Anderson, S. P., R. A. Weller, and R. B. Lukas, Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western Pacific warm pool: Observations and 1-d model results, J. Clim., 9, 3056-3085, 1996.
Ando, K., and M. J. McPhaden, Variability of surface layer hydrography in the tropical Pacific ocean, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1997.
Barnett, T. P., An attempt to verify some theories of El Niño, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 633-647, 1977.
Bjerknes, J., Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163-172, 1969.
Bond, N. A., and M. J. McPhaden, An indirect estimate of the diurnal cycle in the upper ocean turbulent heat fluxes at the equator, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,369-18,378, 1995.
Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze Jr., and B. E. Mapes, Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1380-1409, 1996.
Clark, N. E., L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur, Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71, NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-682, U.S. Dep. Commer., Washington, D.C., 1974.
Delcroix, T., G. Eldin, M. McPhaden, and A. Morliére, Effects of westerly wind bursts upon the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, February-April 1991, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,379-16,385, 1993.
Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764, 1996a.
Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, J. S. Godfrey, G. A. Wick, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, Cool skin and warm layer effects on sea surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295-1308, 1996b.
Fofonoff, P., and R. C. Millard Jr., Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci., 44, 53 pp., Unesco, Paris, 1983.
Freitag, H. P., Y. Feng, L. J. Mangum, M. J. McPhaden, J. Neander, and L. D. Stratton, Calibration procedures and instrumental accuracy estimates of TAO temperature, relative humidity and radiation measurements. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-104, 32 pp., Pac. Mar. Environ. Lab., NOAA, Seattle, Wash., 1994.
Fung, I. Y., D. E. Harrison, and A. A. Lacis, On the variability of the net longwave radiation at the ocean surface, Rev. Geophys., 22, 177-193, 1984.
Godfrey, J. S., and E. J. Lindstrom, The heat budget of the equatorial western Pacific surface mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8007-8017, 1989.
Graham, N. E., and T. P. Barnett, Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans, Science, 238, 657-659, 1987.
Gutzler, D. S., G. N. Kiladis, G. A. Meehl, K. M. Weickmann, and M. Wheeler, The global climate of December 1992-February 1993, II, Large-scale variability across the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE, J. Clim., 7, 1606-1622, 1994.
Harrison, D. E., and B. S. Giese, Episodes of surface westerly winds as observed from islands in the western tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3221-3237, 1991.
Henin, C., J. Grelet, and M.-J. Langlade, Observations intensives de la température et de la salinité de surface dans le Pacifique tropical ouest entre 20°S et 20°N (1991-1993), Arch. Sci. Mer Océanogr. Phys. 8, 75 pp., Inst. Fr. de Rech. Sci. pour le Dev. en Coop. (ORSTOM), Nouméa, New Caledonia, 1994.
Huyer, A., P. M. Kosro, R. Lukas, and P. Hacker, Upper-ocean thermohaline fields near 2°S, 156°E during TOGA-COARE, November 1992 to February 1993, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1997.
Kessler, W. S., M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann, Forcing of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10,613-10,631, 1995.
Lien, R.-C., M. J. McPhaden, and D. Hebert, Intercomparison of ADCP measurements at 0°, 140°W. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1334-1349, 1994.
Liu, W. T., K. B. Katsaros, and J. A. Businger, Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1722-1735, 1979.
Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom, The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 96, suppl., 3343-3357, 1991.
Luther, D. S., D. E. Harrison, and R. A. Knox, Zonal winds in the central equatorial Pacific and El Niño, Science, 222, 327-330, 1983.
McCarty, M. E., and M. J. McPhaden, Mean seasonal cycles and interannual variations at 0°, 165°E during 1986-1992, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-98, 64 pp., Pac. Mar. Environ. Lab., NOAA, Seattle, Wash., 1993.
McPhaden, M. J., Variability in the central equatorial Indian Ocean, II, Oceanic heat and turbulent energy balances, J. Mar. Res., 40, 403-419, 1982.
McPhaden, M. J., TOGA-COARE Optical Rain Gauge Measurements. Workshop Report, Seattle, Washington, 31 March-1 April 1993, TOGA Notes, no. 13, pp. 18-19, Nova Southeastern Univ. Oceanogr. Cent., Dania, Fla., 1993a.
McPhaden, M. J., TOGA-TAO and the 1991-93 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event, Oceanography, 6, 36-44, 1993b.
McPhaden, M. J., and S. P. Hayes, On the variability of winds, sea surface temperature, and surface layer heat content in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3331-3342, 1991.
McPhaden, M. J., and H. B. Milburn, Moored precipitation measurements for TOGA, TOGA Notes, no. 7, pp. 1-5, Nova Southeastern Univ. Oceanogr. Cent., Dania, Fla., 1992.
McPhaden, M. J., H. P. Freitag, S. P. Hayes, B. A. Taft, Z. Chen, and K. Wyrtki, The response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to a westerly wind burst in May 1986, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,589-10,603, 1988.
McPhaden, M. J., S. P. Hayes, L. J. Mangum, and J. M. Toole, Variability in the western equatorial Pacific during the 1986-87 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 190-208, 1990.
McPhaden, M. J., F. Bahr, Y. Du Penhoat, E. Firing, S. P. Hayes, P. P. Niiler, P. L. Richardson, and J. M. Toole, The response of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean to westerly wind bursts during November 1989 to January 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14,289-14,303, 1992.
Meyers, G., J.-R. Donguy, and R. K. Reed, Evaporative cooling of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean by anomalous winds, Nature, 323, 523-526, 1986.
Miller, L., R. Cheney, and B. Douglas, Geosat altimeter observations of Kelvin waves and the 1986-87 El Niño, Science, 239, 52-54, 1988.
Niiler, P. P., and E. B. Kraus, One-dimensional models of the upper ocean, in Modelling and Prediction of the Upper Layers of the Ocean, edited by E. B. Kraus, pp. 143-172, Pergamon, Tarrytown, N.Y., 1977.
Palmer, T. N., and D. A. Mansfield, Response of two atmospheric general circulation models to sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical east and west Pacific, Nature, 310, 483-485, 1984.
Price, J., R. Weller, and R. Pinkel, Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling and wind mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411-8427, 1986.
Ralph, E. A., K. Bi, P. P. Niiler, and Y. du Penhoat, A Lagrangian description of the western equatorial Pacific response to the wind burst of December 1992: Heat advection in the warm pool, J. Clim., in press, 1997.
Reed, R., On estimating insolation over the ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 482-485, 1977.
Reynolds, R. W., D. C. Stokes, and T. M. Smith, A high-resolution global sea surface temperature analysis and climatology, TOGA Notes, no. 17, pp. 1-3, Nova Southeastern Univ. Oceanogr. Cent., Dania, Fla., 1994.
Siegel, D. A., J. C. Ohlmann, L. Washburn, R. R. Bidigare, C. T. Nosse, E. Fields, and Y. Zhou, Solar radiation, phytoplankton pigments and the radiant heating of the equatorial Pacific warm pool, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4885-4891, 1995.
Smyth, W. D., D. Hebert, and J. N. Moum, Local ocean response to a multiphase westerly windburst, 2, Thermal and freshwater responses, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,513-22,533, 1996.
Sprintall, J., and M. McPhaden, Surface layer variations observed in multiyear time series measurements from the western equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 963-979, 1994.
Stevenson, J. W. and P. P. Niiler, Upper ocean heat budget during the Hawaii-to-Tahiti shuttle experiment, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1894-1907, 1983.
Thiele, O. W., M. J. McPhaden, and D. A. Short, Optical rain gauge performance, Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Optical Rain Gauge Measurements, NASA Conf. Publ., 3288, 76 pp., 1994.
Wang, T., and J. D. Crosby, Taking rain gauges to sea, Sea Tech., 34(12), 62-65, 1993.
Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1377-1417, 1992.
Weller, R. A., and S. P. Anderson, Temporal variability and mean values of the surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE, J. Clim., 9, 1959-1990, 1996.
Zhang, C., Atmospheric intraseasonal variability at the surface in the tropical western Pacific Ocean, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 739-758, 1996.
Zhang, G. J., and M. J. McPhaden, The relationship between sea surface temperature and latent heat flux in the equatorial Pacific, J. Clim., 8, 589-605, 1995.
Return to previous section or go to Gallery of Figures and Tables