var auzende_etal88 = "Auzende, J. M., J. P. Eissen, Y. Lafoy, P. Gente, and J. L. Charlou, Seafloor spreading in the North Fiji Basin (southwest Pacific), <i>Tectonophysics, 146</i>, 317-351, 1988. ";
var auzende_etal94 = "Auzende, J. M., B. Pelletier, and Y. Lafoy, Twin active spreading ridges in the North Fiji Basin (southwest Pacific), <i>Geology</i>, 63-66, 1994. ";
var baker94 = "Baker, E. T., A 6-year time series of hydrothermal plumes over the Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>99</i>, 4889-4904, 1994. ";
var baker95 = "Baker, E. T., Characteristics of hydrothermal discharge following a magmatic intrusion, in <i>Hydrothermal Vents and Processes</i>, edited by D. Dixon, L. M. Parson, and C. L. Walker, <i>Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub. No. 87</i>, 65-76, 1995. ";
var baker_cannon93 = "Baker, E. T., and G. A. Cannon, Long-term monitoring of hydrothermal heat flux using moored temperature sensors, Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>Geophys. Res. Lett</i>., <i>20</i>, 1855-1858, 1993. ";
var baker_hammond92 = "Baker, E. T., and S. R. Hammond, Hydrothermal venting and the apparent magmatic budget of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>97</i>, 3443-3456, 1992. ";
var baker_massoth86 = "Baker, E. T., and G. J. Massoth, Hydrothermal plume measurements: A regional perspective, <i>Science, 234</i>, 980-982, 1986. ";
var baker_massoth87 = "Baker, E. T., and G. J. Massoth, Characteristics of hydrothermal plumes from two vent fields on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>85</i>, 59-73, 1987. ";
var baker_urabe94 = "Baker, E. T., and T. Urabe, Distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise, 13&deg;50\'-18&deg;40\'S, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 321, 1994. ";
var baker_etal87a = "Baker, E. T., G. J. Massoth, R. W. Collier, J. H. Trefry, D. Kadko, T. A. Nelsen, P. A. Rona, and J. E. Lupton, Evidence for high-temperature hydrothermal venting on the Gorda Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean, <i>Deep-Sea Res</i>., <i>34</i>, 1461-1476, 1987a. ";
var baker_etal87b = "Baker, E. T., G. J. Massoth, and R. A. Feely, Cataclysmic hydrothermal venting on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>Nature, 329</i>, 149-151, 1987b. ";
var baker_etal89 = "Baker, E. T., J. W. Lavelle, R. A. Feely, G. J. Massoth, S. L. Walker, and J. E. Lupton, Episodic venting of hydrothermal fluids from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res., 94</i>, 9237-9250, 1989. ";
var baker_etal90 = "Baker, E. T., R. E. McDuff, and G. J. Massoth, Hydrothermal venting from the summit of a ridge-axis seamount: Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res., 95</i>, 12,843-12,854, 1990. ";
var baker_etal94 = "Baker, E. T., R. A. Feely, M. J. Mottl, F. J. Sansone, C. G. Wheat, J. A. Resing, and J. E. Lupton, Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8&deg;40\' to 11&deg;50\'N: Plume distribution and relationship to the apparent magmatic budget, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128</i>, 1-17, 1994. ";
var baker_etal95 = "Baker, E. T., G. J. Massoth, R. A. Feely, R. W. Embley, R. E. Thomson, and B. J. Burd, Hydrothermal event plumes from the CoAxial seafloor eruption site, Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>Geophys. Res. Lett., 22</i>(2), 147-150, 1995. ";
var binns_etal93 = "Binns, R. A., S. D. Scott, Y. A. Bogdanov, A. P. Lisitzin, V. V. Gordeev, E. G. Gurvich, E. J. Finlayson, T. Boyd, L. E. Dotter, G. E. Wheller, and K. G. Muravyev, Hydrothermal oxide and gold-rich sulfate deposits of Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark Basin, Papua, New Guinea, <i>Econ. Geol</i>., <i>88</i>, 2122-2153, 1993. ";
var bolger_etal78 = "Bolger, G. W., P. R. Betzer, and V. V. Gordeev, Hydrothermally derived manganese suspended over the Galapagos spreading center, <i>Deep-Sea Res</i>., <i>25</i>, 721-733, 1978. ";
var bostrom_etal69 = "Bostrom, K., M. N. A. Peterson, O. Joensuu, and D. E. Fisher, Aluminum-poor ferromangoan sediments on active ocean ridges, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>74</i>, 3261-3270, 1969. ";
var bougault_etal90 = "Bougault, H., J. L. Charlou, Y. Fouquet, and H. D. Needham, Activit&eacute; hydrothermale et structure axiale des dorsales Est-Pacifique et m&eacute;dio-Atlantique, <i>Oceanol. acta vol. special 10</i>, 199-207, 1990. ";
var bougault_etal93 = "Bougault, H., J. L. Charlou, Y. Fouquet, H. D. Needham, N. Vaslet, P. Appriou, P. Jean Baptiste, P. A. Rona, L. Dmitriev, and S. Silantiev, Fast and slow spreading ridges: Structure and hydrothermal activity, ultramafic topographic highs and CH<sub>4</sub> output, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>98</i>, 9643-9651, 1993. ";
var bowers_etal88 = "Bowers, T. S., A. C. Campbell, C. I. Measures, A. J. Spivack, M. Kadem, and J. M. Edmond, Chemical controls on the composition of vent fluids at 13&deg;-11&deg;N and 21&deg;N, East Pacific Rise, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>93</i>, 4522-4536, 1988. ";
var butterfield_massoth94 = "Butterfield, D. A., and G. J. Massoth. Geochemistry of north Cleft segment vent fluids: Temporal changes in chlorinity and their possible relationship to recent volcanism, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>99</i>, 4159-4168, 1994. ";
var butterfield_etal94a = "Butterfield, D. A., R. E. McDuff, M. J. Mottl, M. D. Lilley, J. E. Lupton, and G. J. Massoth, Gradients in the composition of hydrothermal fluids from the Endeavour segment vent field: Phase separation and brine loss, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>99</i>, 9561-9583, 1994a. ";
var butterfield_etal94b = "Butterfield, D. A., R. E. McDuff, J. M. Franklin, and C. G. Wheat, Geochemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Chapter 20 in <i>Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 139,</i> M.J. Mottl, E.E. Davis, A.T. Fisher, and J.F.  Slack (eds.), College Station, TX, 395&#8211;410, 1994b.";
var campbell_etal87 = "Campbell, A. C., J. M. Edmond, D. Colodner, M. R. Palmer, and K. K. Falkner, Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the Mariana Trough back arc basin in comparison to mid-ocean ridge fluids, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 68</i>, 1531, 1987. ";
var campbell_etal88 = "Campbell, A. C., M. R. Palmer, G. P. Klinkhammer, T. S. Bowers, J. M. Edmond, J. R. Lawrence, J. F. Casey, G. Thompson, S. Humphris, P. Rona, and J. A. Karson, Chemistry of hot springs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Nature</i>, 335, 514-519, 1988. ";
var campbell_etal94 = "Campbell, A. C., C. R. German, M. R. Palmer, T. Gamo, and J. M. Edmond, Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, in <i>Geologic, Hydrothermal, and Biologic Studies at Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge, Offshore Northern California</i>, edited by J. L. Morton, R. A. Zierenberg, and C. A. Reiss, U. S. Geol. Sur.  Bull. 2022, Chapter 11, 201-221, 1994. ";
var cannon_etal91 = "Cannon, G. A., D. J. Pashinski, and M. R. Lemon, Mid-depth flow near hydrothermal venting sites on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>96</i>, 12,815-12,831, 1991. ";
var CASM85 = "Canadian American Seamount Expedition, Hydrothermal vents on an axis seamount of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>Nature, 313</i>, 212-214, 1985. ";
var chadwick_etal91 = "Chadwick, Jr., W. W. , R. W. Embley, and C. G. Fox, Evidence for volcanic eruption on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge between 1981 and 1987, <i>Nature, 313</i>, 212-214, 1991. ";
var charlou_donval93 = "Charlou, J. L., and J. P. Donval, Hydrothermal methane venting between 12&deg;N and 26&deg;N along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>98</i>, 9625-9642, 1993. ";
var charlou_etal91a = "Charlou, J. L., H. Bougault, P. Appriou, T. Nelsen, and P. Rona, Different TDM/CH<sub>4</sub> hydrothermal plume signatures: TAG site at 26&deg;N and serpentinized ultrabasic daipir at 15&deg;05\'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55</i>, 3209-3222, 1991a. ";
var charlou_etal91b = "Charlou, J. L., H. Bougault, P. Appriou, P. Jean-Baptiste, J. Etoubleau, and A. Birolleau, Water column anomalies associated with hydrothermal activity between 11&deg;40\' and 13&deg;N on the East Pacific Rise: discrepancies between tracers, <i>Deep-Sea Res</i>., <i>38</i>,   569-596, 1991b. ";
var charlou_etal94 = "Charlou, J. L., J. P. Donval, Y. Fouquet, and J. M. Auzende, Variability of hydrothermal fluids composition on ultra fast spreading ridge segments between 17&deg; and 19&deg;S on the EPR (NAUDUR cruise), <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 320, 1994. ";
var chin_etal94 = "Chin, C. S., K. H. Coale, V. A. Elrod, K. S. Johnson, G. J. Massoth, and E. T. Baker, In situ observations of dissolved iron and manganese in hydrothermal vent plumes, Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res., 99</i>, 4969-4984, 1994. ";
var clarke_etal69 = "Clarke, W. B., M. A. Beg, and H. Craig, Excess helium-3 in the sea: evidence for terrestrial primordial helium, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>6</i>, 213-220, 1969. ";
var coale_etal91 = "Coale, K. H., C. S. Chin, G. J. Massoth, K. S. Johnson, and E. T. Baker, In situ chemical mapping of dissolved iron and manganese in hydrothermal plumes, <i>Nature, 352</i>, 325-328, 1991. ";
var collier_baker90 = "Collier, R. W., and E. T. Baker, Hydrography and geochemistry of northern Gorda Ridge, in <i>Gorda Ridge</i>, edited by G. R. McMurray, Springer-Verlag, pp. 21-29, 1990. ";
var colodner_etal93 = "Colodner D., J. Lin, K. Von Damm, L. Buttermore, R. Kozlowski, J. L. Charlou, J. P. Donval and C. Wilson, Chemistry of the Lucky Strike hydrothermal fluids: initial results, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 74</i>(43 Supplement), 99, 1993. ";
var corliss_etal79 = "Corliss, J. B., J. Dymond, L. I. Gordon, J. M. Edmond, R. P. von Herzen, R. D. Ballard, K. Green, D. Williams, A. Bainbridge, K. Crane, and T. H. van Andel, Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift, <i>Science, 203</i>, 1073-1083, 1979. ";
var craig_poreda87 = "Craig, H., and R. Poreda, Papatua Expedition, Legs V and VI, SIO Ref. 87-14, 80 pp., 1987. ";
var craig_etal75 = "Craig, H., W. B. Clarke, and M. A. Beg, Excess <sup>3</sup>He in deep water on the East Pacific Rise, <i>Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>26</i>, 125-132, 1975. ";
var craig_etal87 = "Craig, H., V. K. Craig, and K. -R. Kim, Papatua Expedition I: Hydrothermal vent surveys in Back-arc basins: the Lau, N. Fiji, Woodlark, and Manus Basins and Harve Trough, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 68</i>, 100, 1987. ";
var crane_etal85 = "Crane, K., F. A. Aikman III, R. Embley, S. Hammond, A. Malahoff, and J. Lupton, The distribution of geothermal fields on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res., 90</i>, 727-744, 1985. ";
var crane_etal88 = "Crane, K., F. A. Aikman III, and J. P. Foucher, The distribution of geothermal fields along the East Pacific Rise from 13&deg;10\'N to 8&deg;20\'N: Implications for deep-seated origins, <i>Mar. Geophys. Res., 9</i>, 211-236, 1988. ";
var demets_etal90 = "DeMets, C., R. G. Gordon, D. F. Argus, and S. Stein, Current plate motions, <i>Geophys. J. Int</i>., <i>101</i>, 425-478, 1990. ";
var detrick_etal87 = "Detrick, R. S., P. Buhl, E. Vera, J. Mutter, J. Orcutt, J. Madsen, and T. Brocher, Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise, <i>Nature, 326</i>, 35-41, 1987. ";
var detrick_etal93 = "Detrick, R. S., A. J. Harding, G. M. Kent, J. A. Orcutt, J. C. Mutter, and P. Buhl, Seismic structure of the southern East Pacific Rise, <i>Science, 259</i>, 499-503, 1993. ";
var edmond_etal79 = "Edmond, J. M., C. Measures, R. E. McDuff, L. H. Chan, R. Collier, B. Grant, L. I. Gordon, and J. B. Corliss, Ridge crest hydrothermal activity and the balances of major and minor elements in the ocean: The Galapagos data, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 46</i>, 1-18, 1979. ";
var edmond_etal82 = "Edmond, J. M., K. L. Von Damm, R. E. McDuff, and C. I. Measures, Chemistry of hot springs on the East Pacific Rise and their effluent dispersal, <i>Nature, 297</i>, 187-191, 1982. ";
var elderfield_etal93 = "Elderfield, H., C. German, M. Palmer, B. Murton, C. Chin, M. Greaves, E. Gurvich, R. James, G. Klinkhammer, E. Ludford, R. Mills, M. Rudnicki, J. Thomson, and A. Williams, Preliminary geochemical results from the Broken Spur hydrothermal field, 29&deg;N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 74</i>(43 Supplement), 99, 1993. ";
var embley_etal95 = "Embley, R. W., W. W. Chadwick Jr., I. R. Jonasson, D. A. Butterfield, and E. T. Baker, Initial results of the rapid response to the 1993 CoAxial event: Relationships between hydrothermal and volcanic processes, <i>Geophys. Res. Lett., 22</i>(2), 43-46, 1995. ";
var feely_etal91 = "Feely, R. A., J. H. Trefry, G. J. Massoth, and S. Metz, A comparison of the scavenging of phosphorus and arsenic from seawater by hydrothermal iron oxyhydroxides in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, <i>Deep-Sea Res., 38</i>, 617-623, 1991. ";
var feely_etal94 = "Feely, R. A., J. F. Gendron, E. T. Baker, and G. T. Lebon, Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8&deg;40\' to 11&deg;50\'N: Particle distribution and composition, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 128</i>, 19-36, 1994. ";
var feely_etal94 = "Feely, R. A., K. Marumo, T. Urabe, E. T. Baker, J. F. Gendron, and G. T. Lebon, Elemental chemistry of hydrothermal particles along the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise, 13&deg;50\'-18&deg;40\'S, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 321, 1994. ";
var fouquet_etal91 = "Fouquet, Y., U. von Stackelberg, J. L. Charlou, J. P. Donval, J. P. Foucher, J. Erzinger, P. Herzig, R. M&uuml;he, M. Wiedicke, S. Soakai, and H. Whitechurch, Hydrothermal activity in the Lau back-arc basin: Sulfides and water chemistry, <i>Geology, 19</i>, 303-306, 1991. ";
var foxinpress = "Fox, C. G., Real-time detection of a volcanic eruption on the Juan de Fuca Ridge using the U.S. Navy\'s Sound Surveillance System, <i>Geophys. Res. Lett</i>., in press. ";
var gamo_etal93 = "Gamo, T., H. Sakai, J. Ishibashi, E. Nakayama, K. Isshiki, H. Matsuura, K. Shitashima, K. Takeuchi, and S. Ohta, Hydrothermal plumes in the eastern Manus Basin, Bismark Sea: CH<sub>4</sub>, Mn, Al, and pH anomalies, <i>Deep-Sea Res.</i>, 40, 2335-2349, 1993. ";
var gamo_etal94 = "Gamo, T., E. Nakayama, H. Obata, K. Okamura, K. Isshiki, S. Kanayama, K. Shitashima, T. Oomori, T. Koizumi, and S. Matsumoto, Chemical evidence for the occurrence of hydrothermal activity on the Central Indian Ridge near the Rodriguez Triple Junction, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 314, 1994. ";
var gendron_etal93 = "Gendron, J. F., J. P. Cowen, R. A. Feely, and E. T. Baker, Age estimate for the 1987 megaplume on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge using excess radon and manganese partitioning, <i>Deep-Sea Res., 40</i>, 1559-1567, 1993. ";
var german_etal91 = "German, C. R., A. C. Campbell, and J. M. Edmond, Hydrothermal scavenging at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Modification of trace element dissolved fluxes, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>107</i>, 101-114, 1991. ";
var german_etal94 = "German, C. R., J. Briem, C. Chin, M. Danielsen, S. Holland, R. James, A. J&oacute;nsd&oacute;ttir, E. Ludford, C. Moser, J. Olafsson, M. R. Palmer, and M. D. Rudnicki, Hydrothermal activity on the Reykjanes Ridge: The Steinah&oacute;ll Vent-field at 63&deg;06\'N, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 121</i>, 647-654, 1994. ";
var german_etal95 = "German, C. R., E. T. Baker, and G. Klinkhammer, The regional setting of hydrothermal activity, in <i>Hydrothermal Vents and Processes</i>, edited by D. Dixon, L. M. Parson, and C. L. Walker, <i>Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub. No. 87</i>, 3-15, 1995.";
var german_etalinpress = "German, C. R., B. A. Barreiro, N. C. Higgs, T. A. Nelsen, E. M. Ludford, and M. R. Palmer, Seawater-metasomatism in hydrothermal sediments, Escanaba Trough, <i>Chem. Geol</i>., in press. ";
var grimaud_etal91 = "Grimaud, D., J. I. Ishibashi, Y. Lagabrielle, J. M. Auzende, and T. Urabe, Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17&deg;S active site on the North Fiji Basin Ridge (SW Pacific), <i>Chem. Geol., 93</i>, 209-218, 1991. ";
var hautala_riser93 = "Hautala, S., and S. Riser, A nonconservative beta-spiral determination of the deep circulation in the eastern south Pacific, <i>J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23</i>, 1975-2000, 1993. ";
var haymon_etal91 = "Haymon, R. M., D. J. Fornari, M. H. Edwards, S. Carbotte, D. Wright, and K. C. Macdonald, Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9&deg;09\'-54\'N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., 104, 513-534, 1991. ";
var haymon_etal93 = "Haymon, R. M., D. J. Fornari, K. L. Von Damm, M. D. Lilley, M. R. Perfit, J. M. Edmond, W. C. Shanks, III, R. A. Lutz, J. M. Grebmeier, S. Carbotte, D. Wright, E. McLaughlin, M. Smith, N. Beedle, and E. Olson, Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise at 9&deg;45\'-52\'N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 119</i>, 85-101, 1993. ";
var helfrich_speerthis = "Helfrich, K., and K. Speer, Oceanic hydrothermal circulation: mesoscale and basin-scale flow, in <i>Physical, Chemical, Biological and Geological Interactions Within Hydrothermal Systems</i>, this volume. ";
var herzig_pluger88 = "Herzig, P. M., and W. L. Pl&uuml;ger, Exploration for hydrothermal mineralization near the Rodriguez Triple Junction, Indian Ocean, <i>Can. Mineral</i>., <i>26</i>, 721-736, 1988. ";
var horibe_craig87 = "Horibe, Y., and H. Craig, Papatua Expedition III: Hydrothermal vents in the Mariana Trough and Kagoshima Bay (Sakurajima Volcano), <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 68, </i>100, 1987. ";
var horibe_etal86 = "Horibe, Y., K.-R. Kim, and H. Craig, Hydrothermal methane plumes in the Mariana back-arc spreading center, <i>Nature, 324</i>, 131-133, 1986. ";
var ishibashi_etal88 = "Ishibashi, J.-I., T. Gamo, H. Sakai, Y. Nojiri, G. Igarashi, K. Shitashima, and H. Tsubota, Geochemical evidence for hydrothermal activity in the Okinawa Trough, <i>Geochem. J., 22</i>, 107-114, 1988. ";
var ishibashi_etal94 = "Ishibashi, J., H. Wakita, K. Okamura, E. Nakayama, R. A. Feely, G. J. Massoth, and E. T. Baker, Methane and manganese distribution in hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 13&deg;50\'-18&deg;40\'S, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 321, 1994. ";
var james_etalinpressa = "James, R. H., H. Elderfield, M. D. Rudnicki, C. R. German, M. R. Palmer, C. Chin, M. J. Greaves, E. Gurvich, G. P. Klinkhammer, E. Ludford, R. A. Mills, J. Thomson, and A. C. Williams, Hydrothermal plumes at Broken Spur, 29&deg;N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: chemical and physical characteristics, in <i>Hydrothermal Vents and Processes</i>, edited by D. Dixon, L. M. Parson, and C. L. Walker, <i>Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub.</i>, in press a. ";
var james_etalinpressb = "James, R. H., H. Elderfield, and M. R. Palmer, The chemistry of vent fluids from the Broken Spur hydrothermal site, 29&deg;N Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta</i>, in press, b. ";
var jamous_etal92 = "Jamous, D., L. M&eacute;mery, C. Andr&iacute;e, P. Jean-Baptiste, and L. Merlivat, The distribution of helium 3 in the deep western and southern Indian Ocean, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>97</i>, 2243-2250, 1992. ";
var johnson_etal86a = "Johnson, K. S., C. L. Beehler, and C. M. Sakamoto-Arnold, A submersible flow analysis system, <i>Anal. Chim. Acta., 179</i>, 245-257, 1986a. ";
var johnson_etal86b = "Johnson, K. S., C. L. Beehler, C. M. Sakamoto-Arnold, and J. Childress, In situ measurements of chemical distributions in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent field, <i>Science, 231</i>, 1139-1141, 1986b. ";
var jones_etal81 = "Jones, C. J., H. P. Johnson, and J. R. Delaney, Distribution of hydrothermal manganese over the Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>Geophys. Res. Lett</i>., <i>8</i>, 873-876, 1981. ";
var kadko94 = "Kadko, D., An assessment of the effect of chemical scavenging within submarine hydrothermal plumes upon ocean geochemistry, <i>Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., 361-374, 1994. ";
var kadko_etalthis = "Kadko, D., J. Baross, and J. Alt, The magnitude and global impact of hydrothermal flux, in <i>Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions within Hydrothermal Systems</i>, this volume. ";
var klinkhammer94 = "Klinkhammer, G., Fiber optic spectrometers for in situ measurement in the oceans: the ZAPS probe, <i>Mar. Chem., 47</i>, 13-20, 1994. ";
var klinkhammer_hudson86 = "Klinkhammer, G., and A. Hudson, Dispersal patterns for hydrothermal plumes in the South Pacific using manganese as a tracer, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>79</i>, 241-249, 1986. ";
var klinkhammer_etal77 = "Klinkhammer, G., M. Bender, and R. F. Weiss, Hydrothermal manganese in the Galapagos Rift, <i>Nature, 269</i>, 319-320, 1977. ";
var klinkhammer_etal83 = "Klinkhammer, G., H. Elderfield, and A. Hudson, Rare earth elements in seawater near hydrothermal vents, <i>Nature, 305</i>, 185-188, 1983. ";
var klinkhammer_etal85 = "Klinkhammer, G., P. Rona, M. Greaves, and H. Elderfield, Hydrothermal manganese plumes in the mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley, <i>Nature, 314</i>, 727-731, 1985. ";
var klinkhammer_etal86 = "Klinkhammer, G., H. Elderfield, M. Greaves, P. Rona, and T. Nelsen, Manganese geochemistry near high-temperature vents in the Mid-Atlantic rift valley, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 80</i>, 230-240, 1986. ";
var klinkhammer_etal94 = "Klinkhammer, G. P., C. S. Chin, M. Rudnicki, C. Wilson, and C. R. German, Zapping coastal waters for dissolved manganese and blue fluorescence: Indicators of runoff, mixing, and exchange, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 327, 1994. ";
var klinkhammer_etalinpress = "Klinkhammer, G., C. S. Chin, C. Wilson, and C. R. German, Venting from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 37&deg;17\'N: The Lucky Strike hydrothermal site, in <i>Hydrothermal Vents and Processes</i>, edited by D. Dixon, L. M. Parson, and C. L. Walker, <i>Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub.</i>, in press. ";
var knauss62 = "Knauss, J. A., On some aspects of the deep circulation of the Pacific, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>67</i>, 3943-3954, 1962. ";
var krasnov_etal92 = "Krasnov, S. G., I. I. Kreyter, and I. M. Poroshina, The distribution of hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (21&deg;20\'-22&deg;40\'S) based on a study of dispersion patterns of hydrothermal plumes, <i>Oceanology, 32</i>, 375-381, 1992. ";
var langmuir_etal93 = "Langmuir, C. H., D. Fornari, D. Colodner, J. L. Charlou, I. Costa, D. Desbruyeres, D. Desonie, T. Emerson, A. Fiala-Medoni, Y. Fouquet, S. Humphris, L. Saldanha, R. Sours-Page, M. Thatcher, M. Tivey, C. Van Dover, K. Von Damm, K. Wiese, and C. Wilson, Geological setting and characteristics of the Lucky Strike vent field at 37&deg;17\'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 74</i>(43 Supplement), 99, 1993. ";
var lavelle94 = "Lavelle, J. W., A convection model for hydrothermal plumes in a cross flow, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-102, 18 pp., 1994. ";
var lilley_etalthis = "Lilley, M. D., R. A. Feely, and J. H. Trefry, Chemical and biochemical transformations in hydrothermal plumes, in <i>Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions Within Hydrothermal Systems</i>, this volume. ";
var little_etal87 = "Little, S. A., K. D. Stolzenbach, and R. P. Von Herzen, Measurements of plume flow from a hydrothermal vent, <i>J. Geophys. Res., 92</i>, 2587-2596, 1987. ";
var lisitsyn_etal93 = "Lisitsyn, A. P., K. A. W. Crook, Yu. A. Bogdanov, L. P. Zonenshayn, K. G. Murav\'yev, W. Tufar, Ye. G. Gurvich, V. V. Gordeyev, and G. V. Ivanov, A hydrothermal field in the rift zone of the Manus Basin, Bismark Sea, <i>Internat. Geol. Rev., 35</i>, 105-126, 1993. ";
var lonsdale76 = "Lonsdale, P., Abyssal circulation of the southeastern Pacific and some geological implications, <i>J. Geophys. Res., 81</i>, 1163-1176, 1976. ";
var lupton79 = "Lupton, J. E., Helium-3 in the Guaymas Basin: Evidence for injection of mantle volatiles in the Gulf of California, <i>J. Geophys. Res., 84</i>, 7446-7452, 1979. ";
var lupton90 = "Lupton, J. E., Water column hydrothermal plumes on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res., 95</i>, 12,829-12,842, 1990. ";
var luptonthis = "Lupton, J. E., Hydrothermal plumes: near and far field, in <i>Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions Within Hydrothermal Systems</i>, this volume. ";
var lupton_craig81 = "Lupton, J. E., and H. Craig, A major helium-3 source at 15&deg;S on the East Pacific Rise, <i>Science, 214</i>, 13-18, 1981. ";
var lupton_etal85 = "Lupton, J. E., J. R. Delaney, H. P. Johnson, and M. K. Tivey, Entrainment and vertical transport of deep-ocean water by buoyant hydrothermal plumes, <i>Nature, 316</i>, 621-623, 1985. ";
var lupton_etal93 = "Lupton, J. E., E. T. Baker, M. J. Mottl, F. J. Sansone, C. G. Wheat, J. A. Resing, G. J. Massoth, C. I. Measures, and R. A. Feely, Chemical and physical diversity of hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8&deg;45\'N to 11&deg;50\'N, <i>Geophys. Res. Lett</i>., <i>20</i>, 2913-2916, 1993. ";
var lupton_etal94 = "Lupton, J. E., R. Greene, G. Paradis, T. Urabe, and E. Baker, The far-field hydrothermal plume from the southern East Pacific Rise and its relationship to sources on the ridge axis, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 320, 1994. ";
var massoth_etal91 = "Massoth, G. J., H. B. Milburn, K. S. Johnson, K. H. Coale, M. F. Stapp, C. Meinig, and E. T. Baker, A SUAVE (Submersible System Used to Assess Vented Emissions) approach to plume sensing: the Buoyant Plume Experiment at Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge and plume exploration along the EPR 9-11&deg;N, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 72</i>(44 Supplement), 234, 1991. ";
var massoth_etal94 = "Massoth, G. J., E. T. Baker, R. A. Feely, K. Okamura, and E. Nakayama, Hydrothermal sources and fluxes along the southern East Pacific Rise, 13&deg;50\'-18&deg;40\'S: Thermochemical insights from plume data, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 321, 1994. ";
var mcconachy_scott87 = "McConachy, T. F., and S. D. Scott, Real-time mapping of hydrothermal plumes over southern Explorer Ridge, NE Pacific Ocean, <i>Mar. Mining, 6</i>, 181-204, 1987. ";
var mcdougall90 = "McDougall, T. J., Bulk properties of \"hot smoker\" plumes, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>99</i>, 185-194, 1990. ";
var mcduffthis = "McDuff, R., Physical dynamics of deep-sea hydrothermal plumes, in <i>Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions Within Hydrothermal Systems</i>, this volume. ";
var metz_trefry93 = "Metz, S., and J. H. Trefry, Field and laboratory studies of metal uptake and release by hydrothermal precipitates, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>98</i>, 9661-9666, 1993. ";
var michard_etal84 = "Michard, G., F. Albar&egrave;de, A. Michard, J. F. Minster, J. L. Charlou, and N. Tan, Chemistry of solutions from the 13&deg;N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal site, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>67</i>, 297-307, 1984. ";
var middleton_thomson86 = "Middleton, J. M., and R. E. Thomson, Modeling the rise of hydrothermal plumes, <i>Can. Tech. Rpt. Hydro. and Ocean Sci., No. 69</i>, Canadian Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, B.C., 18 pp., 1986. ";
var mottl_mcconachy90 = "Mottl, M. J., and T. F. McConachy, Chemical processes in buoyant hydrothermal plumes on the East Pacific Rise near 21&deg;N, <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54</i>, 1911-1927, 1990. ";
var mottl_etal95 = "Mottl, M. J., F. T. Sansone, C. G. Wheat, J. A. Resing, E. T. Baker, and J. E. Lupton, Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8&deg;40\' to 11&deg;50\'N: Dissolved manganese and methane, <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59</i>(20), 4147-4165, 1995. ";
var morton_etal56 = "Morton, B. R., G. I. Taylor, and J. S. Turner, Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources, <i>Proc. Royal Soc. London, A234</i>, 1-23, 1956. ";
var mullineaux_etal95 = "Mullineaux, L., P. B. Weibe, and E. T. Baker, Larvae of benthic invertebrates in hydrothermal vent plumes over Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>Mar. Biol., 122</i>, 585-596, 1995. ";
var murton_etal94 = "Murton, B. J., G. Klinkhammer, K. Becker, A. Briais, D. Edge, N. Hayward, N. Millard, I. Mitchell, I. Rouse, M. Rudnicki, K. Sayanagi, H. Sloan, and L. Parson, Direct evidence for the distribution and occurrence of hydrothermal activity between 27&deg;N-30&deg;N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 125</i>, 119-128, 1994. ";
var nelsen_etal8687 = "Nelsen, T. A., G. P. Klinkhammer, J. H. Trefry, and R. P. Trocine, Real-time observation of dispersed hydrothermal plumes using nephelometry: examples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>81</i>, 245-252, 1986/87. ";
var nojiri_etal89 = "Nojiri, Y., J. Ishibashi, T. Kawai, and H. Sakai, Hydrothermal plumes along the North Fiji Basin spreading axis, <i>Nature, 342</i>, 667-670, 1989. ";
var ODP86 = "Ocean Drilling Program Leg 106 Scientific Party, Drilling the Snake Pit hydrothermal sulfide deposit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, lat 23&deg;22\'N, <i>Geology, 14</i>, 1004-1007, 1986. ";
var morgan_chen93 = "Phipps Morgan, J., and Y. J. Chen, The genesis of oceanic crust: Magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>. <i>98</i>, 6283-6297, 1993. ";
var pluger_etal90 = "Pl&uuml;ger, W. L., P. M. Herzig, K. P. Becker, G. Deissmann, D. Sch&ouml;ps, J. Lange, A. Jenisch, S. Ladage, H. H. Richnow, T. Schulze, and W. Michaelis, Discovery of hydrothermal fields at the Central Indian Ridge, <i>Mar. Mining, 9</i>, 73-86, 1990. ";
var purdy_etal92 = "Purdy, G. M., L. S. L. Kong, G. L. Christeson, and S. C. Solomon, Relationship between spreading rate and seismic structure of mid-ocean ridges, <i>Nature, 355</i>, 815-817, 1992. ";
var reid82 = "Reid, J. L., Evidence of an effect of heat flux from the East Pacific Rise upon the characteristics of the mid-depth waters, <i>Geophys. Res. Lett</i>., <i>9</i>, 381-384, 1982. ";
var RISE80 = "RISE Project Group, East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments, <i>Science, 207</i>, 1421-1433, 1980. ";
var rona_etal86 = "Rona, P. A., G. Klinkhammer, T. A. Nelsen, J. H. Trefry, and H. Elderfield, Black smokers, massive sulfides and vent biota at the mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Nature, 321</i>, 33-37, 1986. ";
var rosenberg_etal88 = "Rosenberg, N. D., J. E. Lupton, D. Kadko, R. Collier, M. D. Lilley and H. Pak, Estimation of heat and chemical fluxes from a seafloor hydrothermal vent field using radon measurements, <i>Nature, 334</i>, 604-607, 1988. ";
var rudnicki_elderfield92 = "Rudnicki, M. D., and H. Elderfield, Theory applied to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal plumes: the finite difference approach, <i>J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res</i>., <i>50</i>, 161-172, 1992. ";
var rudnicki_elderfield93 = "Rudnicki, M. D., and H. Elderfield, A chemical model of the buoyant and neutrally buoyant plume above the TAG vent field, 26&deg;N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57</i>, 2939-2957, 1993. ";
var sakai_etal90 = "Sakai, H., T. Gamo, E.-S. Kim, K. Shitashima, F. Yanagisawa, M. Tsutsumi, J. Ishibashi, Y. Sano, H. Wakita, T. Tanaka, T. Matsumoso, T. Naganuma, and K. Mitsuzawa, Unique chemistry of the hydrothermal solution in the mid-Okinawa Trough backarc basin, <i>Geophys. Res. Lett</i>., <i>17</i>, 2133-2136, 1990. ";
var sedwick_etal90 = "Sedwick, P. N., T. Gamo, and G. M. McMurtry, Manganese and methane anomalies in the North Fiji Basin, <i>Deep-Sea Res</i>., <i>37</i>, 891-896, 1990. ";
var sinton_etal91 = "Sinton, J. M., S. M. Smaglik, J. J. Mahoney, and K. C. Macdonald, Magmatic processes at superfast mid-ocean ridges: Glass compositional variations along the East Pacific Rise, 13&deg;-23&deg;S, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>96</i>, 6133-6155, 1991. ";
var speer_rona89 = "Speer, K. G., and P. A. Rona, A model of an Atlantic and Pacific hydrothermal plume, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>94</i>, 6213-6220, 1989. ";
var taylor79 = "Taylor, B., Bismark Sea: Evolution of a back-arc basin, <i>Geology, 7</i>, 171-174, 1979. ";
var taylor_karner83 = "Taylor, B., and G. D. Karner, On the evolution of marginal basins, <i>Rev. Geophys. Space Phys</i>., <i>21</i>, 1727-1741, 1983. ";
var thomson_etal92 = "Thomson, R. E., J. R. Delaney, R. E. McDuff, D. R. Janecky, and J. S. McClain, Physical characteristics of the Endeavour Ridge hydrothermal plume during July 1988, <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett</i>., <i>111</i>, 141-154, 1992. ";
var tunnicliffe_etal86 = "Tunnicliffe, V., M. Botros, M. E. de Burgh, A. Dinet, H. P. Johnson, S. K. Juniper, and R. E. McDuff, Hydrothermal vents of Explorer Ridge, northeast Pacific, <i>Deep-Sea Res</i>., <i>33</i>, 401-412, 1986. ";
var turner73 = "Turner, J. S., <i>Buoyancy Effects in Fluids</i>, 367 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1973. ";
var urabe_etal94 = "Urabe, T., E. T. Baker, and Ridge Flux Group, An overview of multidisciplinary cruise of R/V Melville to superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise, 13.5&deg;S-18.5&deg;S, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 75</i>(44 Supplement), 320, 1994. ";
var vondamm90 = "Von Damm, K. L., Seafloor hydrothermal activity: Black smoker chemistry and chimneys, <i>Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 18</i>, 173-204, 1990. ";
var vondammthis = "Von Damm, K. L., Controls on the chemistry and temporal variability of seafloor hydrothermal fluids, in <i>Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions Within Hydrothermal Systems</i>, this volume. ";
var vondamm_bischoff87 = "Von Damm, K. L., and J. L. Bischoff, Chemistry of hydrothermal solutions from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>., <i>92</i>, 11,334-11,346, 1987. ";
var vondamm_etal85a = "Von Damm, K. L., J. M. Edmond, C. I. Measures, and B. Grant, Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49</i>, 2221-2237, 1985a. ";
var vondamm_etal85b = "Von Damm, K. L., J. M. Edmond, B. Grant, C. I. Measures, B. Walden, and R. F. Weiss, Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21&deg;N, East Pacific Rise, <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49</i>, 2197-2220, 1985b. ";
var vondamm_etal91 = "Von Damm, K. L., J. M. Grebmeier, and J. M. Edmond, Preliminary chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9-10&deg;N East Pacific Rise, <i>Eos Trans. AGU, 72</i>(44 Supplement), 480, 1991. ";
var vonherzen59 = "Von Herzen, R. P., Heat-flow values from the southeastern Pacific, <i>Nature, 183</i>, 882-883, 1959. ";
var warren73 = "Warren, B. A., Transpacific hydrographic sections at Lats. 43&deg;S and 28&deg;S: the SCORPIO Expedition--II, <i>Deep-Sea Res</i>., <i>20</i>, 9-38, 1973. ";
var welhan_craig83 = "Welhan, J. A., and H. Craig, Methane, hydrogen and helium in hydrothermal fluids at 21&deg;N on the East Pacific Rise, in <i>Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers</i>, edited by P. A. Rona, K. Bostr&ouml;m, L. Laubier, and K. L. Smith, Jr., Plenum Press, pp. 391-410, 1983. ";
var wilson_etalinpress = "Wilson, C., K. Speer, J. L. Charlou, H. Bougault, and G. Klinkhammer, Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrography and anomalies at Lucky Strike, <i>J. Geophys. Res.</i>, in press. "; 