchi, El Niño Southern Oscillation: A view from space, in Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change, edited by R. J. Gurney, J. L. Foster, and C. L. Parkinson, pp. 281-294, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1993. ";
var lau_chan86 = "Lau, K.-M., and P. H. Chan, The 40-50 day oscillation and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation: A new perspective, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 67, 533-534, 1986. ";
var lau_nath94 = "Lau, N.-C., and N. J. Nath, A modeling study of the relative roles of tropical and extratropical SST anomalies in the variability of the global atmosphere-ocean system, J. Clim., 7, 1184-1207, 1994. ";
var leetmaa_ji89 = "Leetmaa, A., and M. Ji, Operational hindcasting of the tropical Pacific, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 13, 465-490, 1989. ";
var leetmaa_ji96 = "Leetmaa, A., and M. Ji, Ocean data assimilation as a component of a climate forecast system, in Modern Approaches to Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling, edited by P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, pp. 271-293, Elsevier, New York, 1996. ";
var legeckis77 = "Legeckis, R., Long waves in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean: A view from a geostationary satellite, Science, 197, 1179-1181, 1977. ";
var legler91 = "Legler, D. M., Producing surface wind products for oceanographers, paper presented at the IGOSS/IOC Ocean Products Workshop, International Oceanographic Commission, Tokyo, April 1991. ";
var legler_obrien84 = "Legler, D. M., and J. J. O\'Brien, Atlas of Tropical Pacific Wind Stress Climatology 1971-1980, 182 pp., Dep. of Meteorol., Fl. State Univ., Tallahassee, 1984. ";
var legler_etal89 = "Legler, D. M., I. M. Navon, and J. J. O\'Brien, Objective analysis of pseudo-stress over the Indian Ocean using a direct-minimisation approach, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 709-720, 1989. ";
var lehodey_etal97 = "Lehodey, P., M. Bertignac, J. Hampton, A. Lewis, and J. Picaut, El Niño Southern Oscillation and tuna in the western Pacific, Nature, 389, 715-718, 1997. ";
var letraon_etal95 = "Le Traon, P. Y., P. Gaspar, F. Bouyssel, and H. Makhmara, Using TOPEX/POSEIDON data to enhance ERS-1 orbit, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 161-170, 1995. ";
var levitus_boyer94 = "Levitus, S., and T. P. Boyer, World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 4, Temperature, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, Washington D.C., 117 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., 1994. ";
var levitus_etal94a = "Levitus, S., R. Burgett, and T. P. Boyer, World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 3, Salinity, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3, 99 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Washington, D.C., 1994a. ";
var levitus_etal94b = "Levitus, S., T. P. Boyer, and J. Antonov, World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 5, Interannual Variability of Upper Ocean Thermal Structure, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 5, 176 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Washington, D.C., 1994b. ";
var li_clarke94 = "Li, B., and A. J. Clarke, An examination of some ENSO mechanisms using interannual sea level at the eastern and western equatorial boundaries and the zonally averaged equatorial wind, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 681-690, 1994. ";
var li_philander96 = "Li, T., and S. G. H. Philander, On the annual cycle of the eastern equatorial Pacific, J. Clim., 9, 2986-2998, 1996. ";
var lien_etal94 = "Lien, R.-C., M. J. McPhaden, and D. Hebert, Intercomparison of ADCP measurements at 0°, 140°W, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1334-1349, 1994. ";
var lien_etal95 = "Lien, R.-C., D. R. Caldwell, M. C. Gregg, and J. N. Moum, Turbulence variability at the equator in the central Pacific at the beginning of the 1991-1993 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6881-6898, 1995. ";
var lien_etal96 = "Lien, R.-C., M. J. McPhaden, and M. C. Gregg, High-frequency internal waves in the upper central equatorial Pacific and their possible relationship to deep-cycle turbulence, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 581-600, 1996. ";
var lillibridge_etal94 = "Lillibridge, J. L., R. E. Cheney, and N. S. Doyle, The 1991-93 Los Niños from ERS-1 altimetry, in Proceedings of the Second ERS-1 Symposium, Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA SP-361, 495-499, 1994. ";
var lindstrom_etal87 = "Lindstrom, E., R. Lukas, R. Fine, E. Firing, S. Godfrey, G. Meyers, and M. Tsuchiya, The Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study, Nature, 330, 533-537, 1987. ";
var lindzen_nigam87 = "Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam, On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436, 1987. ";
var liu88 = "Liu, W. T., Moisture and latent heat flux variabilities in the tropical Pacific derived from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6749-6760, 1988. ";
var liu_gautier90 = "Liu, W. T., and C. Gautier, Thermal forcing of the tropical Pacific from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,209-13,217, 1990. ";
var liu_etal79 = "Liu, W. T., K. B. Katsaros, and J. A. Businger, Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including molecular constraints at the interface, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1722-1735, 1979. ";
var liu_etal96 = "Liu, W. T., W. Tang, and R. Atlas, Responses of the tropical Pacific to wind forcing as observed by spaceborne sensors and simulated by an ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,345-16,359, 1996. ";
var lorenc81 = "Lorenc, A. C., A global three-dimensional multivariate statistical interpolation scheme, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 701-721, 1981. ";
var lu_mccreary95 = "Lu, P., and J. P. McCreary Jr., Influence of the ITCZ on the flow of thermocline water from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 3076-3088, 1995. ";
var lukas_firing85 = "Lukas, R., and E. Firing, The annual Rossby wave in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 55-67, 1985. ";
var lukas_lindstrom91 = "Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom, The mixed layer in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3343-3357, 1991. ";
var lukas_etal95 = "Lukas, R., P. J. Webster, M. Ji, and A. Leetmaa, The large-scale context for the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 56, 3-16, 1995. ";
var luther_johnson90 = "Luther, D. S., and E. S. Johnson, Eddy energetics in the upper equatorial Pacific during the Hawaii-to-Tahiti Shuttle Experiment, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 913-944, 1990. ";
var luther_etal83 = "Luther, D. S., D. E. Harrison, and R. A. Knox, Zonal winds in the central equatorial Pacific and El Niño, Science, 222, 327-330, 1983. ";
var madden_julian71 = "Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708, 1971. ";
var madden_julian72 = "Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123, 1972. ";
var mangum_etal90 = "Mangum, L. J., S. P. Hayes, J. M. Toole, Z. Wang, S. Pu, and D. Hu, Thermohaline structure and zonal pressure gradient in the western equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7279-7288, 1990. ";
var mangum_etal92 = "Mangum, L. J., S. P. Hayes, and L. D. Stratton, Sampling requirements for the surface wind field over the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Clim., 9, 668-679, 1992. ";
var mangum_etal94 = "Mangum, L. J., H. P. Freitag, and M. J. McPhaden, TOGA-TAO array sampling schemes and sensor evaluations, paper presented at OCEANS 94 OSATES, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/Ocean Engineering Society, Parc de Penfeld, Brest, France, Sept. 13-16, 1994. ";
var mantua_battisti94 = "Mantua, N. J., and D. S. Battisti, Evidence for the delayed oscillator mechanism for ENSO: the \'\'observed\'\' oceanic Kelvin mode in the far western Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 691-699, 1994. ";
var mapes_houze95 = "Mapes, B. E., and R. A. Houze Jr., Diabatic divergence profiles in western Pacific mesoscale convective systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1807-1828, 1995. ";
var maury1859 = "Maury, M. F., The Physical Geography of the Sea, Harper Collins, New York, 1859. ";
var may_etal98 = "May, D. A., M. M. Parmeter, D. S. Olszewski, and B. D. McKenzie, Operational processing of satellite sea surface temperature retrievals at the Naval Oceanographic Office, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 397-407, 1998. ";
var mccarty_mcphaden93 = "McCarty, M. E., and M. J. McPhaden, Mean seasonal cycles and interannual variations at 0°, 165°E during 1986-1992, Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-98, 64 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1993. ";
var mcclain_etal85 = "McClain, E. P., W. G. Pichel, and C. C. Walton, Comparative performance of AVHRR-based multichannel sea surface temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11,587-11,601, 1985. ";
var mccreary76 = "McCreary, J., Eastern tropical ocean response to changing wind systems, with application to El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 632-645, 1976. ";
var mccreary80 = "McCreary, J. P., Jr., A linear stratified ocean model of the equatorial undercurrent, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 298, 603-635, 1980. ";
var mccreary83 = "McCreary, J. P., Jr., A model of tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction, Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 370-387, 1983. ";
var mccreary_anderson91 = "McCreary, J. P., Jr., and D. L. T. Anderson, An overview of coupled ocean-atmosphere models of El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3125-3150, 1991. ";
var mccreary_lu94 = "McCreary, J. P., Jr., and P. Lu, On the interaction between the subtropical and the equatorial oceans: The subtropical cell, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 466-497, 1994. ";
var mccreary_etal93 = "McCreary, J. P., P. K. Kundu, and R. L. Molinari, A numerical investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed-layer processes in the Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 31, 181-244, 1993. ";
var mcphaden81 = "McPhaden, M. J., Continuously stratified models of the steady-state equatorial ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 337-354, 1981. ";
var mcphaden93a = "McPhaden, M. J., TOGA-TAO and the 1991-93 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event, Oceanography, 6, 36-44, 1993a. ";
var mcphaden93b = "McPhaden, M. J. (Ed.), Proceedings of the First Workshop of the TOGA-TAO Implementation Panel, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, East-West Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Nov. 9-10, 1992, technical report, 26 pp., Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1993b. ";
var mcphaden94 = "McPhaden, M. J. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second Workshop of the TOGA-TAO Implementation Panel, Bali, Indonesia, October 18-20, 1993, ITPO Publ. 10, 53 pp., Pac. Mar. Environ. Lab., Seattle, Wash., 1994. ";
var mcphaden95 = "McPhaden, M. J., The Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean array is completed, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 739-741, 1995. ";
var mcphaden96 = "McPhaden, M. J., Monthly period oscillations in the Pacific North Equatorial Countercurrent, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6337-6359, 1996. ";
var mcphaden_fine88 = "McPhaden, M. J., and R. A. Fine, A dynamical interpretation of the tritium maximum in the central equatorial Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1454-1457, 1988. ";
var mcphaden_hayes90a = "McPhaden, M. J., and S. P. Hayes, Moored velocity, temperature and wind measurements in the equatorial Pacific Ocean: A review of scientific results, 1985-1990, paper presented at the International TOGA Scientific Conference, World Clim. Res. Program, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 16-20, 1990a. ";
var mcphaden_hayes90b = "McPhaden, M. J., and S. P. Hayes, Variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific during 1986-1988, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,195-13,208, 1990b. ";
var mcphaden_hayes91 = "McPhaden, M. J., and S. P. Hayes, On the variability of winds, sea surface temperature, and surface layer heat content in the western equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3331-3342, 1991. ";
var mcphaden_mccarty92 = "McPhaden, M. J., and M. E. McCarty, Mean seasonal cycles and interannual variations at 0°, 110°W and 0°, 140°W during 1980-1991, Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-95, 118 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Silver Spring, Md., 1992. ";
var mcphaden_peters92 = "McPhaden, M. J., and H. Peters, Diurnal cycle of internal wave variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean: Results from moored observations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1317-1329, 1992. ";
var mcphaden_picaut90 = "McPhaden, M. J., and J. Picaut, El Niño-Southern Oscillation displacements of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool, Science, 250, 1385-1388, 1990. ";
var mcphaden_taft84 = "McPhaden, M. J., and B. A. Taft, Proceedings of the First International TOGA Workshop on Thermal Sampling, Rep. USTOGA-3, 53 pp., Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1984. ";
var mcphaden_taft88 = "McPhaden, M. J., and B. A. Taft, On the dynamics of seasonal and intraseasonal variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1713-1732, 1988. ";
var mcphaden_etal88a = "McPhaden, M. J., H. P. Freitag, S. P. Hayes, B. A. Taft, Z. Chen, and K. Wyrtki, The response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to a westerly wind burst in May 1986, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,589-10,603, 1988a. ";
var mcphaden_etal88b = "McPhaden, M. J., A. J. Busalacchi, and J. Picaut, Observations and wind-forced model simulations of the mean seasonal cycle in tropical Pacific sea surface topography, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8131-8146, 1988b. ";
var mcphaden_etal88c = "McPhaden, M. J., A. J. Busalacchi, and J. Picaut, A model study of potential sampling errors due to data scatter around expendable bathythermograph transects in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8119-8130, 1988c. ";
var mcphaden_etal90a = "McPhaden, M. J., S. P. Hayes, L. J. Mangum, and J. M. Toole, Variability in the western equatorial Pacific during the 1986-87 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 190-208, 1990a. ";
var mcphaden_etal90b = "McPhaden, M. J., H. B. Milburn, A. I. Nakamura, and A. J. Shepherd, PROTEUS-Profile Telemetry of Upper Ocean Currents, in Proceedings of the Marine Technology Society Conference, Sept. 25-28, 1990, pp. 353-357, Mar. Technol. Soc., Washington, D.C., 1990b. ";
var mcphaden_etal90c = "McPhaden, M., H. P. Freitag, and A. Shepherd, Moored salinity time series measurements at 0°-140°W, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 568-575, 1990c. ";
var mcphaden_etal91 = "McPhaden, M. J., D. V. Hansen, and P. L. Richardson, A comparison of ship drift, drifting buoy, and current meter mooring velocities in the Pacific South Equatorial Current, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 775-782, 1991. ";
var mcphaden_etal92 = "McPhaden, M. J., F. Bahr, Y. du Penhoat, E. Firing, S. P. Hayes, P. P. Niiler, P. L. Richardson, and J. M. Toole, The response of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean to westerly wind bursts during November 1989 to January 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14,289-14,303, 1992. ";
var mechoso_etal95 = "Mechoso, C. R., et al., The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 2825-2838, 1995. ";
var menkes_busalacchi95 = "Menkes, C., and A. J. Busalacchi, The impact of TOGA-TAO wind observations on tropical Pacific Ocean simulations, paper presented at the TOGA95 Symposium, World Meteorol. Organ., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, April 2-7, 1995. ";
var menkes_etal95 = "Menkes, C., J.-P. Boulanger, and A. J. Busalacchi, Evaluation of TOPEX and basin-wide Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere-Tropical Atmosphere Ocean sea surface topographies and derived geostrophic currents, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,087-25,100, 1995. ";
var meyers96 = "Meyers, G., Variation of Indonesian throughflow and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,255-12,263, 1996. ";
var meyers_phillips92 = "Meyers, G., and H. Phillips, TOGA XBT sampling strategy, TOGA Notes 7, Oceanogr. Cent., Nova Southeastern Univ., Dania, Fla., 1992. ";
var meyers_etal83 = "Meyers, G., J. R. Donguy, and D. Cutchin, Tropical Pacific thermocline topography during 1979-1983, in Papers From 1982/83 El Niño Southern Oscillation Workshop, pp. 33-52, Atl. Oceanogr. and Meteorol. Lab., Miami, Fla., 1983. ";
var meyers_etal86 = "Meyers, G., J. R. Donguy, and R. K. Reed, Evaporative cooling of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean by anomalous winds, Nature, 323, 523-526, 1986. ";
var meyers_etal91 = "Meyers, G., H. Phillips, N. Smith, and J. Sprintall, Space and time scales for optimal interpolation of temperature-Tropical Pacific Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 28, 189-218, 1991. ";
var meyers_etal95 = "Meyers, G., R. J. Bailey, and A. P. Worby, Geostrophic transport of Indonesian throughflow, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42, 1163-1174, 1995. ";
var milburn_mclain86 = "Milburn, H. B., and P. D. McLain, ATLAS-A low cost satellite data telemetry mooring developed for NOAA\'s Climate Research Mission, paper presented at the Marine Data Systems International Symposium, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/Marine Technology Society, New Orleans, La., April 30 to May 2, 1986. ";
var miller_etal94 = "Miller, A. J., R. C. Daniel, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, and J. M. Oberhuber, Interdecadal variability of the Pacific Ocean: Model response to observed heat flux and wind stress anomalies, Clim. Dyn., 9, 287-302, 1994. ";
var miller_cheney90 = "Miller, L., and R. E. Cheney, Large-scale meridional transport in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1986-1987 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 17,905-17,920, 1990. ";
var miller_etal88 = "Miller, L., R. E. Cheney, and B. C. Douglas, Geosat altimeter observations of Kelvin waves and the 1986-87 El Niño, Science, 239, 52-54, 1988. ";
var miller90 = "Miller, R. N., Tropical data assimilation experiments with simulated data: The impact of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Thermal Array for the Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,461-11,482, 1990. ";
var minobe_takeuchi95 = "Minobe, S., and K. Takeuchi, Annual period equatorial waves in the Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,379-18,392, 1995. ";
var mitchum94 = "Mitchum, G., Comparison of TOPEX sea surface heights and tide gauge sea levels, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,541-24,554, 1994. ";
var mitchum_lukas90 = "Mitchum, G., and R. Lukas, Westward propagation of annual sea level and wind signals in the western Pacific Ocean, J. Clim., 10, 1102-1110, 1990. ";
var mitchum_etal94 = "Mitchum, G., B. Kilonsky, and B. Miyamoto, Methods for maintaining a stable datum in a sea level monitoring system, paper presented at OCEANS 94 OSATES, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers/Oceanic Engineering Society, Parc de Penfeld, Brest, France, Sept. 13-16, 1994. ";
var mizuno_etal95 = "Mizuno, K., B. N. Peter, and T. Watanabe, Observation on subsurface temperature by voluntary ships, in Jpn. Exp. on Asian Monsoon (JEXAM) Annu. Rep., pp. 41-59, Res. and Dev. Bur., Sci. and Technol. Agency, Tokyo, 1995. ";
var molinari_johns94 = "Molinari, R. L., and E. Johns, Upper layer temperature structure of the western tropical Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,225-18,233, 1994. ";
var molinari_etal90 = "Molinari, R. L., D. Olson, and G. Reverdin, Surface current distributions in the tropical Indian Ocean derived from compilations of surface buoy trajectories, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7217-7238, 1990. ";
var moore89 = "Moore, A. M., Aspects of geostrophic adjustment during tropical ocean data assimilation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 435-461, 1989. ";
var moore90 = "Moore, A. M., Linear equatorial wave mode initialisation in a model of the tropical Pacific Ocean: An initialisation scheme for tropical ocean models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 423-445, 1990. ";
var moore92 = "Moore, A. M., The role of dynamic adjustment during tropical ocean data assimilation, in Trends in Physical Oceanography, Res. Trends Ser., vol. 1, pp. 1-14, Counc. of Sci. Res. Integration, Trivandrum, India, 1992. ";
var moore_anderson89 = "Moore, A. M., and D. L. T. Anderson, The assimilation of XBT data into a layer model of the tropical Pacific Ocean, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 13, 441-464, 1989. ";
var moore_etal87 = "Moore, A. M., N. S. Cooper, and D. L. T. Anderson, Initialisation and data assimilation in models of the Indian Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1965-1977, 1987. ";
var moum_etal92 = "Moum, J. N., M. J. McPhaden, D. Hebert, H. Peters, C. A. Paulson, and D. R. Caldwell, Internal waves, dynamic instabilities and turbulence in the equatorial thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1357-1359, 1992. ";
var moura_shukla81 = "Moura, A., and J. Shukla, On the dynamics of droughts in northeast Brazil: Observations, theory, and numerical experiments with a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2653-2675, 1981. ";
var murray_etal94 = "Murray, J. W., R. T. Barber, M. R. Roman, M. P. Bacon, and R. A. Feely, Physical and biological controls on carbon cycling in the equatorial Pacific, Science, 266, 58-65, 1994. ";
var musman92 = "Musman, S., Geosat altimeter observations of long waves in the equatorial Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3573-3580, 1992. ";
var nastrom_vanzandt94 = "Nastrom, G. D., and T. E. VanZandt, Mean vertical motions seen by radar wind profilers, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 984-995, 1994. ";
var ncep96 = "National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Experimental Long Lead Forecast Bulletin, vol. 5, 54 pp., Nat. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Washington, D.C., 1996. ";
var nrc83 = "National Research Council, El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: A Scientific Plan, 72 pp., Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D.C., 1983. ";
var nrc86 = "National Research Council, U.S. Participation in the TOGA Program: A Research Strategy, 24 pp., Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D.C., 1986. ";
var nrc90 = "National Research Council, TOGA: A Review of Progress and Future Opportunities, 51 pp., Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D.C., 1990. ";
var nrc94a = "National Research Council, Ocean-Atmosphere Observations for Short-term Climate Predictions, 51 pp., Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D.C., 1994a. ";
var nrc94b = "National Research Council, GOALS (Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System) for Predicting Seasonal to Interannual Climate, 103 pp., Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D.C., 1994b. ";
var nrc96 = "National Research Council, Learning to Predict Climate Variations Associated with El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, 171 pp., Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C., 1996. ";
var nws97 = "National Weather Service, Experimental Long Lead Forecast Bulletin, 63 pp., Washington, D.C., September 1997. ";
var nerem_etal97 = "Nerem, R. S., B. J. Haines, J. Hendricks, J. F. Minster, G. T. Mitchum, and W. B. White, Improved determination of global mean sea level variations using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1331-1334, 1997. ";
var nicholls89 = "Nicholls, N., Sea surface temperatures and Australian winter rainfall, J. Clim., 2, 965-973, 1989. ";
var nigam_chao96 = "Nigam, S., and Y. Chao, Evolution dynamics of tropical ocean-atmosphere annual cycle variability, J. Clim., 9, 3187-3205, 1996. ";
var niiler_paduan95 = "Niiler, P. P., and J. Paduan, Wind-driven motions in the northeast Pacific as measured by Lagrangian drifters, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2819-2830, 1995. ";
var niiler_etal87 = "Niiler, P. P., R. E. Davis, and H. J. White, Water-following characteristics of a mixed layer drifter, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 34, 1867-1881, 1987. ";
var niiler_etal95 = "Niiler, P. P., A. Sybrandy, K. Bi, P. Poulain, and D. Bitterman, Measurements of the water-following capability of Holey-sock and TRISTAR drifters, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42, 1951-1964, 1995. ";
var nova89 = "Nova University, U.S. TOGA Observing System Mid-Life Progress Review and Recommendations for Continuation, 102 pp., Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., 1989. ";
var oberhuber88 = "Oberhuber, J. M., An atlas based on the COADS data set: The budget of heat, buoyancy and turbulent kinetic energy at the surface of the global ocean, Rep. 15, Max Planck Inst. for Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 1988. ";
var oosdp95 = "Ocean Observing System Development Panel, Scientific Design for the Common Module of the Global Ocean Observing System and the Global Climate Observing System: An Ocean Observing System for Climate, 265 pp., Dep. of Oceanogr., Tex. A&M Univ., College Station, 1995. ";
var palmer_etal92 = "Palmer, T. N., C. Brankovic, P. Viterbo, and M. J. Miller, Modeling interannual variations of summer monsoons, J. Clim., 5, 399-407, 1992. ";
var parsons94 = "Parsons, D., The integrated sounding system: Description and preliminary observations from TOGA COARE, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 553-567, 1994. ";
var pearcy_schoener87 = "Pearcy, W. G., and A. Schoener, Changes in the marine biota coincident with the 1982-1983 El Niño in the northeastern subarctic Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,417-14,248, 1987. ";
var perigaud90 = "Perigaud, C., Sea level oscillations observed with Geosat along the two shear fronts of the Pacific North Equatorial Countercurrent, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7239-7248, 1990. ";
var perigaud_delecluse92 = "Perigaud, C., and P. Delecluse, Annual sea level variations in the southern tropical Indian Ocean from Geosat and shallow-water simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20,169-20,178, 1992. ";
var perigaud_delecluse93 = "Perigaud, C., and P. Delecluse, Interannual sea level variations in the tropical Indian Ocean from Geosat and shallow-water simulations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1916-1934, 1993. ";
var peters_etal94 = "Peters, C. A., V. M. Gerald, P. Woiceshyn, and W. H. Gemmill, Operational processing of ERS-1 scatterometer winds, A documentation, NMC/OPC Tech. Rep. 96, 12 pp., Camp Springs, Md., 1994. ";
var philander73 = "Philander, S. G. H., Equatorial Undercurrent: Measurements and theories, Rev. Geophys., 11, 513-570, 1973. ";
var philander78 = "Philander, S. G. H., Instabilities of zonal equatorial currents, 2, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3679-3682, 1978. ";
var philander86 = "Philander, S. G. H., Unusual conditions in the tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1984, Nature, 322, 236-238, 1986. ";
var philander90 = "Philander, S. G. H., El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation, 293 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1990. ";
var philander_pacanowski80 = "Philander, S. G. H., and R. C. Pacanowski, The generation of equatorial currents, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 1123-1136, 1980. ";
var philander_seigel85 = "Philander, S. G. H., and A. D. Seigel, Simulation of the El Niño of 1982-83, in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models, Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser., vol. 40, edited by J. C. J. Nihoul, pp. 517-542, Elsevier, New York, 1985. ";
var philander_etal84 = "Philander, S. G. H., T. Yamagata, and R. C. Pacanowski, Unstable air-sea interactions in the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 604-613, 1984. ";
var philander_etal85 = "Philander, S. G. H., D. Halpern, D. Hansen, R. Legeckis, L. Miller, C. Paul, R. Watts, R. Weisberg, and M. Wimbush, Long waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Eos Trans. AGU, 66, 154, 1985. ";
var philander_etal86 = "Philander, S. G. H., W. J. Hurlin, and R. C. Pacanowski, Properties of long equatorial waves in models of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14,207-14,211, 1986. ";
var philander_etal87 = "Philander, S., W. Hurlin, and A. Seigel, A model of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1986-2002, 1987. ";
var phoebus_goerss91 = "Phoebus, P. A., and J. S. Goerss, The operational assimilation of SSM/I wind speed data, paper presented at the Ninth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Denver, Colo., Oct. 14-18, 1991. ";
var phoebus_etal94 = "Phoebus, P. A., P. A. Wittmann, and J. S. Goerss, Model comparisons depicting the influence of SSM/I wind observations, paper presented at the Seventh Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Monterey, Calif., June 6-10, 1994. ";
var picaut_delcroix95 = "Picaut, J., and T. Delcroix, Equatorial wave sequence associated with warm pool displacements during the 1986-1989 El Niño-La Niña, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,393-18,408, 1995. ";
var picaut_tournier91 = "Picaut, J., and R. Tournier, Monitoring the 1979-1985 Equatorial Pacific current transports with expendable bathythermography data, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3263-3277, 1991. ";
var picaut_etal89 = "Picaut, J., S. P. Hayes, and M. J. McPhaden, Use of the geostrophic approximation to estimate time-varying zonal currents at the equator, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3228-3236, 1989. ";
var picaut_etal90 = "Picaut, J., A. J. Busalacchi, M. J. McPhaden, and B. Camusat, Validation of the geostrophic method for estimating zonal currents at the equator from Geosat altimeter data, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3015-3024, 1990. ";
var picaut_etal95 = "Picaut, J., A. J. Busalacchi, M. J. McPhaden, L. Gourdeau, F. I. Gonzalez, and E. Hackert, Open-ocean validation of TOPEX/POSEIDON sea level in the western equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,109-25,127, 1995. ";
var picaut_etal96 = "Picaut, J., M. Ioualalen, C. Menkes, T. Delcroix, and M. J. McPhaden, Mechanisms of the zonal displacements of the Pacific warm pool, Science, 274, 1486-1489, 1996. ";
var picaut_etal97 = "Picaut, J., F. Masia, and Y. du Penhoat, An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of ENSO, Science, 277, 663-666, 1997. ";
var plimpton_etal95 = "Plimpton, P. E., H. P. Freitag, and M. J. McPhaden, Correcting moored ADCP data for fish-bias errors at 0°, 110°W and 0°, 140°W from 1990 to 1993, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-107, 49 pp., Pac. Mar. Environ. Lab., Seattle, Wash., 1995. ";
var pugh87 = "Pugh, D., Tides, Surges, and Mean Sea Level, John Wiley, New York, 1987. ";
var pullen_etal87 = "Pullen, P. E., R. L. Bernstein, and D. Halpern, Equatorial long-wave characteristics determined from satellite sea surface temperature and in situ data, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 742-748, 1987. ";
var puls1895 = "Puls, C., Oberflächentemperaturen und Strömungsverhältmisse des Aquatorialgürtels des Stillen Ozeans, Dtsch. Arch. Seewarte, 18, 1-38, 1895. ";
var qiao_weisberg95 = "Qiao, L., and R. H. Weisberg, Tropical instability wave kinematics: Observations from the Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE), J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8677-8694, 1995. ";
var quinn_etal87 = "Quinn, W. H., V. T. Neal, and S. E. Antunez de Mayolo, El Niño occurrences over the past four and a half centuries, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14,449-14,461, 1987. ";
var ralph_etal97 = "Ralph, E. A., K. Bi, P. P. Niiler, and Y. du Penhoat, A Lagrangian description of the western equatorial Pacific response to the wind burst of December 1992, J. Clim., 10, 1706-1721, 1997. ";
var ramanathan_collins91 = "Ramanathan, V., and W. Collins, Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Niño, Nature, 351, 27-32, 1991. ";
var ramanathan_etal95 = "Ramanathan, V., B. Subasilar, G. J. Zhang, W. Conant, R. D. Cess, J. T. Kiehl, H. Grassl, and L. Shi, Warm pool heat budget and shortwave cloud forcing: A missing physics? Science, 267, 499-503, 1995. ";
var ramp_etal97 = "Ramp, S. R., J. L. McClean, C. A. Collins, A. J. Semtner, and K. A. S. Hayes, Observations and modeling of the 1991-1992 El Niño signal off central California, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5553-5582, 1997. ";
var rao_etal89 = "Rao, R. R., R. L. Molinari, and J. F. Festa, Evolution of the climatological near-surface thermal structure of the tropical Indian Ocean, I, Description of mean monthly mixed layer depth, and sea surface temperature, surface current, and surface meteorological fields, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10,801-10,815, 1989. ";
var rao_etal91 = "Rao, R. R., R. L. Molinari, and J. F. Festa, Surface meteorological and near surface oceanographic atlas of the tropical Indian Ocean, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL AOML-69, 59 pp., Atl. Oceanogr. and Meteorol. Lab., Miami, Fla., 1991. ";
var rasmusson_carpenter82 = "Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 354-384, 1982. ";
var rasmusson_wallace83 = "Rasmusson, E. M., and J. M. Wallace, Meteorological aspects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Science, 222, 1195-1202, 1983. ";
var rebert_etal85 = "Rebert, J., J. Donguy, G. Eldin, and K. Wyrtki, Relations between sea level, thermocline depth, heat content, and dynamic height in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11,719-11,725, 1985. ";
var reid_etal89 = "Reid, G. C., K. S. Gage, and J. R. McAfee, The thermal response of the tropical atmosphere to variations in equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14,705-14,716, 1989. ";
var reverdin_etal91a = "Reverdin, G., P. Delecluse, C. Levi, A. Morliere, and J. M. Verstraete, The near surface tropical Atlantic in 1982-84. Results from a numerical simulation and data analysis, Prog. Oceanogr., 27, 273-340, 1991a. ";
var reverdin_etal91b = "Reverdin, G., P. Rual, Y. du Penhoat, and Y. Gouriou, Vertical structure of the seasonal cycle in the central equatorial Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 277-291, 1991b. ";
var reverdin_etal94 = "Reverdin, G., C. Frankignoul, E. Kestenare, and M. J. McPhaden, Seasonal variability in the surface currents of the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20,323-20,344, 1994. ";
var reynolds88 = "Reynolds, R. W., A real-time global sea surface temperature analysis, J. Clim., 1, 75-86, 1988. ";
var reynolds93 = "Reynolds, R. W., Impact of Mount Pinatubo aerosols on satellite-derived sea surface temperatures, J. Clim., 6, 768-774, 1993. ";
var reynolds_marsico93 = "Reynolds, R. W., and D. C. Marsico, An improved real-time global sea surface temperature analysis, J. Clim., 6, 114-119, 1993. ";
var reynolds_smith94 = "Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, Improved global sea surface temperature analysis using optimum interpolation, J. Clim., 7, 929-948, 1994. ";
var reynolds_smith95 = "Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, A high resolution global sea surface temperature climatology, J. Clim., 8, 1572-1583, 1995. ";
var reynolds_etal89a = "Reynolds, R. W., K. Arpe, C. Gordon, S. P. Hayes, A. Leetmaa, and M. J. McPhaden, A comparison of tropical Pacific surface wind analyses, J. Clim., 2, 105-111, 1989a. ";
var reynolds_etal89b = "Reynolds, R. W., C. K. Folland, and D. E. Parker, Biases in satellite derived sea-surface-temperatures, Nature, 341, 728-731, 1989b. ";
var reynolds_etal95 = "Reynolds, R. R., M. Ji, A. Leetmaa, and D. Halpern, Comparison of effects of different wind stress analyses on tropical Pacific model sea level, paper presented at the TOGA95 International Scientific Symposium, World Meteorol. Organ., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, April 2-7, 1995. ";
var richardson83 = "Richardson, P. L., Eddy kinetic energy in the North Atlantic from surface drifters, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 4355-4367, 1983. ";
var riddle_etal96 = "Riddle, A. C., W. M. Angevine, W. L. Ecklund, E. R. Miller, D. B. Parsons, D. A. Carter, and K. S. Gage, In situ and remotely sensed horizontal winds and temperature intercomparisons using integrated sounding systems during TOGA COARE, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 69, 49-61, 1996. ";
var roach_etal89 = "Roach, D., G. Mitchum, and K. Wyrtki, Length scales of interannual sea level variations along the Pacific margin, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 122-128, 1989. ";
var roemmich_cornuelle87 = "Roemmich, D., and B. Cornuelle, Digitization and calibration of the expendable bathythermograph, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 34, 299-307, 1987. ";
var roemmich_etal94 = "Roemmich, D., M. Morris, W. R. Young, and J. R. Donguy, Fresh equatorial jets, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 540-558, 1994. ";
var rogers_etal93 = "Rogers, R. R., W. L. Ecklund, D. A. Carter, K. S. Gage, and S. A. Ethier, Research applications of a boundary-layer wind profiler, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 567-580, 1993. ";
var ropelewski_halpert86 = "Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 2352-2362, 1986. ";
var ropelewski_halpert87 = "Ropelewski, C. F., and M. Halpert, Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 1606-1626, 1987. ";
var rosati_etal97 = "Rosati, A., K. Miyakoda, and R. Gudgel, The impact of ocean initial conditions on ENSO forecasting with a coupled model, Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 754-772, 1997. ";
var rufenach95 = "Rufenach, C., A new relationship between radar cross-section and ocean surface wind speed using ERS-1 scatterometer and buoy measurements, Int. J. Remote Sens., 16, 3629-3647, 1995. ";
var sadler_kilonsky85 = "Sadler, J., and B. J. Kilonsky, Deriving surface winds from satellite observations of low-level cloud motions, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 24, 758-769, 1985. ";
var saha_etal95 = "Saha, S., G. White, and R. Reynolds, An evaluation of the surface fluxes in the NMC/NCAR re-analysis, paper presented at the 20th Annual NOAA Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Seattle, Wash., Oct. 23-27, 1995. ";
var scharoo_etal94 = "Scharoo, R., K. F. Wakker, and G. J. Mets, The orbit determination accuracy of the ERS-1 mission, in Proceedings of the Second ERS-1 Symposium, Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA SP-361, 735-740, 1994. ";
var schopf_cane83 = "Schopf, P. S., and M. A. Cane, On equatorial dynamics, mixed layer physics, and sea surface temperature, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 917-935, 1983. ";
var schopf_suarez88 = "Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566, 1988. ";
var schubert_etal93 = "Schubert, S. D., R. B. Rood, and J. Pfaendtner, An assimilated dataset for earth science applications, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 2331-2342, 1993. ";
var scor83 = "Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR), Prediction of El Niño, in Proc. 19, pp. 47-51, Sci. Comm. on Ocean Res. Working Group, Paris, 1983. ";
var servain91 = "Servain, J., Simple climatic indices for the tropical Atlantic Ocean and some applications, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15,137-15,146, 1991. ";
var servain_etal84 = "Servain, J., J. Picaut, P. Lecomte, and M. Seva, A 16-year series of observations of sea surface temperature and wind stress field in the tropical Atlantic, in Time Series of Ocean Measurements, Intergovernmental Oceanogr. Comm. Tech. Ser., vol. 2, pp. 29-32, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Paris, France, 1984. ";
var servain_etal85 = "Servain, J., J. Picaut, and A. J. Busalacchi, Interannual and seasonal variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean depicted by sixteen years of sea surface temperature and wind stress, in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models, Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser., vol. 40, edited by J. C. J. Nihoul, pp. 211-237, Elsevier, New York, 1985. ";
var shaffer_etal97 = "Shaffer, G., O. Pizarro, L. Djurfeldt, S. Salinas, and J. Rutllant, Circulation and low-frequency variability near the Chilean coast: Remotely-forced fluctuations during the 1991-1992 El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 217-235, 1997. ";
var sheinbaum_anderson90a = "Sheinbaum, J., and D. L. T. Anderson, Variational assimilation of XBT data, I, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 672-688, 1990a. ";
var sheinbaum_anderson90b = "Sheinbaum, J., and D. L. T. Anderson, Variational assimilation of XBT data, II, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 689-704, 1990b. ";
var shriver_obrien95 = "Shriver, J. F., and J. J. O\'Brien, Low-frequency variability of the equatorial Pacific Ocean using a new pseudostress dataset: 1930-1989, J. Clim., 8, 2762-2786, 1995. ";
var shuto96 = "Shuto, K., Interannual variations of water temperature and salinity along the 137°E meridian, J. Oceanogr., 52, 575-595, 1996. ";
var smith91 = "Smith, N. R., Objective quality controls in an oceanic subsurface thermal analysis scheme, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3279-3287, 1991. ";
var smith95a = "Smith, N. R., The BMRC ocean thermal analysis system, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 44, 93-110, 1995a. ";
var smith95b = "Smith, N. R., An improved system for tropical ocean sub-surface temperature analyses, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 850-870, 1995b. ";
var smith_meyers96 = "Smith, N. R., and G. Meyers, An evaluation of expendable bathythermograph and Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Array data for monitoring tropical ocean variability, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28,489-28,501, 1996. ";
var smith_etal91 = "Smith, N. R., J. E. Blomley, and G. Meyers, A univariate statistical interpolation scheme for subsurface thermal analyses in the tropical oceans, Prog. Oceanogr., 28, 219-256, 1991. ";
var smith_etal96 = "Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, R. E. Livezey, and D. C. Stokes, Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions, J. Clim., 9, 1403-1420, 1996. ";
var smull_mcphaden96 = "Smull, B. F., and M. J. McPhaden, Comparison of NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed fields and surface observations over the TOGA-TAO Array, paper presented at the 21st Annual NOAA Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Huntsville, Alabama, October 28 to November 1, 1996. ";
var soreide_etal96 = "Soreide, N. N., D. C. McClurg, W. H. Zhu, M. J. McPhaden, D. W. Denbo, and M. W. Renton, World Wide Web access to real-time and historical data from the TAO array of moored buoys in the tropical Pacific Ocean: Updates for 1996, paper presented at OCEANS 96, Mar. Technol. Soc., Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Sept. 23-26, 1996. ";
var spillane_etal87 = "Spillane, M., J. Allen, and D. Enfield, Intraseasonal oscillations in sea level along the west coast of the Americas, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 313-325, 1987. ";
var springer_etal90 = "Springer, S. R., M. J. McPhaden, and A. J. Busalacchi, Oceanic heat content variability in the tropical Pacific during the 1982-1983 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22,089-22,101, 1990. ";
var sprintall_mcphaden94 = "Sprintall, J., and M. J. McPhaden, Surface layer variations observed in multiyear time series measurements from the western equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 963-979, 1994. ";
var sprintall_tomczak92 = "Sprintall, J., and M. Tomczak, Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7305-7316, 1992. ";
var stockdale_etal93 = "Stockdale, T., D. Anderson, M. Davey, P. Delecluse, A. Kattenberg, Y. Kitamura, M. Latif, and T. Yamagata, Intercomparison of tropical models, Rep. WCRP-79, 37 pp., World Clim. Res. Program, Geneva, 1993. ";
var stockdale_etalthis = "Stockdale, T. N., A. J. Busalacchi, D. E. Harrison, and R. Seager, Ocean modeling for ENSO, J. Geophys. Res., this issue. ";
var strauch_etal87 = "Strauch, R. G., B. L. Weber, A. S. Frisch, C. G. Little, D. A. Merritt, K. P. Moran, and D. C. Welsh, The precision and relative accuracy of profiler wind measurements, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 563-571, 1987. ";
var stricherz_etal92 = "Stricherz, J., J. J. O\'Brien, and D. M. Legler, Atlas of Florida State University Tropical Pacific Winds for TOGA 1966-1985, 275 pp., Fla. State Univ., Tallahassee, 1992. ";
var stroup69 = "Stroup, E. D., The thermostad of 13°C water in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ph.D. dissertation, 202 pp., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md., 1969. ";
var sui_lau92 = "Sui, C.-H., and K.-M. Lau, Multi-scale phenomena in the tropical atmosphere over the western Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 407-430, 1992. ";
var swenson_etal91 = "Swenson, M., P. P. Niiler, A. L. Sybrandy, and L. Sombardier, Feasibility of attaching Seacats to TOGA drifter, Ref. Ser. 91-30, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif., 1991. ";
var sy91 = "Sy, A., XBT measurements, in WOCE Operations Manual, WHP Operations and Methods, vol. 3.1.3., WOCE Rep. 68/91, pp. 1-19, WOCE Hydrographic Office, Woods Hole, Mass., 1991. ";
var sybrandy_niiler91 = "Sybrandy, A. L., and P. P. Niiler, The WOCE/TOGA Lagrangian drifter construction manual, WOCE Rep. 63, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif., 1991. ";
var sybrandy_etal95 = "Sybrandy, A., C. Martin, P. Niiler, E. Charpentier, and D. T. Meldrum, WOCE Surface Velocity Programme Barometer Drifter Construction Manual, WOCE Rep. 134/95, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif., 1995. ";
var taft_kessler91 = "Taft, B. A., and W. S. Kessler, Variations of zonal currents in the central tropical Pacific during 1970 to 1987: Sea level and dynamic height measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 12,599-12,618, 1991. ";
var tai_kuhn95 = "Tai, C.-K., and J. Kuhn, Orbit and tide error reduction for the first 2 years of TOPEX/POSEIDON data, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,353-25,363, 1995. ";
var tapley_etal96 = "Tapley, B. D., et al., The Joint Gravity Model 3, J. Geophys. Res, 101, 28,029-28,049, 1996. ";
var taylor84 = "Taylor, P. K., The determination of surface fluxes of heat and water by satellite microwave radiometry and in situ measurements, in Large-Scale Oceanography Experiments and Satellites, edited by C. Gautier and M. Fieux, pp. 223-246, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1984. ";
var toole_borges84 = "Toole, J. M., and M. D. Borges, Observations of horizontal velocities and vertical displacements in the equatorial Pacific Ocean associated with the early stages of the 1982/83 El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 948-959, 1984. ";
var tourre_white95 = "Tourre, Y. M., and W. B. White, ENSO signals in global upper ocean temperature, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1317-1332, 1995. ";
var trenberth97 = "Trenberth, K. E., The definition of El Niño, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2771-2777, 1997. ";
var trenberth_branstator92 = "Trenberth, K. E., and G. W. Branstator, Issues in establishing causes of the 1988 drought over North America, J. Clim., 5, 159-172, 1992. ";
var trenberth_hoar96 = "Trenberth, K. E., and T. J. Hoar, The 1990-95 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: Longest on record, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 57-60, 1996. ";
var trenberth_hurrell94 = "Trenberth, K. E., and J. W. Hurrell, Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific, Clim. Dyn., 9, 303-319, 1994. ";
var trenberth_etalthis = "Trenberth, K. E., G. W. Branstator, D. Karoly, A. Kumar, N.-C. Lau, and C. Ropelewski, Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., this issue. ";
var tziperman_etal94 = "Tziperman, E., L. Stone, H. Jarosh, and M. A. Cane, El Niño chaos: Overlapping of resonances between the seasonal cycle and the Pacific ocean-atmosphere oscillator, Science, 264, 72-74, 1994. ";
var ustoga88 = "U.S. TOGA Office, Report of a drafting workshop on elements of a ten-year monitoring component for El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO), May 11-18, 1983, AOML, Miami, Rep. USTOGA-1, 42 pp., Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1988. ";
var waliser_etal94 = "Waliser, D. E., B. Blanke, J. D. Neelin, and C. Gautier, Shortwave feedbacks and El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Forced ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,109-25,125, 1994. ";
var walker24 = "Walker, G. T., Correlation in seasonal variations of weather IX: A further study of world weather, Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dep., 24, 275-332, 1924. ";
var wallace_etal89 = "Wallace, J. M., T. P. Mitchell and C. Deser, The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability, J. Clim., 2, 1492-1499, 1989. ";
var wallace_etalthis = "Wallace, J. M., E. M. Rasmusson, T. P. Mitchell, V. E. Kousky, E. S. Sarachik, and H. von Storch, On the structure and evolution of ENSO-related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Lessons from TOGA, J. Geophys. Res., this issue. ";
var walton88 = "Walton, C. C., Nonlinear multichannel algorithms for estimating sea surface temperature with AVHRR satellite data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 27, 115-124, 1988. ";
var weare89 = "Weare, B. C., Uncertainties in estimates of surface heat fluxes derived from marine reports over the tropical and subtropical oceans, Tellus, Ser. A, 41, 357-370, 1989. ";
var webster_lukas92 = "Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, TOGA COARE: The Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1377-1416, 1992. ";
var webster_yang92 = "Webster, P. J., and S. Yang, Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 877-926, 1992. ";
var webster_etalthis = "Webster, P. J., T. N. Palmer, V. O. Magaña, J. Shukla, R. A. Tomas, T. M. Yanai, and A. Yasunari, Monsoon: Processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction, J. Geophys. Res., this issue. ";
var weisberg_hayes95 = "Weisberg, R. H., and S. P. Hayes, Upper ocean variability on the equator in the Pacific at 170°W, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,485-20,498, 1995. ";
var weisberg_wang97 = "Weisberg, R. H., and C. Wang, Slow variability in the equatorial west-central Pacific in relation to ENSO, J. Climate, 10, 1998-2017, 1997. ";
var weisberg_weingartner88 = "Weisberg, R. H., and T. J. Weingartner, Instability waves in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1641-1657, 1988. ";
var weller_anderson96 = "Weller, R. A., and S. P. Anderson, Surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE, J. Clim., 9, 1959-1990, 1996. ";
var weller_taylor93 = "Weller, R. A., and P. K. Taylor, Surface conditions and surface fluxes OOSDP background, Rep. 3, Tex. A&M Univ., College Station, 1993. ";
var white95 = "White, W. B., Design of a global observing system for gyre-scale upper ocean temperature variability, Prog. Oceanogr., 36, 169-217, 1995. ";
var white_peterson96 = "White, W. B., and R. G. Peterson, An antarctic circumpolar wave in surface pressure, wind, temperature and sea ice extent, Nature, 380, 699-702, 1996. ";
var white_tai92 = "White, W. B., and C.-K. Tai, Reflection of interannual Rossby waves at the maritime western boundary of the tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14,305-14,322, 1992. ";
var white_etal85 = "White, W. B., G. Meyers, J. R. Donguy, and S. E. Pazan, Short term climate variability in the thermal structure of the Pacific Ocean during 1979-1982, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 917-935, 1985. ";
var white_etal87 = "White, W. B., S. E. Pazan, and M. Inoue, Hindcast-forecast of ENSO based upon the redistribution of observed and modeled heat content in the western tropical Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 264-280, 1987. ";
var williams_etal92 = "Williams, C. R., K. S. Gage, and A. Hollingsworth, A diagnostic study of planetary boundary layer winds observed by the 915 MHz lower tropospheric wind profiler at Christmas Island, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Rep. NTIS-PB94-183895/XAB, pp. 210-215, Natl. Tech. Inf. Serv., Springfield, Va., 1992. ";
var williams_etal95 = "Williams, C. R., W. L. Ecklund, and K. S. Gage, Classification of precipitating clouds in the tropics using 915 MHz wind profilers, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 996-1012, 1995. ";
var williamson_nerem94 = "Williamson, R. G., and R. S. Nerem, Improved orbit computations for the Geosat mission: Benefits for oceanographic and geodynamic studies (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 75(44), Fall Meet. Suppl., 155, 1994. ";
var woodruff_etal87 = "Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. Steurer, A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 68, 1239-1250, 1987. ";
var wcrp85 = "World Climate Research Program, Scientific plan for the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Program, Tech. Doc. WMO/TD-64, 146 pp., World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1985. ";
var wcrp88 = "World Climate Research Program, Surface Velocity Programme Planning Committee report of the first meeting, SVP-1, Tech. Doc. WMO/TD-323, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1988. ";
var wcrp90a = "World Climate Research Program, JSC/CCCO TOGA Scientific Steering Group, Report of the Ninth Meeting, Kona, Hawaii, 23-25 July, 1990, Tech. Doc. WMO/TD-387, 23 pp., World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1990a. ";
var wcrp90b = "World Climate Research Program, International TOGA Scientific Conference Proceedings, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 16-20, 1990, Tech. Doc. WMO/TD-379, 239 pp., World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1990b. ";
var wcrp95a = "World Climate Research Program, TOGA Numerical Experimentation Group, Report of the Seventh Session, La Jolla, Calif., 1-2 November 1994, 8 pp., World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1995a. ";
var wcrp95b = "World Climate Research Program, CLIVAR, A Study of Climate Variability and Predictability, Tech. Doc. WMO/TD-690, 157 pp., World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1995b. ";
var wyrtki75 = "Wyrtki, K., El Niño-The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 572-584, 1975. ";
var wyrtki77 = "Wyrtki, K., Sea level during the 1972 El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 779-787, 1977. ";
var wyrtki79 = "Wyrtki, K., The response of sea surface topography to the 1976 El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 1223-1231, 1979. ";
var wyrtki81 = "Wyrtki, K., An estimate of equatorial upwelling in the Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1205-1214, 1981. ";
var wyrtki84 = "Wyrtki, K., The slope of sea level along the equator during the 1982/1983 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,419-10,424, 1984. ";
var wyrtki85a = "Wyrtki, K., Water displacements in the Pacific and the genesis of El Niño cycles, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7129-7132, 1985a. ";
var wyrtki85b = "Wyrtki, K., Sea level fluctuations in the Pacific during the 1982-83 El Niño, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 125-128, 1985b. ";
var wyrtki87 = "Wyrtki, K., Indonesian through flow and the associated pressure gradient, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 12,941-12,946, 1987. ";
var wyrtki_meyers75 = "Wyrtki, K., and G. Meyers, The trade wind field over the Pacific Ocean, I, The mean field and the mean annual variation, Rep. HIG-75-1, 26 pp., Univ. of Hawaii, 1975. ";
var wyrtki_meyers76 = "Wyrtki, K., and G. Meyers, The trade wind field over the Pacific Ocean, J. Appl. Meteorol., 15, 698-704, 1976. ";
var wyrtki_etal81 = "Wyrtki, K., E. Firing, D. Halpern, R. Knox, G. J. McNally, W. C. Patzert, E. D. Stroup, B. A. Taft, and R. Williams, The Hawaii-to-Tahiti shuttle Experiment, Science, 211, 22-28, 1981. ";
var xie94 = "Xie, S.-P., On the genesis of the equatorial annual cycle, J. Clim., 7, 2008-2013, 1994. ";
var yu_deaven91 = "Yu, T. W., and D. G. Deaven, Use of SSM/I wind speed data in NMC\'s GDAS, paper presented at the Ninth Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Denver, Colo., October 14-18, 1991. ";
var yu_etal95 = "Yu, Z., J. P. McCreary Jr., and J. A. Proehl, Meridional asymmetry and energetics of tropical instability waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2997-3007, 1995. ";
var yu_etal97 = "Yu, Z., P. S. Schopf, and J. P. McCreary Jr., On the annual cycle in the eastern Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 309-324, 1997. ";
var zebiak89 = "Zebiak, S., On the 30-60 day oscillation and the prediction of El Niño, J. Clim., 2, 1381-1387, 1989. ";
var zebiak93 = "Zebiak, S., Air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region, J. Clim., 6, 1567-1586, 1993. ";
var zebiak_cane87 = "Zebiak, S. E., and M. A. Cane, A model of El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 2262-2278, 1987. ";
var zhang96 = "Zhang, C., Atmospheric intraseasonal variability at the surface in the tropical western Pacific Ocean, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 739-758, 1996. ";
var zhang95 = "Zhang, G. J., On the use of monthly mean data to compute surface turbulent fluxes in the tropical Pacific, J. Clim., 8, 3084-3090, 1995. ";
var zhang_mcphaden95 = "Zhang, G. J., and M. J. McPhaden, On the relationship between sea surface temperature and latent heat flux in the equatorial Pacific, J. Clim., 8, 589-605, 1995. ";
var zhang_etal95 = "Zhang, G. J., V. Ramanathan, and M. J. McPhaden, Convection evaporation feedback in the equatorial Pacific, J. Clim., 8, 3040-3051, 1995. ";
var zhang_etal97 = "Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-1993, J. Clim., 10, 1004-1020, 1997. ";