Amador, J.A., Alfaro, E.J., Lizano, O.G., Magaña, V.O., 2006. Atmospheric forcing of the eastern tropical Pacific: a review. Progress in Oceanography 69 (2–4), 101–142.
Badan-Dangon, A., 1998. Coastal circulation from the Galapagos to the Gulf of California. The Sea, vol. 11. John Wiley and Sons, pp. 315–343.
Badan-Dangon, A., Robles, J.M., Garcia, J., 1989. Poleward flows off Mexico's Pacific coast. In: Coastal and Estuarine Studies: Poleward Flows Along Eastern Ocean Boundaries. Springer-Verlag, pp. 160–175.
Barberan, J., Gallegos, A., Padilla, A.R., 1984. The Costa Rica Dome during the onset of the 1982–83 El Niño. Tropical Ocean- Atmosphere Newsletter 24, 13–14.
Baturin, N.G., Niiler, P.P., 1997. Effects of instability waves in the mixed layer of the equatorial Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 27771–27793.
Baumgartner, T.R., Christensen, N., 1985. Coupling of the Gulf of California to large-scale interannual climate variability. Journal of Marine Research 43, 825–848.
Bennett, E.B., 1963. An atlas of the eastern tropical Pacific (EastroPac). Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 8, 33– 165.
Bjerknes, J., 1961. "El Niño" study based on analysis of ocean surface temperatures 1935–57. Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 5, 217–304.
Bjerknes, J., 1972. Large-scale atmospheric response to the 1964–65 Pacific equatorial warming. Journal of Physical Oceanography 2, 212– 217.
Blanke, B., Raynaud, R., 1997. Kinematics of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent: an Eulerian and Lagrangian approach from GCM results. Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, 1038–1053.
Bonjean, F., 2001. Influence of surface currents on the sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31, 943–961.
Bonjean, F., Lagerloef, G.S.E., 2002. Diagnostic model and analysis of the surface currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, 2938–2954.
Bretherton, C.S., Uttal, T., Fairall, C.W., Yuter, S., Weller, R., Baumgardner, D., Comstock, K., Wood, R., Raga, G., 2004. The EPIC 2001 stratocumulus study. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85, 967–977.
Brink, K.H., Halpern, D., Huyer, A., Smith, R.L., 1983. The physical environment of the Peru upwelling system. Progress in Oceanography 12, 285–305.
Bryden, H.L., Brady, E.C., 1985. Diagnostic model of the three-dimensional circulation in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 15, 1255–1273.
Bryden, H.L., Brady, E.C., 1989. Eddy momentum and heat fluxes and their effects on the circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Journal of Marine Research 47, 55–79.
Carr, M.-E., Strub, P.T., Thomas, A.C., Blanco, J.L., 2002. Evolution of 1996–1999 La Niña and El Niño conditions off the western coast of South America: a remote sensing perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, 29.1–29.16.
Chelton, D.B., Esbensen, S.K., Schlax, M.G., Thum, N., Freilich, M.H., Wentz, F.J., Gentemann, C.L., McPhaden, M.J., Schopf, P.S., 2001. Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and SST in the eastern tropical Pacific. Journal of Climate 14, 1479– 1498.
Chelton, D.B., Davis, R.E., 1982. Monthly mean sea level variability along the west coast of North America. Journal of Physical Oceanography 12, 757–784.
Chelton, D.B., deSzoeke, R., Schlax, M.G., ElNagger, K., Siwertz, N., 1998. Geophysical variability of the first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation. Journal of Physical Oceanography 28, 433–460.
Chelton, D.B., Freilich, M.H., Esbensen, S.K., 2000a. Satellite observations of the wind jets off the Pacific coast of Central America. Part I: Case studies and statistical characteristics. Monthly Weather Review 128, 1993–2018.
Chelton, D.B., Freilich, M.H., Esbensen, S.K., 2000b. Satellite observations of the wind jets off the Pacific coast of Central America. Part II: Regional relationships and dynamical considerations. Monthly Weather Review 128, 2019–2043.
Chelton, D.B., Schlax, M.G., Lyman, J.M., Johnson, G.C., 2003. Equatorially-trapped Rossby waves in the presence of meridionallysheared baroclinic flow in the Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 56, 323–380.
Chelton, D.B., Wentz, F.J., Gentemann, C.L., de Szoeke, R.A., Schlax, M.G., 2000. Satellite microwave SST observations of transequatorial tropical instability waves. Geophysical Research Letters 27, 1239–1242.
Chen, S., Qiu, B., 2004. Seasonal variability of the South Equatorial Countercurrent. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, C08003. doi:10.1029/2003/JC002243.
Clarke, A.J., Ahmed, R., 1999. Dynamics of remotely forced intraseasonal oscillations off the western coast of South America. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 240–258.
Colbo, K., Weller, R., submitted for publication. The variability and heat budget of the upper ocean under the Chile-Peru stratus. Journal of Marine Research.
Cromwell, T., 1953. Circulation in a meridional plane in the central equatorial Pacific. Journal of Marine Research 12, 196–213.
Cromwell, T., 1958. Thermocline topography, horizontal currents and "Ridging" in the eastern tropical Pacific. Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 3, 135–152.
Cromwell, T., Bennett, E.B., 1959. Surface drift charts for the eastern tropical Pacific. Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 3, 217–237.
Cromwell, T., Montgomery, R.B., Stroup, E.D., 1954. Equatorial undercurrent revealed by new methods. Science 119, 648–649.
Cronin, M.F., Bond, N., Fairall, C., Hare, J., McPhaden, M.J., Weller, R.A., 2002. Enhanced oceanic and atmospheric monitoring underway in the Eastern Pacific. Eos, Transactions of the AGU 83, 210–211.
Cronin, M.F., Kessler, W.S., 2002. Near surface conditions at 0°, 110°W during the onset of the 1997–98 El Niño. Deep-Sea Research I 49, 1–17.
Davey, M.K., Huddleston, M., Sperber, K.R., Braconnot, P., Bryan, F., Chen, D., Colman, R.A., Cooper, C., Cubasch, U., Delecluse, P., DeWitt, D., Fairhead, L., Flato, G., Gordon, C., Hogan, T., Ji, M., Kimoto, M., Kitoh, A., Knutson, T.R., Latif, M., Le Treut, H., Li, T., Manabe, S., Mechoso, C.R., Meehl, G.A., Power, S.B., Roeckner, E., Terray, L., Vintzileos, A., Voss, R., Wang, B., Washington, W.M., Yoshikawa, I., Yu, J.-Y., Yukimoto, S., Zebiak, S.E., 2002. STOIC: a study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions. Climate Dynamics 18, 403–420.
Donoso, M.C., Harris, J.E., Enfield, D.B., 1994. Upper ocean thermal structure of the eastern tropical Pacific. NOAA Tech. Report ERL- 450-AOML-36.
Eden, C., Timmermann, A., 2004. The influence of the Galápagos Islands on tropical temperatures, currents and the generation of tropical instability waves. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L15308. doi:10.1029/2004GL020060.
Enfield, D.B., 1986. Zonal and seasonal variability of the equatorial Pacific heat balance. Journal of Physical Oceanography 16, 1038– 1054.
Enfield, D.B., 1987. The intraseasonal oscillation in eastern Pacific sea levels: how is it forced? Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, 1860– 1876.
Enfield, D.B., Allen, J.S., 1980. On the structure and dynamics of monthly mean sea level along the Pacific coast of North and South America. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10, 557–578.
Fiedler, P.C., 2002. The annual cycle and biological effects of the Costa Rica Dome. Deep-Sea Research I 49, 321–338.
Fiedler, P.C., Chavez, F.P., Behringer, D.W., Reilly, S.B., 1992. Physical and biological effects of Los Niños in the eastern tropical Pacific, 1986–1989. Deep-Sea Research 39, 199–219.
Fiedler, P.C., Talley, L.D., 2006. Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: a review. Progress in Oceanography 69 (2–4), 143–180.
Filonov, A., Tereshchenko, I., 1999. El Niño 1997–98 monitoring in mixed layer at the Pacific Ocean near Mexico's west coast. Geophysical Research Letters 27, 705–707.
Fu, L.L., Christensen, E.J., Yamarone Jr., C.A., Lefebvre, M., Ménard, Y., Dorrer, M., Escudier, P., 1994. TOPEX/POSEIDON mission overview. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 24369–24381.
Giese, B.S., Carton, J.A., Holl, L.J., 1994. Sea level variability in the eastern Pacific as observed by TOPEX and the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere – Tropical Atmosphere Ocean experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 24739–24748.
Gregg, M.C., 1976. Temperature and salinity microstructure in the equatorial undercurrent. Journal of Geophysical Research 81, 1180– 1196.
Gregg, M.C., 1998. Estimation and geography of diapycnal mixing in the stratified ocean. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 54, 305–338.
Gu, D.F., Philander, S.G.H., McPhaden, M.J., 1998. The seasonal cycle and its modulation in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, 2209–2218.
Hansen, D.V., Paul, C.A., 1987. Vertical motion in the eastern equatorial pacific, inferred from drifting buoys. Oceanologica Acta, Special Volume, 27–32.
Hansen, D.V., Poulain, P.M., 1996. Quality control and interpolation ofWOCE-TOGA drifter data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 13, 900–909.
Hayes, S.P., Mangum, L.J., Picaut, J., Sumi, A., Takeuchi, K., 1991. TOGA-TAO: a moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Association 72, 339–347.
Hofmann, E.E., Busalacchi, A.J., O'Brien, J.J., 1981. Wind generation of the Costa Rica Dome. Science 214, 552–554.
Hormazabal, S., Shaffer, G., Letelier, J., Ulloa, O., 2001. Local and remote forcing of sea surface temperature in the coastal upwelling system off chile. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 16657–16671.
Hormazabal, S., Shaffer, G., Pizarro, O., 2002. Tropical Pacific control of intraseasonal oscillations off Chile by way of oceanic and atmospheric pathways. Geophysical Research Letters 29 (6). doi:10.1029/2001GL013481.
Huyer, A., Smith, R.L., Paluszkiewicz, T., 1991. Coastal upwelling off Peru during normal and El Niño times. Journal of Geophysical Research 92, 14297–14307.
Ichii, T., Mahapatra, K., Watanabe, T., Yatsu, A., Inagake, D., Okada, Y., 2002. Occurrence of jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas aggregations associated with the countercurrent ridge off the Costa Rica Dome during 1997 El Niño and 1999 La Niña. Marine Ecology Progress Series 231, 151–166.
Johnson, G.C., 2001. The Pacific Ocean subtropical cell surface limb. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 1771–1774.
Johnson, G.C., McPhaden, M.J., 1999. Interior pycnocline flow from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 3073–3098.
Johnson, G.C., McPhaden, M.J., Firing, E., 2001. Equatorial Pacific horizontal velocity, divergence and upwelling. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31, 839–849.
Johnson, G.C., Sloyan, B.M., Kessler, W.S., McTaggart, K.E., 2002. Direct measurements of upper ocean current and water properties across the tropical Pacific during the 1990s. Progress in Oceanography 52, 31–61.
Kaplan, A., Cane, M.A., Kushnir, Y., Clement, A., Blumenthal, M., Rajagopalan, B., 1998. Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 18567–18589.
Kessler, W.S., 1990. Observations of long Rossby waves in the northern tropical Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 5183– 5217.
Kessler, W.S., 2002. Mean three-dimensional circulation in the northeastern tropical Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, 2457– 2471.
Kessler, W.S., Johnson, G.C., Moore, D.W., 2003. Sverdrup and nonlinear dynamics of the Pacific equatorial currents. Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, 994–1008.
Kessler, W.S., Gourdeau, L., 2006. Wind-driven zonal jets in the South Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L03608. doi:10.1029/2005GL025084.
Kessler, W.S., McCreary, J.P., 1993. The annual wind-driven Rossby wave in the subthermocline equatorial Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 23, 1192–1207.
Kessler, W.S., McPhaden, M.J., 1995a. The 1991–93 El Niño in the central Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II 42, 295–333.
Kessler, W.S., McPhaden, M.J., 1995b. Oceanic equatorial waves and the 1991–93 El Niño. Journal of Climate 8, 1757–1774.
Kessler, W.S., Rothstein, L.M., Chen, D., 1998. The annual cycle of SST in the eastern tropical Pacific, as diagnosed in an ocean GCM. Journal of Climate 11, 777–799.
Kessler, W.S., Taft, B.A., 1987. Dynamic heights and zonal geostrophic transport in the central tropical Pacific during 1974–84. Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, 97–122.
Klein, S.A., Hartmann, D.L., 1993. The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. Journal of Climate 6, 1587–1606.
Knauss, J.A., 1960. Measurements of the Cromwell Current. Deep-Sea Research 6, 265–286.
Kollias, P., Fairall, C.W., Zuidema, P., Tomlinson, J., Wick, G.A., 2004. Observations of marine stratocumulus during the PACS 2003 cruise. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L22110. doi:10.1029/2004GL020751.
Lagerloef, G.S.E., Mitchum, G.T., Lukas, R.B., Niiler, P.P., 1999. Tropical Pacific near-surface currents estimated from altimeter, wind and drifter data. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 23313–23326.
Lavín, M.F., Palacios-Hernández, E., Cabrera, C., 2003. Sea surface temperature anomalies in the Gulf of California. Geofisica Internacional 42, 363–375.
Legeckis, R., 1977. Long waves in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Science 197, 1177–1181.
Levitus, S., Burgett, R., Boyer, T.P., 1994. World Ocean Atlas 1994, Salinity. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3, 99.
Lien, R.C., Caldwell, D.R., Gregg, M.C., Moum, J.N., 1995. Turbulent variability at the equator in the central Pacific at the beginning of the 1991–1993 El Niño. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 6881–6898.
Lukas, R., 1986. The termination of the equatorial undercurrent in the eastern Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 16, 63–90.
Mazeika, P.A., 1967. Thermal domes in the eastern tropical atlantic ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 12, 537–539.
McCreary, J.P., Lu, P., Yu, Z.-Y., 2002. Dynamics of the Pacific subsurface countercurrents. Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, 2379– 2404.
McPhaden, M.J., 1981. Continuously stratified models of the steady state equatorial ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 11, 337– 354.
McPhaden, M.J., 1986. The equatorial undercurrent: 100 years of discovery. EOS 67, 762–765.
McPhaden, M.J., 1999. Genesis and evolution of the 1997–98 El Niño. Science 283, 950–954.
McPhaden, M.J., Busalacchi, A.J., Cheney, R., Donguy, J.-R., Gage, K.S., Halpern, D., Ji, M., Julian, P., Meyers, G., Mitchum, G.T., Niiler, P.P., Picaut, J., Reynolds, R.W., Smith, N., Takeuchi, K., 1998. The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) observing system: a decade of progress. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 14169–14240.
McPhaden, M.J., Taft, B.A., 1988. Dynamics of seasonal and interannual variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 18, 1713–1782.
McPhaden,M.J., Hayes, S.P., 1990. Variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific ocean during 1986–1988. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 13195–13203.
McPhaden, M.J., Milburn, H.B., Nakamura, A.I., Shepherd, A.J., 1991. PROTEUS-Profile telemetry of upper ocean currents. Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC.
Meinen, C.S., McPhaden, M.J., Johnson, G.C., 2001. Vertical velocities and transports in the equatorial Pacific during 1993–99. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31, 3230–3248.
Mestas-Nuñez, A.M., Miller, A., 2006. Interdecadal variability and climate change in the eastern tropical Pacific: a review. Progress in Oceanography 69 (2–4), 267–284.
Meyers, G., 1979. On the annual Rossby wave in the tropical North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 9, 633–674.
Mitchell, T.P., Deser, C., Wallace, J.M., 1989. The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: seasonal and interannual variability. Journal of Climate 2, 1500–1506.
Mitchell, T.P., Wallace, J.M., 1992. The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature. Journal of Climate 5, 1140– 1156.
Montgomery, R.B., 1959. Townsend Cromwell, 1922–1958. Limnology and Oceanography 4, 228.
Morris, M., Roemmich, D., Cornuelle, B., 1996. Observations of variability in the South Pacific subtropical gyre. Journal of Physical Oceanography 26, 2359–2380.
Neelin, J.D., Battisti, D.S., Hirst, A.C., Jin, F.-F., Wakata, Y., Yamagata, T., Zebiak, S.E., 1998. ENSO theory. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 14261–14290.
Niiler, P.P., 2001. Global ocean circulation observations. In: Observing the Oceans in the 21st Century. GODAE Project Office, pp. 307– 323.
Niiler, P.P., Sybrandy, A.S., Bi, K., Poulain, P.M., Bitterman, D., 1995. Measurement of the water-following capability of holey-sock drifters and TRISTAR drifters. Deep-Sea Research 42, 1951–1964.
Philander, S.G.H., 1978. Instabilities of zonal equatorial currents, 2. Journal of Geophysical Research 83, 3679–3682.
Philander, S.G.H., 1990. El Niño, La Niña and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, San Diego, p. 293.
Philander, S.G.H., Delecluse, P., 1983. Coastal currents in low latitudes (with application to the Somali and El Niño currents). Deep-Sea Research 30, 887–902.
Philander, S.G.H., Pacanowski, R.C., 1980. The generation of equatorial currents. Journal of Geophysical Research 85, 1123–1136.
Picaut, J., Ioualalen,M., Menkes, C., Delcroix, T., McPhaden,M.J., 1996. Mechanism of the zonal displacement of the Pacific warm pool: implications for ENSO. Science 274, 1486–1489.
Picaut, J., Menkes, C., Boulanger, J.P., duPenhoat, Y., 1993. Dissipation in a Pacific equatorial long wave model. TOGA Notes 10, 11–15.
Pizarro, O., Clarke, A.J., Van Gorder, S.V., 2001. El Niño sea level and currents along the South American coast: comparison of observations with theory. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31, 1891–1903.
Pizarro, O., Shaffer, G., Dewitte, B., Ramos, M., 2002. Dynamics of seasonal and interannual variability of the Peru-Chile undercurrent. Geophysical Research Letters 29 (12). doi:10.1029/2002GL014790.
Poveda, G., Mesa, O.J., 2000. On the existence of Lloró (the rainiest locality on earth): Enhanced ocean-land-atmosphere interaction by a low-level jet. Geophysical Research Letters 27, 1675–1678.
Ralph, E.A., Bi, K., Niiler, P.P., duPenhoat, Y., 1997. A Lagrangian description of the western equatorial Pacific response to the wind burst of December 1992: heat advection in the warm pool. Journal of Climate 10, 1706–1721.
Ralph, E.A., Niiler, P.P., 1999. Wind-driven currents in the tropical Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 212–2129.
Reid, R.O., 1948. The currents of the eastern Pacific as maintained by the stress of the wind. Journal of Marine Research 7, 74–99.
Reverdin, G., Frankignoul, C., Kesternare, E., McPhaden, M.J., 1994. Seasonal variability in the surface currents of the equatorial Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 20323–20344.
Reynolds, R.W., Smith, T.M., 1994. Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. Journal of Climate 7, 929–948.
Roden, G.I., 1961. On the wind-driven circulation in the Gulf of Tehuantepec and its effect on surface temperatures. Geophysica Internacional 1, 55–76.
Roden, G.I., 1962. Oceanographic aspects of the eastern equatorial Pacific. Geophysica Internacional 2, 77–92.
Roden, G.I., 1972. Thermohaline structure and baroclinic flow across the Gulf of California entrance and in the Revilla Gigedo Islands region. Journal of Physical Oceanography 2, 177–183.
Rodriguez-Rubio, E., Schneider, W., Abarca del Rio, R., 2003. On the seasonal circulation within the Panama Bight derived from satellite observations of wind, altimetry and sea surface temperature. Geophysical Research Letters 30. doi:10.1029/2002GL016794.
Rowe, G.D., Firing, E., Johnson, G.C., 2000. Pacific equatorial subsurface countercurrent velocity, transport and potential vorticity. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, 1172–1187.
Schlax, M.G., Chelton, D.B., Freilich, M.H., 2001. Sampling errors in wind fields constructed from single and tandem scatterometer datasets. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 18, 1014–1036.
Sloyan, B.S., Johnson, G.C., Kessler, W.S., 2003. The Pacific cold tongue: an indicator of hemispheric exchange. Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, 1027–1043.
Spillane, M.C., Enfield, D.B., Allen, J., 1987. Intraseasonal oscillations in sea level along the west coast of the Americas. Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, 313–325.
Steger, J.M., Collins, C.A., Chu, P.C., 1998. Circulation in the Archipielago de Colon (Galapagos Islands), November 1993. Deep-Sea Research II 45, 1093–1114.
Stevenson, M., 1970. Circulation in the Panama Bight. Journal of Geophysical Research 75, 659–672.
Stommel, H., 1982. Is the South Pacific Helium-3 plume dynamically active? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 61, 63–67.
Stricherz, J., O'Brien, J.J., Legler, D.M., 1992. Atlas of Florida State University tropical Pacific winds for 1966–1985. The Florida State University.
Strub, P.T., James, C., 2002a. The 1997–1998 oceanic El Niño signal along the southeast and northeast Pacific boundaries – an altimetric view. Progress in Oceanography 54, 439–458.
Strub, P.T., James, C., 2002b. Altimeter-derived surface circulation in the large-scale NE Pacific gyres. Part 1: Annual variability. Progress in Oceanography 53, 163–183.
Strub, P.T., James, C., 2002c. Altimeter-derived surface circulation in the large-scale NE Pacific gyres. Part 2: El Niño anomalies. Progress in Oceanography 53, 185–214.
Sverdrup, H.U., 1947. Wind-driven currents in a baroclinic ocean, with application to the equatorial currents of the eastern Pacific. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 33, 318–326.
Swenson, M.S., Hansen, D.V., 1999. Tropical Pacific Ocean mixed layer heat budget: the Pacific cold tongue. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 69–81.
Taft, B.A., Kessler, W.S., 1991. Variations of zonal currents in the central tropical Pacific during 1970 to 1987: sea level and dynamic height measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 12599–12618.
Toggweiler, J.R., Dixon, K., Broecker, W.S., 1991. The Peru upwelling and the ventilation of the South Pacific thermocline. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 20467–20497.
Tsuchiya, M., 1975. Subsurface countercurrents in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Journal of Marine Research 33 (Suppl.), 145–175.
Tsuchiya, M., Talley, L.D., 1998. A Pacific hydrographic section at 88°W: water-property distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 12899–12918.
Umatani, S., Yamagata, T., 1991. Response of the eastern tropical Pacific to meridional migration of the ITCZ: the generation of the Costa Rica Dome. Journal of Physical Oceanography 21, 346–363.
Vialard, J., Menkes, C., Boulanger, J.P., Delecluse, P., Guilyardi, E., McPhaden, M.J., Madec, G., 2001. A model study of oceanic mechanisms affecting equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature during the 1997–98 El Niño. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31, 1649–1675.
VOCALS Scientific Working Group, 2005. VAMOS ocean-cloud-atmosphere-land study (VOCALS) science plan, 2005. Available from: <http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~breth/VOCALS/VOCALS-Science-Plan.pdf>.
Voituriez, B., 1981. Les sous-courants equatoriaux nord et sud et la formation des domes thermiques tropicaux. Oceanologia Acta 4, 497– 506.
Von Storch, H., Sundermann, L., Magaard, L., 1999. An interview with Klaus Wyrtki, GKSS report 99/E/74. GKSS Research Centre, Institute of Hydrophysics, Geerthacht, Germany.
Wallace, J.M., Rasmusson, E.M., Mitchell, T.P., Kousky, V.E., Sarachik, E.S., von Storch, H., 1998. On the structure andevolution of ENSO-related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: lessons from TOGA. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 14241– 14260.
Wang, B., Wu, R., Lukas, R., 2000. Annual adjustment of the thermocline in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Climate 13, 596–616.
Wang, C., Fiedler, P.C., 2006. ENSO variability in the eastern tropical Pacific: a review. Progress in Oceanography 69 (2–4), 239–266.
Wang, W.M., McPhaden, M.J., 1999. The surface-layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part I: Mean seasonal cycle. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 1812–1831.
Wang, W.M., McPhaden, M.J., 2000. The surface-layer heat balance in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Part II: Interannual variability. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, 2989–3008.
Weisberg, R.H., Qiao, L., 2000. Equatorial upwelling in the central Pacific estimated from moored velocity profilers. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, 105–124.
Willett, C.S., Leben, R., Lavín, M.F., 2006. Eddies and mesoscale processes in the eastern tropical Pacific: a review. Progress in Oceanography 69 (2–4), 218–238.
Wooster, W.S., Cromwell, T., 1958. An oceanographic description of the eastern tropical Pacific. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 7 (3), 169–282.
Wyrtki, K., 1964. Upwelling in the Costa Rica Dome. Fishery Bulletin 63, 355–372.
Wyrtki, K., 1965. Surface currents of the eastern tropical Pacific ocean. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission Bulletin 9, 271–304.
Wyrtki, K., 1966. Oceanography of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 4, 33–68.
Wyrtki, K., 1967. Circulation and water masses in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 1, 117–147.
Wyrtki, K., 1974a. Equatorial currents in the Pacific 1950 to 1970 and their relation to the trade winds. Journal of Physical Oceanography 4, 372–380.
Wyrtki, K., 1974b. Sea level and the seasonal fluctuations of the equatorial currents in the western Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 4, 91–103.
Wyrtki, K., 1975a. El Niño: the dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific to atmospheric forcing. Journal of Physical Oceanography 5, 572–584.
Wyrtki, K., 1975b. Fluctuations of the dynamic topography in the Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 5, 450–459.
Wyrtki, K., 1979. Sea level variations: monitoring the breath of the Pacific. EOS 60, 25–27.
Wyrtki, K., 1981. An estimate of equatorial upwelling in the Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 11, 1205–1214.
Wyrtki, K., Kilonsky, B., 1984. Mean water and current structure during the Hawaii-to-Tahiti shuttle experiment. Journal of Physical Oceanography 14, 242–254.
Xie, S.-P., Xu, H., Kessler, W.S., Nonaka, M., 2005. Air-sea interaction over the eastern Pacific warm pool: Gap winds, thermocline dome, and atmospheric convection. Journal of Climate 1 (1), 5–25.
Xu, H., Xie, S.-P., Wang, Y., 2005. Subseasonal variability of the southeast Pacific stratus cloud deck. Journal of Climate 18, 131–142.
Yu, X.R., McPhaden, M.J., 1999a. Dynamical analysis of seasonal and interannual variability in the equatorial Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 2350–2369.
Yu, X.R., McPhaden, M.J., 1999b. Seasonal variability in the equatorial Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 925–947.
Yu, J.-Y., Mechoso, C.R., 1999. Links between annual variations of Peruvian stratocumulus clouds and of SST in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. Journal of Climate 1 (11), 3305–3318.
Yu, Z.J., McCreary, J.P., Proehl, J.A., 1995. Meridional asymmetry and energetics of tropical instability waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, 2997–3007.
Yu, Z.J., Schopf, P.S., McCreary, J.P., 1997. On the annual cycle of upper-ocean circulation in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, 309–324.
Return to previous section, go to Gallery of Figures, or return to Abstract