Atlas of Surface Marine Data, 1994: CD-ROM NODC-56, Ocean Climate Laboratory, NOAA.
Bates, N.R., 2001: Interannual variability of oceanic CO and biogeochemical properties in the Western North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48(8–9), 1507–1528.
Battle, M., M.L. Bender, P.P. Tans, J.W.C. White, J.T. Ellis, T. Conway and R.J. Francey, 2000: Global carbon sinks and their variability inferred from atmospheric O and C. Science, 287, 2467–2470.
Brewer, P.G., 1978: Direct observation of oceanic CO increase. Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 997–1000.
Chen, C.T. and F.J. Millero, 1979: Gradual increase of oceanic CO. Nature, 277, 205–206.
Feely, R.A., R. Wanninkhof, T. Takahashi and P. Tans, 1999: The influence of the equatorial Pacific contribution to atmospheric CO accumulation. Nature, 398, 597–601.
GLOBALVIEW-CO: Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration ProjectCarbon Dioxide, 2000. CDROM, NOAA CMDL, Boulder, CO. Also available on Internet via anonymous FTP to ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov, Path: ccg/co2/GLOBALVIEW.
Gruber, N., J.L. Sarmiento and T.F. Stocker, 1996: An improved method for detecting anthropogenic CO in the oceans. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 809–837.
Gruber, N., 1998: Anthropogenic CO in the Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12, 165–191.
Inoue, H.Y., H. Mastueda, M. Ishii, K. Fushimi, M. Hirota, I. Asanuma and Y. Takasugi, 1995: Longterm trend of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO) in surface waters of the western North Pacific 1984–1993. Tellus, 47B, 391–413.
Keeling, C.D. and T.P. Whorf, 2000: Atmospheric CO concentrations—Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/npds/npd001.html, Carbon dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, TN.
Keeling, R., S.C. Piper and M. Heinmann, 1996: Global and hemispheric CO sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O concentration. Nature, 381, 218–221.
Liss, P.S. and L. Merlivat, 1986: Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis. In: The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling. P. Buat-Menard, ed., Reidel, Boston, 113–129.
Nightingale, P.D., G. Malin, C.S. Law, A.J. Watson, P.S. Liss, M.I. Liddicoat, J. Boutin and R.C. Upstill-Goddard, 2000: In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 373–387.
Sabine, C.L. and R.A. Feely, 2001: Comparison of recent Indian Ocean anthropogenic CO estimates with a historical approach. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(1), 31–42.
Sarmiento, J.L., R. Murnane and C. LeQuere, 1995: Airsea CO transfer and the carbon budget of the North Atlantic. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (B Biol. Sci.), 348, 211–219.
Siegenthaler, U. and J.L. Sarmiento, 1993: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean. Nature, 365, 119–125.
Takahashi, T., S.C. Sutherland, C. Sweeney, A. Poisson, N. Metzl, B. Tillbrook, N. Bates, R. Wanninkhof, R.A. Feely, C. Sabine, J. Olafsson and Y. Nojiri, 2002: Global sea-air CO flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO, and seasonal biological and temperature effects, Deep-Sea Res. II, 49(9–10), 1601–1623.
Wanninkhof, R., 1992: Relationship between gas exchange and wind speed over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373–7381.
Wanninkhof, R. and W.M. McGillis, 1999: A cubic relationship between gas transfer and wind speed. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1889–1893.
Wanninkhof, R., S. Doney, T. Takahashi and W. McGillis, 2001: The Effect of Using Time-Averaged Winds on Regional Air-Sea CO Fluxes. In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces. M.A. Donelan, W.M. Drennan, E.S. Saltzman and R. Wanninkhof, eds., AGU, Washington, Geophys. Mono. Ser. Vol. 127.
Return to previous section, go to Gallery of Figures and Tables, or return to Abstract